scholarly journals Toward More Integrated Utilizations of Geostationary Satellite Data for Disaster Management and Risk Mitigation

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (8) ◽  
pp. 1553
Author(s):  
Atsushi Higuchi
Keyword(s):  
Risk Mitigation ◽  
Low Earth Orbit ◽  
Third Generation ◽  
Atmospheric Measurements ◽  
Terrestrial Environment ◽  
Fine Spatial Resolution ◽  
Terrestrial Environments ◽  
Disaster Monitoring ◽  
Low Earth Orbit Satellites

Third-generation geostationary meteorological satellites (GEOs), such as Himawari-8/9 Advanced Himawari Imager (AHI), Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellites (GOES)-R Series Advanced Baseline Imager (ABI), and Meteosat Third Generation (MTG) Flexible Combined Imager (FCI), provide advanced imagery and atmospheric measurements of the Earth’s weather, oceans, and terrestrial environments at high-frequency intervals. Third-generation GEOs also significantly improve capabilities by increasing the number of observation bands suitable for environmental change detection. This review focuses on the significantly enhanced contribution of third-generation GEOs for disaster monitoring and risk mitigation, focusing on atmospheric and terrestrial environment monitoring. In addition, to demonstrate the collaboration between GEOs and Low Earth orbit satellites (LEOs) as supporting information for fine-spatial-resolution observations required in the event of a disaster, the landfall of Typhoon No. 19 Hagibis in 2019, which caused tremendous damage to Japan, is used as a case study.

scholarly journals Limitations to a Geostationary Infrared Sounder due to Diffraction: The Meteosat Third Generation Infrared Sounder (MTG IRS)

2007 ◽  
Vol 24 (10) ◽  
pp. 1740-1749 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jochen Grandell ◽  
Rolf Stuhlmann
Keyword(s):  
Wavelength Dependence ◽  
Low Earth Orbit ◽  
Third Generation ◽  
Atmospheric Infrared Sounder ◽  
Worst Case ◽  
Spread Function ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Spectral Channels ◽  
Temporal Coverage

Abstract Geostationary infrared sounding missions offer good temporal coverage; however, because of the large distance to the observed earth targets, the effect of diffraction is increased compared to sounding from a low earth orbit (LEO). Because of the wavelength dependence of diffraction, the spectral channels do not sample the same volume of air, as is generally assumed by retrieval algorithms for LEO infrared (IR) sounder data. This additional error introduced in the retrieval by diffraction-limited instruments is called pseudonoise throughout the paper. One such diffraction-limited geostationary system is the candidate Infrared Sounder (IRS) mission on the European Organisation for the Exploitation of Meteorological Satellites (EUMETSAT) Meteosat Third Generation (MTG) satellites with a planned need date in 2015, due to the expected lifetime of the current Meteosat Second Generation (MSG) satellites. A simplified point spread function (PSF) is applied. To represent the channels within natural conditions, measured spectra from the LEO Atmospheric Infrared Sounder (AIRS) are used as an underlying scene when integrating over the PSF. As the AIRS spatial resolution is 15 km, the basic assumption made was that the meteorological and surface features can be regarded as fractal to the extent that they can be downscaled to at least 4 km, making them useful for these investigations. The results show that the pseudonoise is highly dependent on wavelength, and highest in the window and CO2 regions (within the broader 700–1200 cm−1, or 8.3–14.3-μm, region). The worst-case pseudonoise values are approximately 1 K for these regions. A case study of the impact of the obtained pseudonoise values on temperature and water vapor retrievals shows that only with the worst-case assumptions (uncorrelated noise) is there a quantifiable impact on the results. For temperature retrievals, this ranged from 0.1 to 0.3 K in the lower and upper troposphere, respectively.

Evaporite Palynology: a case study on the Permian (Lopgingian) Zechstein Sea

2021 ◽  
pp. jgs2020-174
Author(s):  
Martha E. Gibson ◽  
David J. Bodman
Keyword(s):  
Thermal Conductivity ◽  
Heat Flux ◽  
Rapid Growth ◽  
Western Europe ◽  
Thermal Maturity ◽  
Near Surface ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Terrestrial Environments ◽  
Insight Into

Evaporites characterize the Lopingian of Europe but present obstacles for biostratigraphic analysis. Here we present a case study for processing the Lopingian Zechstein Group evaporites of central-western Europe for the recovery of palynomorph assemblages. We demonstrate that full recovery is easily achieved with two main modes of palynomorph preservation observed; palynomorphs are either exceptionally well-preserved and orange-brown in colour, or poorly-preserved, brown-black, opaque and fragmented. The latter are reminiscent of palynomorphs of high thermal maturity. However, we propose that the intact nature of preservation is a result of the rapid growth of near-surface halite crystals, with their darkening a consequence of locally-enhanced heat flux due to the relatively high thermal conductivity of salt. This case study has enabled novel insight into an otherwise undescribed environment, and demonstrates the utility and possibility of extracting palynomorphs from a variety of rock salt types. This method should be applicable to a wide range of ancient evaporite and could also be applied to other Permian evaporite systems, which are used as analogues for extra-terrestrial environments.

scholarly journals The ALARP Principle in the Cost-Benefit Analysis for the Acceptability of Investment Risk

2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (12) ◽  
pp. 4668 ◽  
Author(s):  
Antonio Nesticò ◽  
Shuquan He ◽  
Gianluigi De Mare ◽  
Renato Benintendi ◽  
Gabriella Maselli
Keyword(s):  
Cost Benefit Analysis ◽  
Risk Mitigation ◽  
Cost Benefit ◽  
Economic Evaluations ◽  
Investment Risk ◽  
Benefit Analysis ◽  
Mitigation Design ◽  
The Cost

The process of allocating financial resources is extremely complex—both because the selection of investments depends on multiple, and interrelated, variables, and constraints that limit the eligibility domain of the solutions, and because the feasibility of projects is influenced by risk factors. In this sense, it is essential to develop economic evaluations on a probabilistic basis. Nevertheless, for the civil engineering sector, the literature emphasizes the centrality of risk management, in order to establish interventions for risk mitigation. On the other hand, few methodologies are available to systematically compare ante and post mitigation design risk, along with the verification of the economic convenience of these actions. The aim of the paper is to demonstrate how these limits can be at least partially overcome by integrating, in the traditional Cost-Benefit Analysis schemes, the As Low as Reasonably Practicable (ALARP) logic. According to it, the risk is tolerable only if it is impossible to reduce it further or if the costs to mitigate it are disproportionate to the benefits obtainable. The research outlines the phases of an innovative protocol for managing investment risks. On the basis of a case study dealing with a project for the recovery and transformation of an ancient medieval village into a widespread-hotel, the novelty of the model consists of the characterization of acceptability and tolerability thresholds of the investment risk, as well as its ability to guarantee the triangular balance between risks, costs and benefits deriving from mitigation options.

Dispersed and disparate sensor management for tracking low earth orbit satellites

2009 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Zatezalo ◽  
A. El-Fallah ◽  
R. Mahler ◽  
R. K. Mehra ◽  
J. Brown
Keyword(s):  
Low Earth Orbit ◽  
Earth Orbit ◽  
Sensor Management ◽  
Low Earth Orbit Satellites

scholarly journals Comparison of Earthquake-Triggered Landslide Inventories: A Case Study of the 2015 Gorkha Earthquake, Nepal

Geosciences ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (10) ◽  
pp. 437 ◽  
Author(s):  
Meena ◽  
Tavakkoli Piralilou
Keyword(s):  
Risk Mitigation ◽  
Landslide Susceptibility Mapping ◽  
Gorkha Earthquake ◽  
Area Distribution ◽  
2015 Gorkha Earthquake ◽  
The World ◽  
Mapping Techniques ◽  
Event Based ◽  
The Impact

Despite landslide inventories being compiled throughout the world every year at different scales, limited efforts have been made to critically compare them using various techniques or by different investigators. Event-based landslide inventories indicate the location, distribution, and detected boundaries of landslides caused by a single event, such as an earthquake or a rainstorm. Event-based landslide inventories are essential for landslide susceptibility mapping, hazard modeling, and further management of risk mitigation. In Nepal, there were several attempts to map landslides in detail after the Gorkha earthquake. Particularly after the main event on 25 April 2015, researchers around the world mapped the landslides induced by this earthquake. In this research, we compared four of these published inventories qualitatively and quantitatively using different techniques. Two principal methodologies, namely the cartographical degree of matching and frequency area distribution (FAD), were optimized and applied to evaluate inventory maps. We also showed the impact of using satellite imagery with different spatial resolutions on the landslide inventory generation by analyzing matches and mismatches between the inventories. The results of our work give an overview of the impact of methodology selection and outline the limitations and advantages of different remote sensing and mapping techniques for landslide inventorying.

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