scholarly journals An Overview of Indicator Choice and Normalization in Raw Material Supply Risk Assessments

Resources ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (8) ◽  
pp. 79
Author(s):  
Christoph Helbig ◽  
Martin Bruckler ◽  
Andrea Thorenz ◽  
Axel Tuma
Keyword(s):  
Empirical Evidence ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Risk Assessments ◽  
Risk Indicators ◽  
Risk Scores ◽  
Risk Indicator ◽  
Supply Risk ◽  
Supply Disruptions ◽  
Material Supply

Supply risk assessments are an integral part of raw material criticality assessments frequently used at the country or company level to identify raw materials of concern. However, the indicators used in supply risk assessments to estimate the likelihood of supply disruptions vary substantially. Here, we summarize and evaluate the use of supply risk indicators and their normalization to supply risk scores in 88 methods published until 2020. In total, we find 618 individual applications of supply risk criteria with 98 unique criteria belonging to one of ten indicator categories. The most often used categories of supply risk indicators are concentration, scarcity, and political instability. The most frequently used criteria are the country concentration of production, depletion time of reserves, and geopolitical risk. Indicator measurements and normalizations vary substantially between different methods for the same criterion. Our results can be used for future raw material criticality assessments to screen for suitable supply risk indicators and generally accepted indicator normalizations. We also find a further need for stronger empirical evidence of widely used indicators.

scholarly journals Optimizing the Raw Material Supply Chain of the Wood Biomass Power Generation Industry for Different Stakeholders’ Benefits: An Analysis of Inner Mongolia, China

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (5) ◽  
pp. 1887
Author(s):  
Yang Bai ◽  
He Yang ◽  
Yu Zhao ◽  
Min Zhang ◽  
Jinyuan Qin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Power Generation ◽  
Supply Chain ◽  
Inner Mongolia ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Western China ◽  
Mixed Integer ◽  
Utilization Rate ◽  
Wood Biomass ◽  
Material Supply

A large number of sand shrubs have been planted in western China, especially in Inner Mongolia. Sand shrubs produce a large amount of stump residue, and wood biomass power generation enterprises that use stump residue as raw materials have emerged in Wushen Banner and other areas. In this paper, the Mixed Integer Linear Programming (MILP) model is used to optimize the raw material supply chain of forest biomass power generation enterprises. Optimizations with different objectives represent the choices of different stakeholders. The optimization results are listed as follows. (1) The self-issuance behavior of enterprises is inconsistent with the enterprise behavior required by social planners; (2) When social planners only pay attention to environmental benefits, the utilization rate of raw materials in towns located far from a power plant will be greatly reduced, which is not conducive for the reuse of stump residue; (3) When social planners consider economic, environmental, and social benefits simultaneously, the utilization rate of raw materials in each town will be significantly improved, resources will be effectively utilized, and certain economic benefits will be realized; (4) It is possible to reduce the difficulty of achieving optimization goals by promoting industrial development and encouraging technological progress.

scholarly journals APRIORI ALGORITHM IMPLEMENTATION TO DETERMINE PURCHASE PATTERNS OF RAW MATERIALS AT PT PENJALINDO NUSANTARA

2021 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 151-158
Author(s):  
Dedi Rozaq Prastyo ◽  
Sri Dianing Asri
Keyword(s):  
Data Mining ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Apriori Algorithm ◽  
Customer Demand ◽  
Web Based ◽  
Material Supply ◽  
Purchase Patterns ◽  
Algorithm Implementation ◽  
Data Mining Application

PT. Penjalindo Nusantara is a manufacturing company in the packaging field where production depends on customer demand or what is commonly known as job orders so that timely production work and availability of sufficient materials are mandatory for the company. There was a problem in the implementation of the raw material supply strategy by PT. Penjalindo Nusantara caused delays in the supply of raw material stocks. The solution to this problem is to apply the Apriori algorithm to find out what raw materials are being purchased simultaneously so that it can be the basis for implementing a purchasing strategy in supporting the effectiveness of procurement of raw material stocks and also saving time in sending raw materials by suppliers. This research uses a Web-based data mining application to find the raw material purchase pattern. The result of this research is obtained 11 patterns of purchasing raw materials using a minimum value of 90% support and a minimum of 100% confidence with a lift ratio of 1 as a reference for determining which raw materials will be purchased at the same time.

scholarly journals Transparency with Blockchain and Physical Tracking Technologies: Enabling Traceability in Raw Material Supply Chains

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 1
Author(s):  
Angela v. Beckh Bacchetta ◽  
Volker Krümpel ◽  
Ella Cullen
Keyword(s):  
Literature Review ◽  
Supply Chains ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Physical World ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Global Supply Chains ◽  
Academic Literature ◽  
Material Supply ◽  
Digital World

By combining blockchain with physical tracking technologies, raw materials can potentially be traced throughout their global supply chains. Physical tracking technologies enable observing how raw materials move within the physical world, whereas blockchain translates these events into the digital world with an immutable record. This paper presents a taxonomy of different physical tracking technologies and examines if and how the combination of these technologies render raw material supply chains more transparent. Although academic literature highlights the theoretical benefits of combining these transformative technologies, large scale projects are still in their early stages. Following a brief literature review, this paper leverages an empirical approach to classify different tracking technologies, their fields of application and limitations, as well as how these technologies can enable supply chain transparency. Obviously, there is no single technology that can fulfil all requirements along complex supply chains. However, the relevant combination of respective technologies can help bridge gaps by increasing transparency within supply chains.

scholarly journals Analytical Proof of Origin for Raw Materials

Minerals ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (5) ◽  
pp. 461
Author(s):  
Frank Melcher ◽  
Valentina Dietrich ◽  
Hans-Eike Gäbler
Keyword(s):  
Public Interest ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Daily Life ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Material Supply ◽  
Analytical Proof ◽  
Materials Used ◽  
Key Aspects ◽  
Different Origins ◽  
Reference Samples

Growing public interest in getting information on the origin of raw materials used to manufacture goods for daily life has triggered the development of concepts to increase the transparency of raw material supply chains. Analytical proofs of origin (APOs) for raw materials may support those transparency concepts by giving evidence about the origin of a specific raw material shipment. For a variety of raw materials like gemstones, TTT (tantalum, tin, tungsten) minerals, and others, APOs have been developed. The identification of features that distinguish different origins, databases of those features from reliable reference samples, and a data evaluation strategy adopted to the envisaged application scenario are the key aspects of APO methods. Here, an overview is given on APO methods developed for different raw materials and application cases.

scholarly journals Exploring Small and Medium Scale Manufacturing Firms and Quality Management of Medicinal Material Supply in a Developing Economy: The Ghanaian Perspective

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-12
Author(s):  
Juliet Twumasi ◽  
Evans Kyeremeh ◽  
Benedict Owusu Yankeyera
Keyword(s):  
Herbal Medicine ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Exploratory Research ◽  
Developing Economy ◽  
Medicinal Products ◽  
Medium Scale ◽  
Material Supply ◽  
Materials Used

The quality of herbs used to make herbal medicinal products largely influences the safety and effectiveness of these herbal treatments. It is therefore important to investigate the extent to which manufacturers are ensuring the quality supply of herbal medicine used in production of herbal medicine. This study examines how small and medium scale manufacturers assure the quality and continual improvement of the raw materials (raw materials) used for production of medicinal products in a developing economy, the state of Ghana, and the methods used by the company. The study adopted exploratory research design. Using interview quide with open ended questions, data was collected from 88 respondents (small and medium scale manufacturers and their representatives). The data was analysed using NVivo 11. Findings of the study indicated that herbs were collected from the wild (forest), physical inspection of the herbs and best manufacturing practices, good relationship management or collaboration were measures used to promote quality of raw material supply. Also, proper documentation or recording of processes and quality measures do not have much attention or acceptance among Traditional Medicine Practitioners (TMPs).

scholarly journals Chert from the Vegamián Formation: A new raw-material supply source in the Cantabrian Mountains (NW Spain) during prehistory

2016 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Diego Herrero-Alonso ◽  
Antonio Tarriño-Vinagre ◽  
Ana Neira-Campos ◽  
Natividad Fuertes-Prieto
Keyword(s):  
Raw Materials ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Cantabrian Mountains ◽  
Nw Spain ◽  
Supply Source ◽  
Geochemical Characterization ◽  
Material Supply ◽  
Different Types

This work provides the keys to the mineralogical and geochemical characterization of black chert from the Vegamián Fm. This formation crops out throughout the whole of the Cantabrian Zone (of Palaeozoic age), one of the geological zones of the Cantabrian Mountains (NW Spain). The geographical distribution of this formation is very wide, surfacing in the provinces of León, Asturias, Palencia and Cantabria.This variety of chert had been included within the group generically known as ‘black chert’, a macrogroup including different types of chert that appear in different Palaeozoic formations in the area and which share a characteristic black colour at the macroscopic level. The characterisation presented here has enabled us to distinguish it from other varieties. In this study, Vegamián chert has been divided into two different groups depending on their textural, mineralogical, geochemical and thermal propierties. Type 1, the most suitable for knapping, is characterized by high content in silica (>97%), laminated matrix and, occasionally, ghost of radiolarians.  In addition, the characteristics specific to this chert make it suitable for lithic knapping processes. To confirm its use by prehistoric populations, this chert will be compared to that found in two Mesolithic sites, the caves of La Uña and El Espertín (León, south versant of the Cantabrian Mountains), the raw materials from which are currently under study.

scholarly journals Seasonal Inventory Management Model for Raw Materials in Steel Industry

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kosuke Kawakami ◽  
Hirokazu Kobayashi ◽  
Kazuhide Nakata
Keyword(s):  
Inventory Management ◽  
Iron Ore ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Management Model ◽  
Limited Capacity ◽  
Supply Disruptions ◽  
Proposed Model ◽  
Nippon Steel Corporation ◽  
Two Stages

We developed a seasonal inventory management model for raw materials, such as iron ore and coal, for multiple suppliers and multiple mills. The Nippon Steel Corporation imports more than 100 million tons of raw material annually by vessels from Australia, Brazil, Canada, and other countries. Once these raw materials arrive in Japan, they are transported to domestic mills and stored in yards before being treated in a blast furnace. A critical problem currently facing the industry is the limited capacity of the yards, which leads to high demurrage costs while ships wait for space to open up in the yards before they can unload. To reduce the demurrage costs, the inventory levels of the raw materials must be kept as low as possible. However, inventory levels that are too low may lead to inventory shortage resulting from seasonal supply disruptions (e.g., a cyclone in Australia) that delay the supply of raw materials. Because both excess and depleted inventory levels lead to increased costs, optimal inventory levels must be determined. To solve this problem, we developed an inventory management model that considers variations on the supply side, differences that should be observable upon looking at the ship operations. The concept is to model the probability distribution of ship arrival intervals by brand groups and mills. We divided ship operations into two stages: arrival at all mills (in Japan) and arrival at individual mills. We modeled the former as a nonhomogeneous Poisson process and the latter as a nonhomogeneous Gamma process. Our proposed model enables inventory levels to be reduced by 14% in summer and 6% in winter.

Model of a variable standard for the formation of technical specifications based on the processes of action mechanism design

2021 ◽  
pp. 106-109
Author(s):  
A.N. Belikov ◽  
◽  
A.V. Egorov
Keyword(s):  
Mechanism Design ◽  
Mechanism Of Action ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Target Object ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Action Mechanism ◽  
Qualitative And Quantitative ◽  
Material Supply ◽  
Technical Specifications ◽  
The Difference

The task of the automated formation of technical specifications within the framework of a given resource and raw material supply is performed using algorithms with a predetermined structure, which are aimed at minimizing the difference between a certain documented model and the existing situation. However, in conditions when an approximation to a given model is impossible due to a lack of resources and raw materials, such algorithms do not fulfill the task. To solve this problem, the article proposes to develop a principle for creating variable algorithms based on the creation of processes for constructing actions. A template of the variational standard model and the rules for its customization by the user are required. The mechanism of action acts as a template for the model of a variable standard. A variational standard is a method of forming an assessment of the desired state of a target object, which can be achieved taking into account the existing restrictions due to raw materials, resources and standards. Mathematically, this task can be reduced to finding the extremum of the objective function with quantitative arguments, however, in contrast to this, the article proposes a solution to the problem for a function with mixed (qualitative and quantitative arguments).

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