scholarly journals Dipolar Glass Polymers Containing Polarizable Groups as Dielectric Materials for Energy Storage Applications. A Minireview

Polymers ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 317 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sebastián Bonardd ◽  
Viviana Moreno-Serna ◽  
Galder Kortaberria ◽  
David Díaz Díaz ◽  
Angel Leiva ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Glass Transition ◽  
Functional Groups ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Dielectric Constants ◽  
Polymer Materials ◽  
Dielectric Losses ◽  
Transition Temperatures ◽  
Glass Transition Temperatures ◽  
Dielectric Performance ◽  
High Dielectric

Materials that have high dielectric constants, high energy densities and minimum dielectric losses are highly desirable for use in capacitor devices. In this sense, polymers and polymer blends have several advantages over inorganic and composite materials, such as their flexibilities, high breakdown strengths, and low dielectric losses. Moreover, the dielectric performance of a polymer depends strongly on its electronic, atomic, dipolar, ionic, and interfacial polarizations. For these reasons, chemical modification and the introduction of specific functional groups (e.g., F, CN and R−S(=O)2−R´) would improve the dielectric properties, e.g., by varying the dipolar polarization. These functional groups have been demonstrated to have large dipole moments. In this way, a high orientational polarization in the polymer can be achieved. However, the decrease in the polarization due to dielectric dissipation and the frequency dependency of the polarization are challenging tasks to date. Polymers with high glass transition temperatures (Tg) that contain permanent dipoles can help to reduce dielectric losses due to conduction phenomena related to ionic mechanisms. Additionally, sub-Tg transitions (e.g., γ and β relaxations) attributed to the free rotational motions of the dipolar entities would increase the polarization of the material, resulting in polymers with high dielectric constants and, hopefully, dielectric losses that are as low as possible. Thus, polymer materials with high glass transition temperatures and considerable contributions from the dipolar polarization mechanisms of sub-Tg transitions are known as “dipolar glass polymers”. Considering this, the main aspects of this combined strategy and the future prospects of these types of material were discussed.

Novel allyl and propenyl monomers for modification of the bismaleimide resins, with excellent dielectric properties and high glass transition temperatures

2019 ◽  
Vol 32 (1) ◽  
pp. 116-126
Author(s):  
Chunyan Qu ◽  
Jiaying Chang ◽  
Changwei Liu ◽  
Dezhi Wang ◽  
Wanbao Xiao ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Glass Transition ◽  
Bisphenol A ◽  
Dielectric Constants ◽  
Resonance Spectroscopy ◽  
Transition Temperatures ◽  
Melting Points ◽  
Scanning Calorimetry ◽  
Bismaleimide Resin ◽  
Glass Transition Temperatures ◽  
Bismaleimide Resins

Two new monomers were prepared by the reaction of 2-allylphenol and 4,4′-biphenyldicarbonyl chloride under different reaction conditions. The monomers were characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. The curing processes of N, N-4,4′-bismaleimidodiphenylmethyene with 4,4′-bis(2-allylphenyl) biphenyldicarbonylate (BABC) and 4,4′-bis(2-propenylphenyl benzoate) ether (BPBE) were studied by rheological analysis and differential scanning calorimetry. Melting points of two monomers, BABC and BPBE, are 64°C and 121°C, respectively. The ABMI [4,4′-bis(2-allylphenyl)biphenyl bismaleimide] and PBMI [4,4′-bis(2-propenylphenyl)biphenyl bismaleimide] resins showed exothermic peaks at 233°C and 204°C, respectively. The measured melting points are significantly lower than that of the traditional bismaleimide resin which is modified by allyl bisphenol A. Dynamic mechanical analysis of the materials showed glass transition temperatures of ABMI and PBMI to be in the range of 213–258°C and 302–339°C, respectively. Thermogravimetric analysis of the cured resins showed 5% weight loss for ABMI and PMBI at 437°C and 428°C, along with char residues of 35.6–39.5%, respectively, at 800°C under nitrogen atmosphere. Furthermore, dielectric constants of propenyl-modified resins were lower (2.46–3.10) with dissipation factors of 0.0034–0.0036, compared with those of allyl bisphenol A resins.

scholarly journals Molecular Weight Enables Fine-Tuning the Thermal and Dielectric Properties of Polymethacrylates Bearing Sulfonyl and Nitrile Groups as Dipolar Entities

Polymers ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (3) ◽  
pp. 317
Author(s):  
Sebastian Bonardd ◽  
Cesar Saldías ◽  
Ángel Leiva ◽  
David Díaz Díaz ◽  
Galder Kortaberria
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Weight ◽  
Dielectric Properties ◽  
Dielectric Constants ◽  
Polymer Materials ◽  
Fine Tuning ◽  
Molecular Weights ◽  
Dielectric Performance ◽  
Tan Δ ◽  
High Dielectric ◽  
Loss Factors

In this work, polymethacrylates containing sulfonyl and nitrile functional groups were successfully prepared by conventional radical polymerization and reversible addition-fragmentation chain-transfer polymerization (RAFT). The thermal and dielectric properties were evaluated, for the first time, considering differences in their molecular weights and dispersity values. Variations of the aforementioned properties do not seem to substantially affect the polarized state of these materials, defined in terms of the parameters ε’r, ε”r and tan (δ). However, the earlier appearance of dissipative phenomena on the temperature scale for materials with lower molecular weights or broader molecular weight distributions, narrows the range of working temperatures in which they exhibit high dielectric constants along with low loss factors. Notwithstanding the above, as all polymers showed, at room temperature, ε’r values above 9 and loss factors below 0.02, presenting higher dielectric performance when compared to conventional polymer materials, they could be considered as good candidates for energy storage applications.

High-Temperature Dielectric Polyimide Films for Energy Storage Applications

2013 ◽  
Vol 1541 ◽  
Author(s):  
David H. Wang ◽  
Brian A. Kurish ◽  
Imre Treufeld ◽  
Lianyun Yang ◽  
Lei Zhu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Glass Transition ◽  
High Temperature ◽  
Energy Storage ◽  
Amic Acid ◽  
Dielectric Constants ◽  
Transition Temperatures ◽  
Polyimide Films ◽  
Glass Transition Temperatures ◽  
Energy Storage Applications

ABSTRACTTwo new diamines containing three nitriles are synthesized via a 3-step route. They are polymerized with four commercial dianhydrides (i.e. 6FDA, OPDA, BTDA and PMDA) in N,N-dimethylacetamide (DMAc) to afford poly(amic acid)s, which are thermally cured at temperatures up to 300 °C to form tough, creasable films. Most of these polyimides are soluble in common solvents. Their glass transition temperatures range from 216 to 341 °C. The polyimides are stable up to 400 °C. The dielectric constants of these OPDA-based polyimides increase from 2.9 (CP2) to 4.7 as measured by the D-E loops.

New Aromatic Diacids Containing the Trifluoromethyl Group and their Polyamides

1997 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
pp. 323-332
Author(s):  
H G Boston ◽  
V Sreenivasulu Reddy ◽  
P E Cassidy ◽  
J W Fitch ◽  
Diane Stoakley ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Glass Transition ◽  
High Temperature ◽  
Dimethyl Sulphate ◽  
Dielectric Constants ◽  
Trifluoromethyl Group ◽  
Transition Temperatures ◽  
Acid Chlorides ◽  
Thermal Stabilities ◽  
Glass Transition Temperatures ◽  
Aliphatic Diamines

A series of new fluorinated, high-temperature polymers has been prepared from 1, 1, - bis( p-carboxyphenyl)-2, 2, 2-trifluoroethanol (3FOH). This diacid was synthesized by oxidation of 1, 1-di( p-tolyl)-2, 2, 2-trifluoroethanol, which was obtained from p-bromotoluene and ethyl trifluoroacetate. The 3FOH was also reacted with dimethyl sulphate to yield 1-methoxy-1, 1- bis( p-carboxyphenyl)-2, 2, 2-trifluoroethane (3FM), and with SOCl2 to produce 1-chloro-1, 1- bis( p-chloroformylphenyl)-2, 2, 2-trifluoroethane (3FCl). These two diacids, as the acid chlorides, were polymerized with six aromatic and four aliphatic diamines to produce polyamides which had viscosities ranging from 0.32 to 1.52 dl g−1, thermal stabilities up to 518 °C in nitrogen and glass transition temperatures from 165 °C to 337 °C. The dielectric constants of these polyamides ranged from 2.64 to 2.99. The 3FM- and 3FCl-containing polyamides were compared with the 6F (hexafluoroisopropylidene) analogues and found to be somewhat less thermally stable and had equal or lower Tgs.

scholarly journals Prospects for the Development of High Energy Density Dielectric Capacitors

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (17) ◽  
pp. 8063
Author(s):  
Andrew Burke
Keyword(s):  
Dielectric Constant ◽  
Energy Density ◽  
Breakdown Strength ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Dielectric Constants ◽  
Polymer Materials ◽  
High Energy Density ◽  
Effective Dielectric Constant ◽  
High Dielectric ◽  
Very High

In this paper, the design of high energy density dielectric capacitors for energy storage in vehicle, industrial, and electric utility applications have been considered in detail. The performance of these devices depends primarily on the dielectric constant and breakdown strength characteristics of the dielectric material used. A review of the literature on composite polymer materials to assess their present dielectric constants and the various approaches being pursued to increase energy density found that there are many papers in which materials having dielectric constants of 20–50 were reported, but only a few showing materials with very high dielectric constants of 500 and greater. The very high dielectric constants were usually achieved with nanoscale metallic or carbon particles embedded in a host polymer and the maximum dielectric constant occurred near the percolation threshold particle loading. In this study, an analytical method to calculate the dielectric constant of composite dielectric polymers with various types of nanoparticles embedded is presented. The method was applied using an Excel spreadsheet to calculate the characteristics of spiral wound battery cells using various composite polymers with embedded particles. The calculated energy densities were strong functions of the size of the particles and thickness of the dielectric layer in the cell. For a 1000 V cell, an energy density of 100–200 Wh/kg was calculated for 3–5 nm particles and 3–5 µ thick dielectric layers. The results of this study indicate that dielectric materials with an effective dielectric constant of 500–1000 are needed to develop dielectric capacitor cells with battery-like energy density. The breakdown strength would be 300–400 V/µ in a reverse sandwich multilayer dielectric arrangement. The leakage current of the cell would be determined from appropriate DC testing. These high energy density dielectric capacitors are very different from electrochemical capacitors that utilize conducting polymers and liquid electrolytes and are constructed much like batteries. The dielectric capacitors have a very high cell voltage and are constructed like conventional ceramic capacitors.

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