scholarly journals Promoting the Circular Economy via Waste-to-Power (WTP) in Taiwan

Resources ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 95 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wen-Tien Tsai
Keyword(s):  
Waste Management ◽  
Circular Economy ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Waste Incineration ◽  
Ambient Air ◽  
Economic Benefits ◽  
Recycling Rate ◽  
Low Carbon ◽  
Sanitary Landfills ◽  
The Status

The waste management sector significantly contributes to emissions of ambient air pollutants and greenhouse gases, especially in sanitary landfills. In this regard, Taiwan is moving toward a circular economy society via resource recycling and waste-to-power (WTP) in the waste management. In the past decade, the recycling rate of general waste (including recyclable waste, kitchen waste, and bulk waste) increased from 40.97% in 2008 to 60.22% in 2017. On the other hand, 24 large-scale waste incineration plants gained about 2.5 TW-h of net electricity generation, based on 6.25 million metric tons of waste incinerated in 2017. The objectives of this paper are to update the status of waste generation and its WTP in Taiwan. Based on these updated data, the preliminary benefit analysis of WTP showed annual benefits of equivalent electricity charge of around $US 3.3 × 108 (using the feed-in-tariff rate 3.8945 NTD$/kW-h; 1 $US ≈ 30 NTD$) and equivalent CO2 mitigation of about 1.4 million metric tons (using the electricity emissions factor 0.55 kg CO2 equivalent/kW-h). In order to gain environmental, energy, and economic benefits, the regulatory and technological measures for promoting WTP are briefly summarized to create another low-carbon society in Taiwan.

scholarly journals Textile packaging waste in the context of implementing the concept of circular economy

2020 ◽  
Vol 71 (05) ◽  
pp. 499-503
Author(s):  
Eftalea Carpus ◽  
Angela Dorogan ◽  
Cristina Stroe
Keyword(s):  
Waste Management ◽  
Circular Economy ◽  
Natural Capital ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Integrated Management ◽  
Recycling Rate ◽  
Waste Plastics ◽  
Packaging Waste ◽  
Management Hierarchy ◽  
Legislative Measures

At European level, there are concrete measures regarding waste management in the circular economy, and these refer to: mandatory recycling rates for different categories of waste: plastics, glass, metals, paper and cardboard as well as biodegradable waste; the obligation to redesign the products in order to increase the proportion of raw materials resulting from recycling and to increase the degree of recycling of products, in order to consider them as secondary raw materials; promoting and stimulating the reuse of products; increasing the recycling rate of municipal waste by 2030 to a minimum of 65%; increasing the recycling rate of packaging waste by 2030 to a minimum of 75%; reduction of food wastage and implicitly of the resulted food waste by 50% by 2030. The large amount of packaging waste determined the taking of legislative measures that defined the obligations of pack- aging producers/distributors, recycling objectives and the waste management hierarchy. New targets for the recycling of packaging waste predict a growth to 65% in 2025 and 70% in 2030 [1]. Textile packaging waste is an important link in the integrated management of waste whose recovery contributes to the conservation and improvement of natural capital.

Waste Management Challenges in Malaysia

2020 ◽  
pp. 186-222
Author(s):  
Agamuthu Pariatamby ◽  
Mehran Sanam Bhatti
Keyword(s):  
Middle Class ◽  
Waste Management ◽  
Solid Waste ◽  
Solid Waste Management ◽  
Recycling Rate ◽  
Sustainable Waste Management ◽  
Sanitary Landfills ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
Almost All ◽  
Developed Nations

Malaysia, an upper-middle class country, populated with approximately 31 million people generated nearly 13.9 million tonnes of municipal solid waste (MSW) at per capita of 1.23 kilogram per day in 2016. Landfills and open dumps, being the absolute opposite of sustainable waste management, received about 80% of this generated MSW. Waste collection is on a par with developed nations, and almost all urban MSW is being collected for disposal. However, illegal dumping still occurs sporadically, and it can account for 10% of the total MSW generated. Hence, Malaysia is facing a stiff challenge in reducing the amount of waste sent to landfills and adopting sustainable waste management. National Solid Waste Management Department of Malaysia targets to divert 40% of MSW from landfills by 2020. There are total 296 landfills in Malaysia, and only 165 landfills are currently functional whereas the number of sanitary landfills is 8 out of 165 operating landfills. The national recycling rate of MSW was 17% in 2016 and the national recycling target in 11th Malaysian Plan is 22% by 2020.

Evaluation and development of Korea’s national plan for resource circulation towards a circular economy

2019 ◽  
Vol 31 (7) ◽  
pp. 1129-1146
Author(s):  
Sora Yi
Keyword(s):  
Waste Management ◽  
Circular Economy ◽  
Recovery Rate ◽  
Energy Recovery ◽  
Waste To Energy ◽  
Circulation Rate ◽  
Recycling Rate ◽  
Final Disposal ◽  
Resource Productivity ◽  
Resource Circulation

In light of the growing attention to the need for establishing a lifecycle-oriented circular economy and to promote resource circulation to maximize the utilization of limited resources, this paper presents a case study on setting-up new national-level indicators and targets in accordance to the shift in the national waste management paradigm from waste treatment to resource circulation, which is being initiated in multiple countries around the world. Specifically, using the case of Korea, which recently implemented its new Framework Act for Resource Circulation, this study illustrates the process for setting new indicators and projecting Korea’s waste management based on the indicators developed in this study. The five main indicators suggested are the final disposal rate, actual recycling rate, waste to energy recovery rate, resource circulation rate, and resource productivity, and their precise definitions and calculation methods and the necessary revision in national statistical data collection for obtaining the required data for the indicators are discussed. For the effective delivery of the policies in the long term, the annual targets for the indicators and overall strategies for promoting resource circulation are proposed based on the predictions for future population growth and waste generation. With continuous effort from 2018 to 2027, it is expected that Korea will be able to reduce its final disposal rate from 8.7% to 3.0% and increase its actual recycling rate from 76.4% to 82.0%, waste to energy recovery rate from 6.95% to 12.66%, resource circulation rate to 14.0% to 16.4%, and resource productivity to 630 USD/ton to 1900 USD/ton.

scholarly journals Smart Monitoring for Waste Management using IoT

2018 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 7502-7505
Keyword(s):  
Waste Management ◽  
Urban Area ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
The Internet ◽  
Infrared Sensors ◽  
The Status ◽  
Set Up ◽  
A Site ◽  
Systems Of Support

As the second most populated nation on the planet, India faces a noteworthy issue in garbage management. In the majority of the urban area, the flooded garbage bins are making an unhygienic environment. This additionally leads to promotion of various sorts of anonymous diseases. Starting at now there are customary waste administration frameworks like intermittent and routine clearing by the different urban bodies like the municipality. In any case, despite the fact that these normal systems of support are done we frequently go over flooding refuse containers from which the trash spills on to the lanes. This happens in light of the fact that starting at now there is no framework set up that can screen the trash canisters and demonstrate the same to the company. We introduce a waste gathering arrangement in view of giving knowledge to dustbins, by utilizing an IoT model implanted with sensors, which can read, gather, isolate the waste and transmit dustbin volume information and area over the Internet. This framework screens the dustbins and educates about the level of trash gathered in the waste canisters by means of a site page. For this the framework utilizes infrared sensors and MQ-6 sensor set inside the receptacles to quantify the status of the dustbin. At the point when the dustbin is being filled, the tallness of the gathered misuse of the receptacle will be shown and transmitted. Once these smart bins are installed on a large scale, by replacing our existing containers, waste can be maintained effectively and lumping of garbage along the roadside can be minimized.

scholarly journals Regulatory Promotion and Benefit Analysis of Biogas-Power and Biogas-Digestate from Anaerobic Digestion in Taiwan’s Livestock Industry

Fermentation ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 4 (3) ◽  
pp. 57 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wen-Tien Tsai
Keyword(s):  
Anaerobic Digestion ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Animal Manure ◽  
Economic Benefits ◽  
Cattle Industry ◽  
Biogas Digestate ◽  
The Status ◽  
Potential Benefits ◽  
Livestock Farms ◽  
Methane Reduction

The objectives of this paper were to summarize the status of the livestock (pig and cattle) industry and its waste management in Taiwan. The Water Pollution Control Act authorized the reuse of liquor and digestate from anaerobic digestion (AD) as fertilizers for agricultural lands on 24 November 2015. A large number of official databases and literature have been surveyed and analyzed to address the characterization of the biogas (AD-based) digestate and the potential benefits of biogas-to-power in Taiwan. On the promulgation of the Act, the central ministries have jointly managed the applications of livestock farms for reusing the AD-based liquor and digestate as fertilizers for farmlands. The survey findings revealed that the biogas digestate from a pig farm in Taiwan contained significant amounts of nitrogen, phosphorus, and other soil nutrients such as calcium and magnesium. However, it is necessary to control zinc present in the biogas digestate from pig-raising farms. A preliminary analysis based on 123 large-scale pig farms with a total of 1,223,674 heads showed the annual benefits of methane reduction of 6.1 Gg, electricity generation of 3.7 × 107 kW-h, equivalent electricity charge saving of 4.0 × 106 US$, and equivalent carbon dioxide mitigation of 152.5 thousand tons (Gg). Obviously, the integration of AD and biogas-to-power for treating animal manure is a win-win option for livestock farms to gain environmental, energy, and economic benefits.

scholarly journals A Review on Global E-Waste Management: Urban Mining towards a Sustainable Future and Circular Economy

2022 ◽  
Vol 14 (2) ◽  
pp. 647
Author(s):  
Venkatesha Murthy ◽  
Seeram Ramakrishna
Keyword(s):  
Waste Management ◽  
Natural Resources ◽  
Informal Sector ◽  
Circular Economy ◽  
Acid Leaching ◽  
Legal Framework ◽  
Waste Recycling ◽  
Low Carbon ◽  
Unskilled Labor ◽  
Producer Responsibility

The trending need for smarter electrical and electronic equipment (EEE) is surging globally by the year and is giving rise to huge amounts of outdated EEE going into landfills. This has caused enormous threats to our environment and the health of living beings due to its unsustainable ways of collection, treatment and disposal of waste EEE or E-waste. With increasing E-waste, the formal sectors lack infrastructure, technology and expertise required to collect and process the E-waste in an environmentally sound manner. This article is intended to bring out the global best practices in the field of E-waste management, to shed light on the importance of policy implementation, technology requirement and social awareness to arrive at a sustainable and circular economy. Although about 71% of the world’s populace has incorporated E-waste legislation, there is a need to enforce and implement a common legal framework across the globe. The article explains the gap created among the stakeholders and their knowledge on the roles and responsibilities towards a legalized E-waste management. It further explains the lack of awareness on extended producer responsibility (EPR) and producer responsibility schemes. Despite various legislations in force, numerous illegal practices such as acid leaching, open incineration, illegal dumping carried out by the informal sector are causing harm to the environment, natural resources and the safety of unorganized and unskilled labor. The article discusses the crucial need for awareness amongst stakeholders, consumer behavior and the global challenges and opportunities in this field to achieve a low-carbon, circular economy. To conclude, the article highlights the importance of common legal framework, EPR and licenses, transformation of the informal sector, benchmark technologies, responsibilities of various stakeholders and entrepreneurial opportunities to enhance the formal capacity. The article wholly advocates for transparency, accountability and traceability in the E-waste recycling chain, thus creating a greener environment and protecting our planet and natural resources for future generations.

scholarly journals Entrenching Waste Hierarchy for Sustainable Municipal Solid Waste Management in Kenya

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 300-325
Author(s):  
Wambua Kituku ◽  
Collins Odote ◽  
Charles Okidi ◽  
Patricia Kameri-Mbote
Keyword(s):  
Waste Management ◽  
Private Sector ◽  
Circular Economy ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Solid Waste Management ◽  
Legal Framework ◽  
Waste Recycling ◽  
Municipal Solid Waste Management ◽  
Municipal Solid Wastes ◽  
Waste Hierarchy

Prioritizing waste prevention, reuse, recycling and recovery of materials and energy over disposal through landfilling, offers the waste hierarchy approach (WHA) a sustainable pathway to the management of municipal solid wastes (MSW) and realization of a circular economy. The concept is now part of the legal framework in some developing countries and its implementation has been credited for addressing waste problems linked to high rates of economic growth and urbanization. Even though Africa Vision 2063 prioritizes improvements in urban waste recycling in the continent, much of the MSW generated on the continent is disposed through landfilling evidencing weak adoption of the WHA. This article contends that because WHA is not adequately incorporated in the current legal framework at national and sub-national levels of government, Kenya is unlikely to achieve a circular economy approach necessary for realizing sustainable waste management. Operationalization of the WHA is impeded by inadequate financing, weak institutional coordination, gaps in private sector and informal actors’ engagement and risks associated with investments in large-scale waste recovery initiatives. It is therefore necessary for Kenya to elaborate the WHA in its legal framework at both national and county level, while ensuring adequate financing, involvement of informal actors, incentivization of private sector and adoption of waste planning procedures.

Waste management of deconstructed External Thermal Insulation Composite Systems with expanded polystyrene in the future

2020 ◽  
Vol 38 (4) ◽  
pp. 400-407
Author(s):  
Niklas Heller ◽  
Sabine Flamme
Keyword(s):  
Waste Management ◽  
Thermal Insulation ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Waste Treatment ◽  
Waste Incineration ◽  
Expanded Polystyrene ◽  
Chemical Recycling ◽  
Construction Sites ◽  
Composite Systems ◽  
The Future

External Thermal Insulation Composite Systems (ETICS), mainly comprised of expanded polystyrene (EPS) as the insulating material, have been used to insulate facades of buildings for the past few decades. In Europe, waste from ETICS deconstruction is currently disposed of in waste incineration facilities or landfills. Although the current quantities of ETICS waste are small, disposal of the increasing quantities of waste is posing a problem in some countries. New recycling strategies, such as the physico-chemical recycling of EPS or reutilisation of material and energy of all ETICS components in cement plants, offer the possibility of a circular economy for ETICS waste in the future. However, this would require a waste management chain from the construction site to the utilisation plant with appropriate waste treatment. To assess this concept further, this study documented dismantling efforts at different construction sites and conducted large-scale trials for ETICS waste treatment. The results of this study will allow the selection of suitable processing units and will be applied in a model developed by the IWARU Institute to determine economically and ecologically advantageous waste management routes that can be used to handle ETICS waste in the future.

scholarly journals Municipal Solid Waste Management: Circular Economy Evaluation in Turkey

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 79
Author(s):  
Oylum Gokkurt Baki ◽  
Osman Nuri ERGUN
Keyword(s):  
Waste Management ◽  
Circular Economy ◽  
Solid Waste Management ◽  
Recycling Rate ◽  
Municipal Solid Waste Management ◽  
Recycling Process ◽  
Zero Waste ◽  
Awareness Raising ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
Recycled Waste

With the increase in environmental negativities according to wastes, priority has been given to sustainable practices and thus the circular economy (CE), that is, the recycling of wastes to the economy, and related zero waste practices have gained priority in Turkey.Turkey produced 32.2 million tonnes of waste overall per year and it means that waste per capita is approximately 1.16 kg per day and also the average recycling rate of all waste in Turkey is 12.3% according to 2018 records of TurkStat. According to these data, 20.24% of the wastes are sent to the municipal garbage disposals, 67.20% is disposed of by the regular storage method and 38% is recycled by composting. Also, according to the 2016 data, wild storage in Turkey continues at 27%.In the present study, the relationships between the yearly population growth, the increase in waste and in disposal facilities, and in the number of waste disposal facilities were examined and some relevant evaluations were made for the coming years. The projections were calculated using the data of Turkey in the coming years, the amount of waste, the amount of recycled waste, and the number of facilities. The recommendations were presented and emphasis was made for the requirements of the application of circular economy in Turkey. As a result, the analysis results obtained showed that the increases in the amount of waste will increase both the amount of waste and the areas where the waste will be disposed of and will create serious problems in the future. A sustainable waste management system and circular economy practices require that recyclable wastes be collected separately at the source, and the recycling process is carried out in a planned structure and if possible, no waste is generated. Collecting wastes separately at the source and public participation and awareness-raising in the zero-waste process is a must for the success of this process.

Screening for the FV: Q506 Mutation – Evaluation of Thirteen Plasma-based Methods for their Diagnostic Efficacy in Comparison with DNA Analysis

1997 ◽  
Vol 77 (03) ◽  
pp. 436-439 ◽  
Author(s):  
Armando Tripodi ◽  
Barbara Negri ◽  
Rogier M Bertina ◽  
Pier Mannuccio Mannucci
Keyword(s):  
Venous Thrombosis ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Dna Analysis ◽  
Genetic Defect ◽  
Laboratory Diagnosis ◽  
Economic Benefits ◽  
Factor V ◽  
Factor X ◽  
Diagnostic Efficacy ◽  
Dna Test

SummaryThe factor V (FV) mutation Q506 that causes resistance to activated protein C (APC) is the genetic defect associated most frequently with venous thrombosis. The laboratory diagnosis can be made by DNA analysis or by clotting tests that measure the degree of prolongation of plasma clotting time upon addition of APC. Home-made and commercial methods are available but no comparative evaluation of their diagnostic efficacy has so far been reported. Eighty frozen coded plasma samples from carriers and non-carriers of the FV: Q506 mutation, diagnosed by DNA analysis, were sent to 8 experienced laboratories that were asked to analyze these samples in blind with their own APC resistance tests. The APTT methods were highly variable in their capacity to discriminate between carriers and non-carriers but this capacity increased dramatically when samples were diluted with FV-deficient plasma before analysis, bringing the sensitivity and specificity of these tests to 100%. The best discrimination was obtained with methods in which fibrin formation is triggered by the addition of activated factor X or Russell viper venom. In conclusion, this study provides evidence that some coagulation tests are able to distinguish carriers of the FV: Q506 mutation from non-carriers as well as the DNA test. They are inexpensive and easy to perform. Their use in large-scale clinical trials should be of help to determine the medical and economic benefits of screening healthy individuals for the mutation before they are exposed to such risk factors for venous thrombosis as surgery, pregnancy and oral contraceptives.

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