Microwave Thermal Radiation from the Moon

1949 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 63 ◽  
Author(s):  
JH Piddington ◽  
HC Minnett
Keyword(s):  
Thermal Radiation ◽  
Phase Angle ◽  
Electromagnetic Waves ◽  
Lunar Phase ◽  
Phase Lag ◽  
The Moon ◽  
Average Temperature ◽  
Deep Interior ◽  
Subsurface Layers ◽  
New Moon

Measurements have been made of the thermal radiation from the moon in a 15 Mc/s. band, centred at 24,000 Mc/s. The radiation from the whole lunar disk has been measured during several phase cycles. Temperatures corresponding to this radiation have been deduced and curves of temperature against phase angle drawn. One of these corresponds to average temperature over the disk and the other to the temperature of a point on the lunar equator. They are found to be approximately sinusoidal, with amplitude � 40.3 �K, and � 52.0 �K. respectively and with a phase lag behind the lunar phase angle of about 45� in each case. These results conflict with previous measurements of temperature at long infra-red wavelengths in both amplitude and phase angle of the temperature curve. An explanation is given in terms of radiation from subsurface layers of the moon's crust, which are partially transparent to the electromagnetic waves with which we are dealing. The theory is developed quantitatively and it is found that the results are consistent with the existence of a thin layer of dust covering a solid lunar surface. Estimates are made of the temperatures of the disk of the new moon (156 �K.) and of the deep interior (241 �K.).

scholarly journals A Study of Lunar Microwave Radiation Based on Satellite Observations

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (7) ◽  
pp. 1129 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hu Yang ◽  
Martin Burgdorf
Keyword(s):  
Remote Sensing ◽  
Microwave Radiation ◽  
Lunar Surface ◽  
Microwave Remote Sensing ◽  
Satellite Observations ◽  
Advanced Technology ◽  
Lunar Phase ◽  
Phase Lag ◽  
The Moon ◽  
Microwave Sounding

In recent years, the study of microwave radiation from the Moon’s surface has been of interest to the astronomy and remote sensing communities. Due to the stable geophysical properties of the Moon’s surface, microwave lunar radiation is highly predictable and can be accurately modeled, given sufficient observations from reliable instruments. Specifically, for microwave remote sensing study, if International System of Unit (SI) traceable observations of the Moon are available, the Moon can thus be used as an SI traceable calibration reference for microwave instruments to evaluate their calibration accuracies and assess their long-term calibration stabilities. Major challenges of using the Moon as a radiometric source standard for microwave sensors include the uncertainties in antenna pattern measurements, the reliability of measurements of brightness temperature (Tb) in the microwave spectrum of the lunar surface, and knowledge of the lunar phase lag because of penetration depths at different detection frequencies. Most microwave-sounding instruments can collect lunar radiation data from space-view observations during so-called lunar intrusion events that usually occur several days each month. Addressed in this work based on Moon observations from the Advanced Technology Microwave Sounder and the Advanced Microwave Sounding Unit/Microwave Humidity Sounder are two major issues in lunar calibration: the lunar surface microwave Tb spectrum and phase lag. The scientific objective of this study is to present our most recent progress on the study of lunar microwave radiation based on satellite observations. Reported here are the lunar microwave Tb spectrum and phase lag from 23 to 183 GHz based on observations of microwave-sounding instruments onboard different satellite platforms. For current Moon microwave radiation research, this study can help toward better understanding lunar microwave radiation features over a wide spectrum range, laying a solid foundation for future lunar microwave calibration efforts.

scholarly journals On certain variations of the mean height of the barometer, mean temperature and depth of rain, connected with the lunar phases, in the cycle of years from 1815 to 1823

1843 ◽  
Vol 4 ◽  
pp. 211-211
Keyword(s):  
Full Moon ◽  
Lunar Cycle ◽  
Lunar Phase ◽  
The Moon ◽  
Lunar Phases ◽  
Mean Temperature ◽  
The Mean ◽  
New Moon ◽  
Made In

The table given in this paper contains the results of calculations relating to the objects specified in the title; cast into periods of six, seven, or eight days, so as to bring the day of the lunar phase belonging to it in the middle of the time. The observations were all made in the neighbourhood of London. It appears from them that in the period of the last quarter of the moon the barometer is highest, the temperature a little above the mean, and the depth of rain the smallest. In the period of the new moon, both the barometer and temperature are considerably depressed, and the rain increased in quantity. The influence of the first quarter shows itself by the further depression of the barometer; but the temperature rises almost to the point from which it had fallen, and the rain still increases, but not in an equal ratio. Lastly, the full moon again reduces the temperature; while the barometer attains its maximum mean height, and the quantity of rain is the greatest. Thus it appears, that during this lunar cycle, the approach of the last quarter is the signal for the clearing up of the air, and the return of sunshine.

scholarly journals Singing in the moonlight: dawn song performance of a diurnal bird varies with lunar phase

2014 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 20130970 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jennifer E. York ◽  
Andrew J. Young ◽  
Andrew N. Radford
Keyword(s):  
Animal Communication ◽  
Lunar Cycle ◽  
Lunar Phase ◽  
Moon Phase ◽  
Communication Research ◽  
The Moon ◽  
Research Attention ◽  
Dawn Song ◽  
New Moon ◽  
Diurnal Species

It is well established that the lunar cycle can affect the behaviour of nocturnal animals, but its potential to have a similar influence on diurnal species has received less research attention. Here, we demonstrate that the dawn song of a cooperative songbird, the white-browed sparrow weaver ( Plocepasser mahali ), varies with moon phase. When the moon was above the horizon at dawn, males began singing on average 10 min earlier, if there was a full moon compared with a new moon, resulting in a 67% mean increase in performance period and greater total song output. The lack of a difference between full and new moon dawns when the moon was below the horizon suggests that the observed effects were driven by light intensity, rather than driven by other factors associated with moon phase. Effects of the lunar cycle on twilight signalling behaviour have implications for both pure and applied animal communication research.

Geophysical Variables and Behavior: XIII. Comment on “Lunar Phase and Accident Injuries”: The Dark Side of the Moon and Lunar Research

1983 ◽  
Vol 57 (3) ◽  
pp. 919-921 ◽  
Author(s):  
I. W. Kelly ◽  
James Rotton
Keyword(s):  
Dark Side ◽  
Lunar Phase ◽  
The Moon ◽  
Statistical Assumptions ◽  
Accident Injuries ◽  
New Moon ◽  
Excess Number ◽  
And Behavior ◽  
Phases Of The Moon

Templer, Veleber, and Brooner in 1982 claimed that an excess number of injuries occur on nights with a full of new moon. In this note, we show that their claim is based upon trivial differences, on overlapping observations, possible violations of statistical assumptions, a failure to consider confounding between phases of the moon and days of the week when data cover short (6 mo. and 1 yr.) periods of time, and the possibility of an effect due to darkness during new moon nights.

Lunar Cycle Influences Reproductive Performance of Crossbred Brahman Cows Under Tropical Conditions

2021 ◽  
pp. 074873042098363
Author(s):  
Alejandro A. Aguirre ◽  
Roberto A. Palomares ◽  
Aitor D. De Ondiz ◽  
Eleazar R. Soto ◽  
Mariana S. Perea ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Reproductive Performance ◽  
Full Moon ◽  
Lunar Cycle ◽  
The Moon ◽  
Crossbred Cows ◽  
Lunar Phases ◽  
Tropical Conditions ◽  
Service Conception ◽  
New Moon ◽  
Postpartum Estrus

Evidence has accumulated over the years indicating that the moon influences some aspects of the reproductive activity in animals and humans. However, little is known about the influence of the lunar cycle on the reproductive performance of cows under tropical conditions, where the environment strongly affects reproduction. This retrospective study was conducted with the aim of assessing the influence of the lunar cycle on some reproductive traits of tropical crossbred cows managed in a pasture-based system. Data from 5869 reproductive records from two commercial farms localized in the Maracaibo Lake Basin of Zulia State, Venezuela, were analyzed. Variables studied were first service conception rate, calving frequency, first postpartum estrous frequency, and pregnancy frequency. In addition to the lunar cycle, the effects of farm, season, and predominant breed were also considered. Data were analyzed using logistic regression and general linear model from SAS. First service conception was affected by lunar phases and predominant breed, but not by farm or season. For frequencies of calving, first postpartum estrus, and pregnancy, there was no main effect of farm, season, and predominant breed, whereas the effect of lunar phases was highly significant. First service conception was significantly greater in waning than in crescent phase of the lunar cycle. Frequencies of calving, first estrus, and pregnancy were highly correlated and showed greater figures around full moon and new moon. In conclusion, lunar cycle influenced first service conception, attaining greater values in the waning phase of the moon cycle. Frequencies of calving, first postpartum estrus, and pregnancy in crossbred cows showed a clear bimodal rhythm, whose greatest values coincided with new moon and full moon.

scholarly journals Rock Location and Property Analysis of Lunar Regolith at Chang’E-4 Landing Site Based on Local Correlation and Semblance Analysis

2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 48
Author(s):  
Hanjie Song ◽  
Chao Li ◽  
Jinhai Zhang ◽  
Xing Wu ◽  
Yang Liu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Electromagnetic Waves ◽  
Lunar Regolith ◽  
Landing Site ◽  
Rock Properties ◽  
The Moon ◽  
Local Correlation ◽  
Near Surface ◽  
Property Analysis ◽  
Stratigraphic Division ◽  
Formation And Evolution

The Lunar Penetrating Radar (LPR) onboard the Yutu-2 rover from China’s Chang’E-4 (CE-4) mission is used to probe the subsurface structure and the near-surface stratigraphic structure of the lunar regolith on the farside of the Moon. Structural analysis of regolith could provide abundant information on the formation and evolution of the Moon, in which the rock location and property analysis are the key procedures during the interpretation of LPR data. The subsurface velocity of electromagnetic waves is a vital parameter for stratigraphic division, rock location estimates, and calculating the rock properties in the interpretation of LPR data. In this paper, we propose a procedure that combines the regolith rock extraction technique based on local correlation between the two sets of LPR high-frequency channel data and the common offset semblance analysis to determine the velocity from LPR diffraction hyperbola. We consider the heterogeneity of the regolith and derive the relative permittivity distribution based on the rock extraction and semblance analysis. The numerical simulation results show that the procedure is able to obtain the high-precision position and properties of the rock. Furthermore, we apply this procedure to CE-4 LPR data and obtain preferable estimations of the rock locations and the properties of the lunar subsurface regolith.

scholarly journals Astronomy at the service of the Islamic society

2009 ◽  
Vol 5 (S260) ◽  
pp. 514-521
Author(s):  
Ilias M. Fernini
Keyword(s):  
Proper Time ◽  
Astronomical Observatory ◽  
The Sun ◽  
The Moon ◽  
Scientific Institutions ◽  
Mathematical Astronomy ◽  
Islamic Empire ◽  
New Moon ◽  
Islamic Society

AbstractThe Islamic society has great ties to astronomy. Its main religious customs (start of the Islamic month, direction of prayer, and the five daily prayers) are all related to two main celestial objects: the Sun and the Moon. First, the start of any Islamic month is related to the actual seeing of the young crescent after the new Moon. Second, the direction of prayer, i.e., praying towards Mecca, is related to the determination of the zenith point in Mecca. Third, the proper time for the five daily prayers is related to the motion of the Sun. Everyone in the society is directly concerned by these customs. This is to say that the major impetus for the growth of Islamic astronomy came from these three main religious observances which presented an assortment of problems in mathematical astronomy. To observe these three customs, a new set of astronomical observations were needed and this helped the development of the Islamic observatory. There is a claim that it was first in Islam that the astronomical observatory came into real existence. The Islamic observatory was a product of needs and values interwoven into the Islamic society and culture. It is also considered as a true representative and an integral par of the Islamic civilisation. Since astronomy interested not only men of science, but also the rulers of the Islamic empire, several observatories have flourished. The observatories of Baghdad, Cairo, Córdoba, Toledo, Maragha, Samarqand and Istanbul acquired a worldwide reputation throughout the centuries. This paper will discuss the two most important observatories (Maragha and Samarqand) in terms of their instruments and discoveries that contributed to the establishment of these scientific institutions.

A Graphical Approach to Some Problems in Maya Astronomy

1946 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 35-46 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert H. Merrill
Keyword(s):  
Graphical Methods ◽  
The Sun ◽  
The Moon ◽  
Graphical Approach ◽  
New Moon ◽  
Dresden Codex

Although graphical methods are in common use by engineers and astronomers, they are less familiar to archaeologists. To portray the rhythm of celestial motions, astronomers often use “elongation” diagrams to show angular distances of moon and planets from the sun on each day of the calendar year.The Maya recognized a zone within which the planets could not be seen because of proximity to the brilliant disk of the sun. The moon cannot be seen on the day of conjunction with the sun, and is generally invisible on the day before and the day after this “new moon day.” The three consecutive days in the lunar table of the Dresden Codex may represent the 3-day phase of moon disappearance.

scholarly journals PENGARUH FASE BULAN TERHADAP WAKTU TEBAR PANCING DAN LAJU TANGKAP MADIDIHANG (Thunnus albacares Bonnaterre, 1788) PADA ARMADA RAWAI TUNA

2017 ◽  
Vol 22 (4) ◽  
pp. 207
Author(s):  
Irwan Jatmiko ◽  
Bram Setyadji ◽  
Arief Wujdi
Keyword(s):  
Full Moon ◽  
Yellowfin Tuna ◽  
Catch Rate ◽  
Lunar Phase ◽  
Anova Analysis ◽  
Tukey Test ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
New Moon ◽  
One Way Anova ◽  
Tuna Longline

Madidihang/yellowfin tuna merupakan salah satu jenis ikan tuna ekonomis penting bagi industri perikanan di Indonesia dengan kontribusi hasil tangkapan yang terbanyak. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui pengaruh fase bulan terhadap waktu mulai tebar pancing dan laju tangkap madidihang pada armada rawai tuna. Pengumpulan data dilakukan oleh pemantau ilmiah pada armada rawai tuna yang sebagian besar berbasis di Pelabuhan Benoa, Bali mulai Agustus 2005 hingga Juni 2014. Daerah penangkapan ikan dari armada rawai tuna yang diambil datanya berada di lokasi (lintang dan bujur) 9°-16° LS hingga 109°-120° BT. Analisis anova satu arah dan tes Tukey dilakukan untuk mengetahui pengaruh fase bulan terhadap waktu mulai tebar pancing dan laju tangkap madidihang. Total sebanyak 60 trip dan 1.467 hari operasi penangkapan armada rawai tuna dilakukan dalam penelitian ini. Analisis statistik anova satu arah menunjukkan bahwa terdapat pengaruh yang nyata pada fase bulan terhadap waktu mulai tebar pancing (p<0,05). Selanjutnya, tes Tukey menunjukkan bahwa waktu mulai tebar pancing pada saat bulan purnama dimulai pada pukul 9:00 pagi hari. Waktu ini lebih lambat sekitar 2 jam dari pada waktu mulai tebar pancing pada ketiga fase bulan lainnya (perbani awal, perbani akhir dan bulan baru) yang dilakukan sekitar pukul 7:00 pagi hari. Analisis statistik anova satu arah juga menunjukkan terdapat perbedaan yang nyata antar fase bulan terhadap laju tangkap madidihang (p<0,05). Selanjutnya, tes Tukey menunjukkan bahwa laju tangkap pada saat bulan baru dan perbani awal sebesar 0,13 ekor/100 mata pancing atau lebih besar dibandingkan nilai laju tangkap pada saat purnama dan perbani akhir yang hanya sebesar 0,09 ekor/100 mata pancing. Yellowfin tuna is one of the most economically important species for fisheries industry in Indonesia. The objectives of this study are to investigate the effect of lunar phase to the set time start and catch rate of yellowfin tuna on tuna longline vessels. Data collected by scientific observer on tuna longline vessels mainly based in Benoa Port, Bali from August 2005 to June 2014. Fishing ground of sampled longline tuna located from 9°-16° S to 109°-120° E. One-way anova analysis and Tukey test conducted to examine the effect of lunar phase to the set time start and catch rate of yellowfin tuna. A total of 60 trips and 1,467 fishing days of longline tuna fishing vessels operation have been sampled for in this study. One-way anova analysis showed that there was a significant difference of lunar phase to the set time start (p<0.05). Furthermore, Tukey test showed that the starting time for setting during the full moon begins at 9:00 am. Its time was around 2 hours slower than the start of setting of the other three moon phase (first quarter, last quarter and new moon) which start around 7:00 am. One-way anova analysis also showed that there was a significant difference of lunar phase to catch rate of yellowfin tuna (p<0.05). Furthermore, Tukey test confirmed that hook rate on new moon and first quarter was 0.13/100 hooks or 0.4 bigger than hook rate on full moon and last quarter with only 0.09/100 hooks.

scholarly journals “To Sartaba, From Sartaba” A New Proposal to Identify the Location of the Second Station on the Beacon Line from Jerusalem to Babylon

2017 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
pp. 245-255
Author(s):  
Mitia Frumin
Keyword(s):  
Information Systems ◽  
Geographic Information Systems ◽  
Second Temple ◽  
Technical Solution ◽  
Gis Analysis ◽  
The Moon ◽  
Second Temple Period ◽  
The Earth ◽  
New Moon ◽  
The Moment

Abstract The Hebrew calendar is a lunisolar calendar. Its months are based on the revolution of the moon about the Earth, as it is said: This is the burnt offering of every new moon throughout the months of the year1 (Num. 28:14) At the present time the moment of the true new moon is approximated mathematically. However during the Second Temple period, the beginning of the new lunar month had to be observed and certified by witnesses. Then the Sanhedrin Court was to make a public proclamation on the first day of the lunar month (ראש חודש). In Mishnah, Tractate Rosh Hashana, Chapter 2 describes the process of communicating the information about the beginning of new month through the chain of beacon fires: “From the Mount of Olives to Sartaba, and from Sartaba to Grofina, and from Grofina to Hauran, and from Hauran to Bet Biltin. From Bet Biltin they did not move, but rather waved back and forth and up and down until he saw the whole of the diaspora before him lit up like one bonfire.”2 Questioning of reliability of the quoted above description, its completeness and exclusiveness of the delineated in the Mishnah route is beyond the scope of the presented research. In this article we’ll apply methods of the geographic information systems (GIS) analysis in order to examine the existed theories regarding localization of Sartaba - the second mentioned station in the chain of beacon fires, reveal their discrepancies and propose an innovative, albeit rather technical, solution for long-known problem.

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