scholarly journals Smart Water Meter Using Electrical Resistance Tomography

Sensors ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 19 (14) ◽  
pp. 3043 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chenning Wu ◽  
Martin Hutton ◽  
Manuchehr Soleimani
Keyword(s):  
Real Time ◽  
Electrical Resistance ◽  
Signal To Noise Ratio ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Water Discharge ◽  
Domain Size ◽  
Good Resolution ◽  
Electrical Resistance Tomography ◽  
Flow Monitoring ◽  
Smart Water

Smart flow monitoring is critical for sewer system management. Obstructions and restrictions to flow in discharge pipes are common and costly. We propose the use of electrical resistance tomography modality for the task of smart wastewater metering. This paper presents the electronics hardware design and bespoke signal processing to create an embedded sensor for measuring flow rates and flow properties, such as constituent materials in sewage or grey water discharge pipes of diameters larger than 250 mm. The dedicated analogue signal conditioning module, zero-cross switching scheme, and real-time operating system enable the system to perform low-cost serial measurements while still providing the capability of real-time capturing. The system performance was evaluated via both stationary and dynamic experiments. A data acquisition speed of 14 frames per second (fps) was achieved with an overall signal to noise ratio of at least 59.54 dB. The smallest sample size reported was 0.04% of the domain size in stationary tests, illustrating good resolution. Movements have been successfully captured in dynamic tests, with a clear definition being achieved of objects in each reconstructed image, as well as a fine overall visualization of movement.

scholarly journals Shaping Streamflow Using a Real-Time Stormwater Control Network

Sensors ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 18 (7) ◽  
pp. 2259 ◽  
Author(s):  
Abhiram Mullapudi ◽  
Matthew Bartos ◽  
Brandon Wong ◽  
Branko Kerkez
Keyword(s):  
Real Time ◽  
Control Strategies ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Control Network ◽  
Monitoring And Control ◽  
Set Point ◽  
Smart Water ◽  
Decay Times ◽  
Retention Basins ◽  
Scale Control

“Smart” water systems are transforming the field of stormwater management by enabling real-time monitoring and control of previously static infrastructure. While the localized benefits of active control are well-established, the potential for system-scale control of watersheds is poorly understood. This study shows how a real-world smart stormwater system can be leveraged to shape streamflow within an urban watershed. Specifically, we coordinate releases from two internet-controlled stormwater basins to achieve desired control objectives downstream—such as maintaining the flow at a set-point, and generating interleaved waves. In the first part of the study, we describe the construction of the control network using a low-cost, open-source hardware stack and a cloud-based controller scheduling application. Next, we characterize the system’s control capabilities by determining the travel times, decay times, and magnitudes of various waves released from the upstream retention basins. With this characterization in hand, we use the system to generate two desired responses at a critical downstream junction. First, we generate a set-point hydrograph, in which flow is maintained at an approximately constant rate. Next, we generate a series of overlapping and interleaved waves using timed releases from both retention basins. We discuss how these control strategies can be used to stabilize flows, thereby mitigating streambed erosion and reducing contaminant loads into downstream waterbodies.

A network of low-cost temperature sensors for real-time monitoring of combined sewer overflow

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mathias Riechel ◽  
Oriol Gutierrez ◽  
Silvia Busquets ◽  
Neus Amela ◽  
Valentina Dimova ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Real Time ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Temperature Sensors ◽  
Sensor Technology ◽  
Detection Accuracy ◽  
Combined Sewer Overflow ◽  
Monitoring Equipment ◽  
Flow Monitoring ◽  
Combined Sewer ◽  
Sewer Overflow

<p>The H2020 innovation project digital-water.city (DWC) aims at boosting the integrated management of water systems in five major European cities – Berlin, Copenhagen, Milan, Paris and Sofia – by leveraging the potential of data and digital technologies. The goal is to quantify the benefits of a panel of 15 innovative digital solutions and achieve their long-term uptake and successful integration in the existing digital systems and governance processes. One of these promising technologies is a new generation of sensors for measuring combined sewer overflow occurrence, developed by ICRA and IoTsens.</p><p>Recent EU regulations have correctly identified CSOs as an important source of contamination and promote appropriate monitoring of all CSO structures in order to control and avoid the detrimental effects on receiving waters. Traditionally there has been a lack of reliable data on the occurrence of CSOs, with the main limitations being: i) the high number of CSO structures per municipality or catchment and ii) the high cost of the flow-monitoring equipment available on the market to measure CSO events. These two factors and the technical constraints of accessing and installing monitoring equipment in some CSO structures have delayed the implementation of extensive monitoring of CSOs. As a result, utilities lack information about the behaviour of the network and potential impacts on the local water bodies.</p><p>The new sensor technology developed by ICRA and IoTsens provides a simple yet robust method for CSO detection based on the deployment of a network of innovative low-cost temperature sensors. The technology reduces CAPEX and OPEX for CSO monitoring, compared to classical flow or water level measurements, and allows utilities to monitor their network extensively. The sensors are installed at the overflows crest and measure air temperature during dry-weather conditions and water temperature when the overflow crest is submerged in case of a CSO event. A CSO event and its duration can be detected by a shift in observed temperature, thanks to the temperature difference between the air and the water phase. Artificial intelligence algorithms further help to convert the continuous measurements into binary information on CSO occurrence. The sensors can quantify the CSO occurrence and duration and remotely provide real-time overflow information through LoRaWAN/2G communication protocols.</p><p>The solution is being deployed since October 2020 in the cities of Sofia, Bulgaria, and Berlin, Germany, with 10 offline sensors installed in each city to improve knowledge on CSO emissions. Further 36 (Sofia) and 9 (Berlin) online sensors will follow this winter. Besides its main goal of improving knowledge on CSO emissions, data in Sofia will also be used to identify suspected dry-weather overflows due to blockages. In Berlin, data will be used to improve the accuracy of an existing hydrodynamic sewer model for resilience analysis, flood forecasting and efficient investment in stormwater management measures. First results show a good detection accuracy of CSO events with the offline version of the technology. As measurements are ongoing and further sensors will be added, an enhanced set of results will be presented at the conference.</p><p>Visit us: https://www.digital-water.city/ </p><p>Follow us: Twitter (@digitalwater_eu); LinkedIn (digital-water.city)</p>

Simulation Study of Tuber Electrical Resistance Tomography System

2014 ◽  
Vol 577 ◽  
pp. 705-708
Author(s):  
Xiang Deng ◽  
Lu Chen ◽  
Zhao Dong ◽  
Hao Liu
Keyword(s):  
Electrical Resistance ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Tuber Growth ◽  
Electrical Resistance Tomography ◽  
Main Research ◽  
Growth Status ◽  
Status Monitoring ◽  
Tomography System ◽  
New Varieties ◽  
Non Destructive

The fast non-destructive inspection of plant tubers or roots is a big problem in the plant accurate cultivation. With the characteristic of non-invasion, low cost, no radiation and visualization, the electrical resistance tomography technology is applied to the research of agriculture field; therefore it can be used in the tuber growth status monitoring, new varieties nurturing and fine cultivation of plants. The main research contents include: establish the sensitive model and simulate by using COMSOL software; the affects brought by different positions and sizes of one tuber are studied in detail and the research of effects of tuber number on electrical properties is carried out. The research has crucial guidance for the further study of the TERT technology.

scholarly journals Multiple Compact Camera Fluorescence Detector for Real-Time PCR Devices

Sensors ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (21) ◽  
pp. 7013
Author(s):  
Seul-Bit-Na Koo ◽  
Hyeon-Gyu Chi ◽  
Jong-Dae Kim ◽  
Yu-Seop Kim ◽  
Ji-Sung Park ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Real Time ◽  
Real Time Pcr ◽  
High Performance ◽  
Signal To Noise Ratio ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Optical Element ◽  
Dna Amplification ◽  
Biological Research ◽  
Fluorescence Detector ◽  
Fluorescence Excitation

The polymerase chain reaction is an important technique in biological research because it tests for diseases with a small amount of DNA. However, this process is time consuming and can lead to sample contamination. Recently, real-time PCR techniques have emerged which make it possible to monitor the amplification process for each cycle in real time. Existing camera-based systems that measure fluorescence after DNA amplification simultaneously process fluorescence excitation and emission for dozens of tubes. Therefore, there is a limit to the size, cost, and assembly of the optical element. In recent years, imaging devices for high-performance, open platforms have benefitted from significant innovations. In this paper, we propose a fluorescence detector for real-time PCR devices using an open platform camera. This system can reduce the cost, and can be miniaturized. To simplify the optical system, four low-cost, compact cameras were used. In addition, the field of view of the entire tube was minimized by dividing it into quadrants. An effective image processing method was used to compensate for the reduction in the signal-to-noise ratio. Using a reference fluorescence material, it was confirmed that the proposed system enables stable fluorescence detection according to the amount of DNA.

Design of a Low-Cost Acquisition System to Reconstruct Images through Electrical Resistance Tomography

2020 ◽  
Vol 18 (09) ◽  
pp. 1592-1598
Author(s):  
Bruno Furtado de Moura ◽  
Marcio Ferreira Martins ◽  
Francisco Hernan Sepulveda Palma ◽  
Wellington Betencurte da Silva ◽  
Jorge Acevedo Cabello ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Electrical Resistance ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Acquisition System ◽  
Electrical Resistance Tomography

scholarly journals Viaxl: A Solution of a Low-Cost Real-Time Visual Accelerometer Based on Laser Speckle Optical Flow Detection

Sensors ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 20 (24) ◽  
pp. 7033
Author(s):  
Zhitian Li ◽  
Wuhao Yang ◽  
Xingyin Xiong ◽  
Zheng Wang ◽  
Xudong Zou
Keyword(s):  
Optical Flow ◽  
Real Time ◽  
Signal To Noise Ratio ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Laser System ◽  
Laser Speckle ◽  
Vibration Monitoring ◽  
Acceleration Measurement ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Flow Detection

Non-contact and non-destructive acceleration measurement is receiving considerable attention due to their low cost, flexibility, and simplicity of implementation, as well as their excellent performance in some emerging applications such as medical electronics applications, vibration monitoring, and some other special scenarios. In this paper, a visual accelerometer system based on laser speckle optical flow detection named Viaxl is proposed. Compared with the conventional non-contact acceleration measurement method based on a laser system, Viaxl has moderate and stable performance with the advantages of low cost and simplicity of implementation. Experiment results demonstrate that Viaxl, which consists of a commercial camera and a low-cost laser pointer, can achieve real-time, non-contact acceleration measurement, and confirm the basic system performance of Viaxl: a measurement nonlinearity better than 1.3%, up to 31 dB signal-to-noise ratio, and 1150 Hz theoretic bandwidth; this demonstrates the huge potential of Viaxl in a wide range of applications, and provides a new possible technical method for non-contact acceleration detection.

scholarly journals Using electrical resistance tomography to measure the yield stress of pretreated wheat straw and wheat straw slurries

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yasaman Naghavi-Anaraki
Keyword(s):  
Wheat Straw ◽  
Yield Stress ◽  
Electrical Resistance ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Electrical Resistance Tomography ◽  
Fiber Concentration ◽  
Active Motion ◽  
Fiber Size ◽  
Pretreated Wheat Straw ◽  
Impeller Type

Wheat straw is a low-cost feedstock for production of biofuels as a viable alternative to fossil -based fuels. Pretreatment process is an important stage in producing biofuels. Pretreated wheat straw slurries (PWS) are non-Newtonian fluids with yield stress. In mixing operations, the presence of yield stress creates a region of active motion (cavern) around the impeller and stagnant zones elsewhere which causes difficulties in the production of biofuels. In this study, for the first time electrical resistance tomography (ERT) was utilized to measure the cavern dimensions as a function of the impeller type (A200, A100, and A315), impeller speed (20 to 110 rpm), fiber size (≤ 2 and ≤ 6 mm), and PWS concentration (6, 8, and 10 wt%). The cavern sizes were used to measure the yield stress of PWS slurries as a function of fiber size and fiber concentration. The average yield stresses of 6, 8, and 10 wt% PWS slurries with the fiber sizes of ≤ 2 mm were 2.00, 5.43, and 8.51 Pa, respectively, and 4.26, 9.30, and 13.84 Pa for the fiber sizes of ≤ 6 mm.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document