Dynamics of Macronutrient Uptake and Removal by Modern Peanut Cultivars

The productive potential of new peanut cultivars has increased over the years in relation to old cultivars, especially when compared with ones with upright growth habit. Thus, the requirement for macronutrients for these new cultivars may also have increased, making the existing fertilizer recommendation tables obsolete, thus increasing the need for further studies measuring the real macronutrient requirements of these new peanut cultivars. Our study aimed to evaluate the growth patterns and the macronutrient absorption rate throughout the biological cycle of three modern runner peanut cultivars, as well as the potential for producing dry matter, pods, and kernels, and their respective macronutrient accumulations. The experimental design was a randomized complete block with split-plots and nine replications. The experimental plots consisted of three peanut cultivars (IAC Runner 886, IAC 505, and IAC OL3), and subplots consisted of nine plant samplings (14, 28, 42, 56, 70, 84, 105, 126, and 147 days after emergence (DAE)). Our results showed that modern peanut cultivars presented nutrient accumulation around 30 to 40 days earlier than older cultivars, as well as increasing the uptake by K and Ca. IAC 505 absorbed higher amounts of macronutrients and resulted in greater dry matter production compared with IAC OL3 and IAC Runner 886. Our study demonstrated that the most appropriate time for plants to find greater availability of nutrients in the soil is 70 to 84 DAE, in addition to highlighting the need for updates on nutritional recommendations for higher yields of modern peanut cultivars.

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Flowering time and the natural distribution and dry matter production of Townsville lucerne (Stylosanthes humilis) populations

Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture ◽

10.1071/ea9670501 ◽

1967 ◽

Vol 7 (29) ◽

pp. 501 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

DF Cameron

Keyword(s):

Flowering Time ◽

Dry Matter ◽

Growth Habit ◽

Correlation Coefficients ◽

Annual Rainfall ◽

Late Flowering ◽

Matter Production ◽

Northern Areas ◽

Stylosanthes Humilis ◽

Significant Yield

The flowering times of 58 collections of Townsville lucerne from typical sites in northern Australia have been recorded in three spaced plant experiments near Townsville. Thirty-six collections were grown in 1963-64, 15 in 1964-65, and 17 in 1965-66. All the late flowering collections came from sites receiving at least 45 inches annual rainfall. The five collections from south of Rockhampton were all of the early or midseason type and all collections from the far northern areas were late flowering. Partial regression analysis was used to relate the flowering time of a collection to the rainfall (for the five months interval from January to May) and latitude of the collection site. In the first two experiments rainfall, latitude and (latitude)2 all contributed significantly to the regressions, but in the third experiment only rainfall was significant. Correlation coefficients for 1963-64, 1964-65, and 1965-66 were +0.83, +0.97, and +0.93 respectively. A selection was derived from a collection by bulking seed from single spaced plants selected for uniform flowering time and growth habit. The dry matter yields of some collections and selections were compared in two sward experiments near Townsville in 1964-65 and 1965-66. In 1964-65 there were significant yield differences between collections (experiment A, P<0.01) and between selections (experiment B, P<0.001). There were differences in the rates of vegetative growth and differences in the length of growing season, with late flowering types being able to make better growth late in the season when early types were flowering and seeding. Types with erect growth habit had the highest yields and seemed to compete better with sown grasses than the prostrate types. There were no significant yield differences in 1965-66, a very dry year, and the late flowering types failed to set seed.

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The effect of photoperiod on flowering, growth habit, and dry matter production in four species of the genus Stylosanthes SW

Australian Journal of Agricultural Research ◽

10.1071/ar9650767 ◽

1965 ◽

Vol 16 (5) ◽

pp. 767

Author(s):

Mannetje L t

Keyword(s):

Dry Matter ◽

Growth Habit ◽

Dry Matter Production ◽

Short Day ◽

Long Day ◽

Matter Production ◽

Short Days

S. humilis H.B.K., S. guyanensis (Aubl.) Sw. subsp, guyanensis, S. mucronata Willd., and S. montevidensis Vog. were subjected to photoperiods of 8,10,12, and 14 hr in the CSIRO Phytotron in Canberra. S. guyanensis and S. humilis appeared to be short-day plants and S,.montevidensis a long-day plant for flowering. S. mucronata showed a rather indefinite response, but appeared to flower more rapidly under short days than under long days. Under photoperiods of 8 and 10 hr, S. humilis had a prostrate habit and S. montevidensis plants were stunted, while under photoperiods of 12 and 14 hr both species grew erect. S. guyanensis and S. mucronata showed no differences in growth habit with photoperiod. Dry matter yields for the 12 and 14 hr photoperiods were significantly larger than those for the 8 and 10 hr photoperiods for all species except S. mucronata, which gave a significantly higher yield only under the 14 hr photoperiod.

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Secondary succession on an early abandoned field: vegetation composition and production of biomass

Plant Protection Science ◽

10.17221/4871-pps ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 38 (No. 4) ◽

pp. 149-154 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

J. Štolcová

Keyword(s):

Secondary Succession ◽

Dry Matter ◽

Cirsium Arvense ◽

Vegetation Composition ◽

Intact Control ◽

Abandoned Field ◽

Elytrigia Repens ◽

Matter Production ◽

Dicotyledonous Plants ◽

Experimental Plots

During 1996–2000 the secondary succession on a field left fallow was investigated. The experimental area was divided into a ploughed and an unploughed part. Both parts were divided into 5 × 5 m plots that were either left intact (control), mowed in June or July, or superficially cultivated in June. The position of the plots was identical each year. In successive years total dry matter production decreased in all experimental plots; in unploughed plots more than in ploughed ones. The spread of Cirsium arvense (L.) Scop. was increased by ploughing and superficial cultivation. Ploughing stimulated the spread of perennial dicotyledonous plants more than mowing in June and July. Superficial cultivation increased the spread of perennial dicotyledonous plants in the first years. Later on the proportion of perennial dicotyledonous plants decreased and after 5 years the plots were dominated by Anisantha sterilis (L.) Nevski. The incidence of Elytrigia repens (L.) Desv. was highest in the 5th year on unploughed control plots. The spread of perennial monocotyledonous plants was lowest in ploughed and superficially cultivated plots.

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A COMPARISON OF 'GRASSLANDS PITAU' AND 'HUIA' WHITE CLOVERS IN OTAGO

Proceedings of the New Zealand Grassland Association ◽

10.33584/jnzg.1972.34.1343 ◽

1972 ◽

pp. 161-168

Author(s):

I.R. Mcdonald ◽

N.A. Cullen

Keyword(s):

White Clover ◽

Dry Matter ◽

Growth Habit ◽

Agricultural Research ◽

Dry Matter Production ◽

Research Centre ◽

High Fertility ◽

Matter Production ◽

Lower Fertility

Pitau and Huia white clovers were sown with two rates of Ruanui, Ariki and Manawa ryegrass on high fertility soil at Invermay Agricultural Research Centre and lower fertility soil at Traquair. Although clover establishment in the Pitau white clover treatments was comparable with, or superior to that in the Huia treatments, the latter tended to have a denser growth habit, particularly during spring. Overall, there was little difference in total annual dry matter production between treatments but clover yields varied considerably in all trials. Huia clover dry matter production was superior to Pitau in the first two years but in later years the position was reversed.

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Apex and root temperature and the early growth of wheat

Australian Journal of Agricultural Research ◽

10.1071/ar9870231 ◽

1987 ◽

Vol 38 (2) ◽

pp. 231 ◽

Cited By ~ 6

Author(s):

AR Aston

Keyword(s):

Dry Matter ◽

Early Growth ◽

Growth Patterns ◽

Dry Matter Production ◽

Growth Stages ◽

Previous Night ◽

Matter Production ◽

Early Vigour ◽

Extension Zone ◽

Leaf Extension

Wheat was grown in temperature controlled water-baths in order to regulate the temperature of the roots, the growing apex and the zone of leaf extension. Twenty-two alternating day and night temperatures varying between 26 and 2�C were studied. All plants experienced the same aerial environment. Leaf extension rates were measured on 6 days throughout the early growth stages and dry matter production was determined after 39 days. Night leaf extension was found to be related not only to the temperature of the meristem and leaf extension zone during the night, but also to the temperature experienced during the preceding day. Leaf extension during the day was determined by daytime temperature, and also the temperature conditions of the previous night. These growth patterns were explained in terms of leaf sugar concentrations, which were measured at the end of the experiment. Dry matter production was found to be exponentially related to the time-corrected mean daily temperature of the apex, leaf extension zone and roots. These results confirm the suggestion that the improved early vigour of wheat sown by conventional cultivation practices with a minimum of surface residues compared to direct drilled wheat, could at least partially have been due to the different patterns in soil temperature.

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Field pea cultivar and weed response to crop seed rate in western Canada

Canadian Journal of Plant Science ◽

10.4141/cjps94-074 ◽

1994 ◽

Vol 74 (2) ◽

pp. 387-393 ◽

Cited By ~ 26

Author(s):

L. Townley-Smith ◽

A. T. Wright

Keyword(s):

Dry Matter ◽

Growth Habit ◽

Stand Density ◽

Field Pea ◽

Dry Matter Production ◽

Herbicide Application ◽

Seed Rate ◽

Pisum Sativum L ◽

Matter Production ◽

Long Stem

Weed competition is a serious limitation to field pea (Pisum sativum L.) production. Trials were conducted in northeastern Saskatchewan to determine the effects of field pea growth habit, stand density and herbicide treatments on weed growth and on field pea stand and yield. Century, a long-stem leafy type, Tipu, a long-stem semi-leafless type, and Express, a short-stem leafy type, were seeded at 6, 12, 25, 50 and 100 seeds m−2. Some of each cultivar was unsprayed sprayed with a sethoxydim-metribuzin tank-mix for control of grass and broadleaf weeds. Field pea growth habit (cultivar) did not affect number of weeds, but increasing stand density (seed rate) reduced weed numbers in all 3 yr. Express reduced above-ground dry matter production of broadleaf weeds in 1988 and 1991. Increasing seed rate reduced above-ground dry matter production of weeds in all 3 yr. Field pea yield increased with increasing seed rate to a rate between 50 and 100 seeds m−2. Herbicide application reduced weed dry matter production, with the largest effect at low field pea populations. Despite differences in growth habit, the three cultivars competed similarly with weeds. High populations of field peas competed well with weeds and may not require herbicide application, but if producers retain thin stands, good weed control will be critical to attaining high crop yield. Key words: Field pea, Pisum sativum L., seed rate, weed competition, growth habit

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Corrigendum - The effect of photoperiod on flowering, growth habit, and dry matter production in four species of the genus Stylosanthes SW

Australian Journal of Agricultural Research ◽

10.1071/ar9650767c ◽

1965 ◽

Vol 16 (5) ◽

pp. 767

Author(s):

Mannetje L t

Keyword(s):

Dry Matter ◽

Growth Habit ◽

Dry Matter Production ◽

Short Day ◽

Long Day ◽

Matter Production ◽

Short Days

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Agronomic studies on Vigna spp. in South-Eastern Queensland. III. Response to sowing arrangement

Australian Journal of Agricultural Research ◽

10.1071/ar9830505 ◽

1983 ◽

Vol 34 (5) ◽

pp. 505 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

RJ Lawn

Keyword(s):

Population Density ◽

Dry Matter ◽

Growth Habit ◽

Sowing Date ◽

Population Densities ◽

Growth Duration ◽

South Eastern ◽

Matter Production ◽

Indeterminate Growth Habit ◽

Weather Damage

The response of two accessions each of black gram (Vigna mungo), adzuki bean (V. angularis) and green gram (V. radiata) to sowing arrangement was evaluated in November, December and January sowings in south-eastern Queensland. Plants were grown in rows 100, 75, 50 and 25 cm apart with a constant within-row density of 20 plants per m, providing population densities of 200, 267, 400 and 800 thousand plants per ha respectively. Dry matter production was generally maximized at the highest population density. However, significant species x sowing arrangement and sowing date x sowing arrangement interaction occurred for seed yield. Yields of black grams were least responsive to population density/sowing date combinations, apparently because of their indeterminate growth habit. The green grams (determinate habit) and adzuki beans (weakly indeterminate) responded to progressively higher population density as sowing was delayed from November to January, reflecting progressively shorter growth duration with later sowing. In each species, yields were generally depressed at the lowest density because vegetative growth was inadequate to achieve complete canopy closure prior to podfilling. Yields were depressed at the highest density for most sowings of the black grams, and the November sowings of the adzuki beans and green grams, because of lodging. It is suggested that sowing date x sowing arrangement interactions might be used to advantage in manipulating sowing date to minimize risk of weather damage in southern Queensland.

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Environmental and Agronomic Effects on the Growth of Four Peanut Cultivars in a Sub-tropical Environment. I. Dry Matter Accumulation and Radiation Use Efficiency

Experimental Agriculture ◽

10.1017/s0014479700021189 ◽

1993 ◽

Vol 29 (4) ◽

pp. 473-490 ◽

Cited By ~ 20

Author(s):

M. J. Bell ◽

G. C. Wright ◽

G. R. Harch

Keyword(s):

Dry Matter ◽

Radiation Use Efficiency ◽

Dry Matter Production ◽

Dry Matter Accumulation ◽

Negatively Associated ◽

Matter Production ◽

Sowing Dates ◽

Use Efficiency ◽

Peanut Cultivars ◽

Radiation Use

SummaryFour peanut cultivars of Spanish or Virginia botanical type and varying time to maturity were grown at a range of plant densities (44 000 to 352 000 plants ha-1) and spatial arrangements under irrigated conditions in sub-tropical southern Queensland, Australia. Total and pod dry matter production of the very early maturing Spanish cultivar Chico showed strong positive responses to increased plant density up to the highest density tested. Responses were less pronounced for the later maturing Spanish cultivar McCubbin and were minimal for the Virginia cultivars Early Bunch and Mani Pintar. All cultivars were insensitive to spatial arrangements. Accumulation of total dry matter, adjusted for the higher synthesis costs of oil and protein during seed filling, was well correlated to intercepted photosynthetically active radiation (PAR). Much of the variation in dry matter production among cultivars and plant populations could be accounted for by the effects of differing leaf area duration on cumulative intercepted PAR. Radiation use efficiency was negatively associated with the canopy extinction coefficient (k) within most sowing dates, and also negatively associated with minimum temperature across sowing dates for all cultivars except Mani Pintar.Crecimiento y eficacia del use de radiación en el maní

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Seasonal growth patterns in field beans (Vicia faba) as affected by population density, shading and its relationship with soil moisture

The Journal of Agricultural Science ◽

10.1017/s0021859600034791 ◽

1977 ◽

Vol 88 (2) ◽

pp. 293-301 ◽

Cited By ~ 46

Author(s):

Janet I. Sprent ◽

Alison M. Bradford ◽

C. Norton

Keyword(s):

Soil Moisture ◽

Moisture Content ◽

Water Content ◽

Vicia Faba ◽

Dry Matter ◽

Soil Moisture Content ◽

Growth Patterns ◽

Dry Matter Production ◽

Plant Water ◽

Matter Production

SUMMARYField experiments, using Vicia faba cvs Herz Freya and/or Maris Bead were made in 1972–5. Population densities were varied and shading treatments were applied. Soil moisture content was monitored throughout. Maximum dry-matter production per plant and per unit area were similar in 1973 and 1974, but lower in 1975. Variations in growth were associated with variations in soil moisture content. When pods began to fill, plants reached maximum total water content and root growth ceased.Increasing density enhanced, and shading retarded both leaf senescence and seed maturation. Maximum potential seed yield (5–6 t/ha) in 1974 was obtained at 32plants/m2. In 1975, yields of 7–9 t/ha were obtained at 66 plants/m2, probably as a result of retention of many pods by the plants. Since total dry-matter production was lower in 1975 than in 1974 we conclude that photosynthetic potential did not limit yield in the earlier year.From the patterns of rainfall, soil moisture and plant water content, we suggest that water supply may be a more important factor controlling yield than either solar radiation or plant competition, with the period following pod setting being especially vital. At this time plant water requirement may often be in excess of supply.

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