scholarly journals Building the Airplane While Flying It: The Story of Ongoing Efforts to Establish and Evaluate a Multidisciplinary Team Response to VE in Massachusetts US

Proceedings ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 77 (1) ◽  
pp. 10
Author(s):  
B. Heidi Ellis
Keyword(s):  
At Risk ◽  
Violence Prevention ◽  
Multidisciplinary Team ◽  
Threat Assessment ◽  
The United States ◽  
Psychosocial Assessment ◽  
Multidisciplinary Teams ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Targeted Violence ◽  
Youth At Risk

Research on mental health and violence among marginalized communities has identified the importance of engaging communities, diminishing stigma, addressing multiple outcomes including strengths, and building social connections. Within the United States, Countering Violent Extremism (CVE) policies and programs have been criticized for failing in these areas. Recent efforts have sought to build multidisciplinary teams for the prevention of targeted violence and terrorism that explicitly seek to address these critiques and work to build the capacity of multidisciplinary providers to work with youth at risk for targeted violence and terrorism. Community Connect was a Boston, US-based community-based program that worked with youth at risk of violence, including ideologically-based violence. This program achieved broad community buy-in and successfully linked referred youth to a broad range of services in their communities. To bring the program to scale, an adaptation of Community Connect was developed that accepted referrals from a regional federally-convened threat assessment team, the Massachusetts Bay Threat Assessment Team (MassBayTAT). This multidisciplinary services team (MDST) maintains several essential functions from Community Connect, such as providing a thorough psychosocial assessment and maintaining regular contact and coordination between diverse providers, as well as making key changes to accommodate a regional scope. Given the nascent state of the field, both formative as well as summative evaluations play important roles in shaping and evaluating multidisciplinary violence prevention teams, as is evident in the iterative adaptation of the above-described multidisciplinary approaches. Evaluation of a multidisciplinary team for VE should assess both team development as well as case outcomes. Building trust within a community of diverse providers and disciplines and achieving a ‘whole of society’ approach to violence prevention is in and of itself an outcome that should be sought, as well as a reduction in violence at the individual level. Mixed-methods evaluations are needed to capture both the process and outcomes that are central to an effective multidisciplinary team for the prevention of terrorism and targeted violence.

Alumni of National Civic Service: Comparing the experience of at-risk and mainstream volunteers

2017 ◽  
Vol 61 (6) ◽  
pp. 1027-1041 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anat Zeira ◽  
Rivka Tuval-Mashiach ◽  
Galit Meir ◽  
Drorit Levy ◽  
Tehila Refaeli ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
At Risk ◽  
Developmental Stage ◽  
Young Women ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Civic Service ◽  
Youth At Risk ◽  
The Individual

This article describes the perspectives of alumni of National Civic Service (NCS) in Israel on its impact at the individual level. We compared 250 young women who were identified as youth at risk with 295 mainstream volunteers. Overall, the two groups show similar outcomes that are typical to this developmental stage of life. Yet youth at risk experience more difficulties. While NCS aims at increasing equality between groups, it seems that it is not enough to bridge the gaps between the groups. The findings imply a need for a continued intervention to accompany the at-risk alumni that would leverage the progress made during the NCS period.

The Importance of Bystanders in Threat Assessment and Management

2021 ◽  
pp. 423-436
Author(s):  
Randy Borum ◽  
Mary Rowe
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Family Members ◽  
Empirical Support ◽  
Threat Assessment ◽  
School Shootings ◽  
Mass Shootings ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Targeted Violence ◽  
Intentional Acts ◽  
Common Barriers

Bystanders—those who observe or come to know about potential wrongdoing—are often the best source of preattack intelligence, including indicators of intent and “warning” behaviors. They are the reason that some planned attacks are foiled before they occur. Numerous studies of targeted violence (e.g., mass shootings and school shootings) have demonstrated that peers and bystanders often have knowledge of an attacker’s intentions, concerning communication, and troubling behavior before the attack occurs. This chapter describes—with empirical support—why threat assessment professionals should consider bystanders; outlines a model for understanding bystander decision-making; reviews common barriers to bystander reporting; and suggests ways to mitigate those barriers, to engage bystanders at an individual level, and to improve reporting. The principal aim of threat assessment is to prevent (primarily) intentional acts of harm. When tragic incidents of planned violence occur, however, it is almost always uncovered “that someone knew something” about the attack before it happened. This happens because, as attack plans unfold, people in several different roles may know, or come to know, something about what is happening before harm occurs. The perpetrators know, and so might others, including targets, family members, friends, coworkers, or even casual observers.

scholarly journals Conducting Adolescent Violence Risk Assessments: A Framework for School Counselors

2007 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
pp. 2156759X0701000
Author(s):  
Kerry B. Bernes ◽  
Angela D. Bardick
Keyword(s):  
At Risk ◽  
Violence Prevention ◽  
School Counselors ◽  
Comprehensive Assessment ◽  
Risk Assessments ◽  
Violence Risk ◽  
Adolescent Violence ◽  
Targeted Violence ◽  
Bullying In Schools

There have been numerous publications devoted to preventing violence and bullying in schools, resulting in school counselors being well equipped with school-wide violence prevention ideas and programs. Despite these violence prevention efforts, some students may pose a threat to others and thus may require a comprehensive assessment for violence risk, especially targeted violence. The purpose of this article is to provide school counselors with a framework for assessing students who may be at risk for violence in general or who may be at risk specifically for targeted violence.

Community Change Programs for Children and Youth At-Risk: A Review of Lessons Learned

2020 ◽  
pp. 152483802091562
Author(s):  
Daphna Gross-Manos ◽  
Ayala Cohen ◽  
Jill E. Korbin
Keyword(s):  
At Risk ◽  
Community Intervention ◽  
Nonprofit Sector ◽  
The United States ◽  
Community Change ◽  
Lessons Learned ◽  
Children And Youth ◽  
At Risk Children ◽  
Youth At Risk ◽  
Program Characteristics

The significant role of the community in the lives of children and youth at-risk has become increasingly clear to social work academics and professionals over the last three decades. Alongside the more traditional individual and family responses, community interventions have been designed to catalyze change in the environment of children and youth at-risk and supply holistic and sustainable responses to their needs. Ten such community intervention programs were identified from the United States, Australia, Canada, and Israel. Most employed the community development model, focused on developing leadership and social capital (improving community networking) and advancing coordination between the organizations and sectors in the field of risk among children and youth. The diverse programs reviewed focused both on at-risk children and youth in general or specifically on child abuse and neglect. The programs originated from different health, education, and welfare disciplines and sponsoring authorities. The majority were funded originally by private foundations; however, government involvement was significant, particularly in the adoption and support of initiatives after their development. The current analysis of the programs refers to core issues that arose from the review: professional orientation, main target unit, main initiator, and research and evaluation. Analysis of program characteristics enables identifying relevant aspects of these programs for use by policy, governmental, and nonprofit sector stakeholders seeking to develop similar programs. Conclusions and recommendations to advance the field are suggested considering the current context of government cuts in welfare funds.

Saving Lives: Recognizing and Intervening with Youth at Risk for Suicide

2021 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Alejandra Arango ◽  
Polly Y. Gipson ◽  
Jennifer G. Votta ◽  
Cheryl A. King
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
At Risk ◽  
Suicide Risk ◽  
Empirical Support ◽  
The United States ◽  
Annual Review ◽  
Publication Date ◽  
Evidence Based ◽  
Psychotherapeutic Interventions ◽  
Youth At Risk

Suicide is the second leading cause of death for youth in the United States. Fortunately, substantial advances have been achieved in identifying and intervening with youth at risk. In this review, we first focus on advances in proactive suicide risk screening and psychoeducation aimed at improving the recognition of suicide risk. These strategies have the potential to improve our ability to recognize and triage youth at risk who may otherwise be missed. We then review recent research on interventions for youth at risk. We consider a broad range of psychotherapeutic interventions, including crisis interventions in emergency care settings. Though empirical support remains limited for interventions targeting suicide risk in youth, effective and promising approaches continue to be identified. We highlight evidence-based screening and intervention approaches as well as challenges in these areas and recommendations for further investigation. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Clinical Psychology, Volume 17 is May 2021. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.

Psychometric Evaluation of the School Nurses' Awareness and Perceptions Survey (SNAPS) for Youth At-Risk of Trafficking

2021 ◽  
pp. JNM-D-20-00018
Author(s):  
Hannah Fraley ◽  
Teri Aronowitz
Keyword(s):  
At Risk ◽  
Psychometric Properties ◽  
Reliability And Validity ◽  
Psychometric Evaluation ◽  
The United States ◽  
School Nurses ◽  
Confirmatory Factor ◽  
Youth At Risk ◽  
Multi Phase ◽  
Score Range

Background and PurposeEstimates suggest approximately 244,000–360,000 schoolaged children in the United States are at risk of being trafficked. The purpose of this study was to test the psychometric properties of the School Nurses' Awareness and Perceptions Survey (SNAPS).MethodsA multi-phase approach for reliability and validity using correlation, exploratory, and confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) with samples of school nurses from Massachusetts (Phase I) and nationally (Phase II).ResultsSNAPS is a 32-item 5-point Likert scale with a potential score range of 32–160. Cronbach's alpha was .94 with sub-scales ranging from 0.84–0.94. CFA revealed a three-factor scale with a cumulative variance of 70.79% (Chisquare 3.13, df 461, p < .001; RMSEA .10; GFI .80; CFI .78; TLI .76).ConclusionsStrong psychometric properties were found for the new measure allowing assessment of school nurses' knowledge of youth trafficking.

Enhancing School Safety Using a Threat Assessment Model

2021 ◽  
pp. 439-453
Author(s):  
Lina Alathari ◽  
Ashley Blair ◽  
Catherine Camilletti ◽  
Steven Driscoll ◽  
Diana Drysdale ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
School Violence ◽  
School Safety ◽  
Threat Assessment ◽  
The United States ◽  
Assessment Model ◽  
Secret Service ◽  
Targeted Violence ◽  
K 12 ◽  
Threat Assessments

The U.S. Secret Service has a long-standing tradition of conducting threat assessments as part of its mandate to protect the President of the United States and other elected officials. Building on this experience, the Secret Service National Threat Assessment Center (NTAC) is dedicated to expanding the field of violence prevention by closely examining the targeted violence that affects communities across the United States, including targeted school violence. This chapter outlines NTAC’s recommendations for implementing behavioral threat assessment teams in K–12 schools, as outlined in Enhancing School Safety Using a Threat Assessment Model: An Operational Guide for Preventing Targeted School Violence (2018).

Ontological (In)visibility and Cyber Conflict: The Problem of Sight and Vision in Establishing Threat

2021 ◽  
pp. 030437542110245
Author(s):  
Jonathon P. Whooley
Keyword(s):  
Computer Science ◽  
Cyber Security ◽  
Threat Assessment ◽  
The United States ◽  
Cyber Attacks ◽  
Ontological Security ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Passive Response ◽  
The Us ◽  
Cyber Conflict

This paper builds on the work of scholars working on ontological security, cyber security, and computer science to understand the problem of threat assessment and vision before, during, and after cyber-attacks. The previous use of ontological security theory (OST) has been limited because it has relied upon an overly simplistic vision of threat assessment at the international, state, and individual level. While previous scholars have examined the background, latent, or assumed visions of security threats as interpreted by agents and how their conditions do or do not effectively capture the anxieties of populations and practitioners this piece seeks to put these issues in conversation. In conceiving of ‘the state’ and ‘threat’ this piece examines the notion of vision, because as states conceive of threats in terms of terrorism (overt and theatrical) and cyber (covert and private) a mismatch of responses is noted. This piece reads the current cyber security landscape (2009-2019) in the United States through a lens of repeated and rambunctious cyber-threats and attacks and a largely passive response by the US citizenry through OST alongside: (1) the literature on computer science dealing with the concept of ontology, (2) the traditional threat framework found in the terrorism literature around response to threat with a comparison to the cyber-conflict literature, an (3) examination of the interplay between the public and government around the visibility and salience of cyberthreats.

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