scholarly journals A Study of Lunar Microwave Radiation Based on Satellite Observations

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (7) ◽  
pp. 1129 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hu Yang ◽  
Martin Burgdorf
Keyword(s):  
Remote Sensing ◽  
Microwave Radiation ◽  
Lunar Surface ◽  
Microwave Remote Sensing ◽  
Satellite Observations ◽  
Advanced Technology ◽  
Lunar Phase ◽  
Phase Lag ◽  
The Moon ◽  
Microwave Sounding

In recent years, the study of microwave radiation from the Moon’s surface has been of interest to the astronomy and remote sensing communities. Due to the stable geophysical properties of the Moon’s surface, microwave lunar radiation is highly predictable and can be accurately modeled, given sufficient observations from reliable instruments. Specifically, for microwave remote sensing study, if International System of Unit (SI) traceable observations of the Moon are available, the Moon can thus be used as an SI traceable calibration reference for microwave instruments to evaluate their calibration accuracies and assess their long-term calibration stabilities. Major challenges of using the Moon as a radiometric source standard for microwave sensors include the uncertainties in antenna pattern measurements, the reliability of measurements of brightness temperature (Tb) in the microwave spectrum of the lunar surface, and knowledge of the lunar phase lag because of penetration depths at different detection frequencies. Most microwave-sounding instruments can collect lunar radiation data from space-view observations during so-called lunar intrusion events that usually occur several days each month. Addressed in this work based on Moon observations from the Advanced Technology Microwave Sounder and the Advanced Microwave Sounding Unit/Microwave Humidity Sounder are two major issues in lunar calibration: the lunar surface microwave Tb spectrum and phase lag. The scientific objective of this study is to present our most recent progress on the study of lunar microwave radiation based on satellite observations. Reported here are the lunar microwave Tb spectrum and phase lag from 23 to 183 GHz based on observations of microwave-sounding instruments onboard different satellite platforms. For current Moon microwave radiation research, this study can help toward better understanding lunar microwave radiation features over a wide spectrum range, laying a solid foundation for future lunar microwave calibration efforts.

Microwave Thermal Radiation from the Moon

1949 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 63 ◽  
Author(s):  
JH Piddington ◽  
HC Minnett
Keyword(s):  
Thermal Radiation ◽  
Phase Angle ◽  
Electromagnetic Waves ◽  
Lunar Phase ◽  
Phase Lag ◽  
The Moon ◽  
Average Temperature ◽  
Deep Interior ◽  
Subsurface Layers ◽  
New Moon

Measurements have been made of the thermal radiation from the moon in a 15 Mc/s. band, centred at 24,000 Mc/s. The radiation from the whole lunar disk has been measured during several phase cycles. Temperatures corresponding to this radiation have been deduced and curves of temperature against phase angle drawn. One of these corresponds to average temperature over the disk and the other to the temperature of a point on the lunar equator. They are found to be approximately sinusoidal, with amplitude � 40.3 �K, and � 52.0 �K. respectively and with a phase lag behind the lunar phase angle of about 45� in each case. These results conflict with previous measurements of temperature at long infra-red wavelengths in both amplitude and phase angle of the temperature curve. An explanation is given in terms of radiation from subsurface layers of the moon's crust, which are partially transparent to the electromagnetic waves with which we are dealing. The theory is developed quantitatively and it is found that the results are consistent with the existence of a thin layer of dust covering a solid lunar surface. Estimates are made of the temperatures of the disk of the new moon (156 �K.) and of the deep interior (241 �K.).

scholarly journals Development of a Parameterized Model to Estimate Microwave Radiation Response Depth of Frozen Soil

2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (17) ◽  
pp. 2028 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zhang ◽  
Jiang ◽  
Zhao ◽  
Chai ◽  
Li ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Remote Sensing ◽  
Sensitivity Analysis ◽  
Microwave Radiation ◽  
Microwave Remote Sensing ◽  
Frozen Soil ◽  
Passive Microwave ◽  
Radiation Response ◽  
Passive Microwave Remote Sensing ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Parameterized Model

The sensing depth of passive microwave remote sensing is a significant factor in quantitative frozen soil studies. In this paper, a microwave radiation response depth (MRRD) was proposed to describe the source of the main signals of passive microwave remote sensing. The main goal of this research was to develop a simple and accurate parameterized model for estimating the MRRD of frozen soil. A theoretical model was introduced first to describe the emission characteristics of a three-layer case, which incorporates multiple reflections at the two boundaries. Based on radiative transfer theory, the total emission of the three layers was calculated. A sensitivity analysis was then performed to demonstrate the effects of soil properties and frequency on the MRRD based on a simulation database comprising a wide range of soil characteristics and frequencies. Sensitivity analysis indicated that soil temperature, soil texture, and frequencies are three of the primary variables affecting MRRD, and a definite empirical relationship existed between the three parameters and the MRRD. Thus, a parameterized model for estimating MRRD was developed based on the sensitivity analysis results. A controlled field experiment using a truck-mounted multi-frequency microwave radiometer (TMMR) was designed and performed to validate the emission model of the soil freeze–thaw cycle and the parameterized model of MRRD developed in this work. The results indicated that the developed parameterized model offers a relatively accurate and simple way of estimating the MRRD. The total root mean square error (RMSE) between the calculated and measured MRRD of frozen loam soil was approximately 0.5 cm for the TMMR’s four frequencies.

scholarly journals Spatial Resolution Matching of Microwave Radiometer Data with Convolutional Neural Network

2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (20) ◽  
pp. 2432 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yade Li ◽  
Weidong Hu ◽  
Shi Chen ◽  
Wenlong Zhang ◽  
Rui Guo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Neural Network ◽  
Remote Sensing ◽  
Convolutional Neural Network ◽  
Microwave Radiation ◽  
Spatial Resolution ◽  
State Of The Art ◽  
Microwave Radiometer ◽  
Microwave Remote Sensing ◽  
Degradation Model ◽  
Matching Problems

Passive multi-frequency microwave remote sensing is often plagued with the problems of low- and non-uniform spatial resolution. In order to adaptively enhance and match the spatial resolution, an accommodative spatial resolution matching (ASRM) framework, composed of the flexible degradation model, the deep residual convolutional neural network (CNN), and the adaptive feature modification (AdaFM) layers, is proposed in this paper. More specifically, a flexible degradation model, based on the imaging process of the microwave radiometer, is firstly proposed to generate suitable datasets for various levels of matching tasks. Secondly, a deep residual CNN is introduced to jointly learn the complicated degradation factors of the data, so that the resolution can be matched up to fixed levels with state of the art quality. Finally, the AdaFM layers are added to the network in order to handle arbitrary and continuous resolution matching problems between a start and an end level. Both the simulated and the microwave radiation imager (MWRI) data from the Fengyun-3C (FY-3C) satellite have been used to demonstrate the validity and the effectiveness of the method.

scholarly journals Future NOAA Satellites: Planning for Microwave Remote Sensing Readiness

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-6
Author(s):  
Robbie Iacovazzi ◽  
Quanhua “Mark” Liu ◽  
Changyong Cao
Keyword(s):  
Remote Sensing ◽  
Microwave Remote Sensing ◽  
Satellite Observations ◽  
Noaa Satellite ◽  
The Future ◽  
Community Meeting

CAPSULE SUMMARY2020 Community Meeting on NOAA Satellites: Informing the Future of NOAA Satellite Observations

A discussion on infared astronomy - Mid-infrared spectroscopic observations of the Moon

1969 ◽  
Vol 264 (1150) ◽  
pp. 109-139 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Remote Sensing ◽  
Lunar Surface ◽  
Wavelength Region ◽  
Landing Site ◽  
Ground Truth ◽  
Molecular Vibration ◽  
The Moon ◽  
Mid Infrared ◽  
Surface Materials ◽  
Remote Sensing Techniques

Now that space probes have actually landed on the Moon, and man is soon to follow, one might suppose that the need for the development of lunar remote sensing techniques is past. Exactly the opposite is true. It must be remembered that no nation is financially able to support exploration of more than a very small percentage of the total surface area of the moon. Small areas immediately adjacent to a landing site will, of course, be explored in detail. Hopefully, there will be a few traverses made to discover the degree of lateral inhomogeneity of the surface materials. Realistically, however, we must plan on extending this ‘ground truth’ information to cover the entire lunar surface by remote means. In fact, remote sensing techniques will be employed prior to much of the detailed lunar surface exploration in order to define areas of maximum interest. The mid-infrared region of the spectrum is a wavelength region which possesses a high potential usefulness for remote sensing, because the molecular vibration spectra in this region are directly interpretable in terms of molecular composition. It is the purpose of this paper to examine this potential, review the theoretical justification for use of this wavelength region, describe laboratory studies of possible lunar surface materials, and present the data so far obtained from the moon itself.

scholarly journals Properties of the Lunar Surface as Revealed by Thermal Radiation

1963 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
pp. 24 ◽  
Author(s):  
RW Muncey
Keyword(s):  
Thermal Properties ◽  
Thermal Radiation ◽  
Thin Layer ◽  
Microwave Radiation ◽  
Lunar Surface ◽  
Fine Dust ◽  
The Moon ◽  
Microwave Techniques

Thermal radiation from the moon has been previously measured by both optical and microwave techniques, and this has led several workers to estimate the thermal properties of the lunar surface. Using the assumption that the thermal properties are proportional to the temperature, the uniform surface corresponding to the observed optical values is calculated. Possible mixed surfaces are also evaluated. These are examined to estimate the likely variation in microwave radiation, and by comparison with observed results it is shown that the most probable surface consists partly of rock or gravel overlain by a thin layer of fine dust, and partly of areas with dust extending to beyond the depth from which the microwave radiation emanates.

MICROWAVE REMOTE SENSING OF THE ATMOSPHERE: FROM PRINCIPAL POSSIBILITIES TO ROUTINE MEASUREMENTS

2021 ◽  
pp. 45-55
Author(s):  
A. G. GORELIK ◽  
◽  
E. N. KADYGROV ◽  
A. V. KOLDAEV ◽  
A. K. KNYAZEV ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Remote Sensing ◽  
Microwave Remote Sensing ◽  
Radio Receiver ◽  
Weather Modification ◽  
Development Stages ◽  
Passive Remote Sensing ◽  
Microwave Radio ◽  
Microwave Sounding ◽  
Experimental Works ◽  
Central Aerological Observatory

The article is aimed to retrospective analysis of the results in microwave remote sensing of the atmosphere since 60 ages of the twenty century up to the recent time. Article describes the development stages for passive remote sensing of the atmosphere in the Central Aerological Observatory. It contains the first experimental works with super sensitive microwave radio receiver, which confirms output from quantum mechanics calculations regarding atmosphere gases absorption. The way from this first steps to the recent routine microwave sounding on the observation net of Roshydromet is described. Specially emphasized the results of ground based and aircraft microwave researches, which were obtained with the scientific priority at the time of their revealing and which are still actual up to the now days. The values of these results are demonstrated by the utilization of it in the current weather modification projects and urban meteorology projects.

scholarly journals Downscaling Snow Depth Mapping by Fusion of Microwave and Optical Remote-Sensing Data Based on Deep Learning

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (4) ◽  
pp. 584
Author(s):  
Linglong Zhu ◽  
Yonghong Zhang ◽  
Jiangeng Wang ◽  
Wei Tian ◽  
Qi Liu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Remote Sensing ◽  
Deep Learning ◽  
Microwave Radiation ◽  
Spatial Resolution ◽  
Snow Depth ◽  
Hydrological Modeling ◽  
Spatial Scales ◽  
Remote Sensing Data ◽  
Microwave Remote Sensing ◽  
Sensing Data

Accurate high spatial resolution snow depth mapping in arid and semi-arid regions is of great importance for snow disaster assessment and hydrological modeling. However, due to the complex topography and low spatial-resolution microwave remote-sensing data, the existing snow depth datasets have large errors and uncertainty, and actual spatiotemporal heterogeneity of snow depth cannot be effectively detected. This paper proposed a deep learning approach based on downscaling snow depth retrieval by fusion of satellite remote-sensing data with multiple spatial scales and diverse characteristics. The (Fengyun-3 Microwave Radiation Imager) FY-3 MWRI data were downscaled to 500 m resolution to match Moderate-resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) snow cover, meteorological and geographic data. A deep neural network was constructed to capture detailed spectral and radiation signals and trained to retrieve the higher spatial resolution snow depth from the aforementioned input data and ground observation. Verified by in situ measurements, downscaled snow depth has the lowest root mean square error (RMSE) and mean absolute error (MAE) (8.16 cm, 4.73 cm respectively) among Environmental and Ecological Science Data Center for West China Snow Depth (WESTDC_SD, 9.38 cm and 5.36 cm), the Microwave Radiation Imager (MWRI) Ascend Snow Depth (MWRI_A_SD, 9.45 cm and 5.49 cm) and MWRI Descend Snow Depth (MWRI_D_SD, 10.55 cm and 6.13 cm) in the study area. Meanwhile, downscaled snow depth could provide more detailed information in spatial distribution, which has been used to analyze the decrease of retrieval accuracy by various topography factors.

A Photographic Map of the Moon

1962 ◽  
Vol 14 ◽  
pp. 113-115
Author(s):  
D. W. G. Arthur ◽  
E. A. Whitaker
Keyword(s):  
Lunar Surface ◽  
The Moon ◽  
Map Projection

The cartography of the lunar surface can be split into two operations which can be carried on quite independently. The first, which is also the most laborious, is the interpretation of the lunar photographs into the symbolism of the map, with the addition of fine details from telescopic sketches. An example of this kind of work is contained in Johann Krieger'sMond Atlaswhich consists of photographic enlargements in which Krieger has sharpened up the detail to accord with his telescopic impressions. Krieger did not go on either to convert the photographic picture into the line symbolism of a map, or to place this picture on any definite map projection.

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