scholarly journals Polymer Optical Fiber-Based Integrated Instrumentation in a Robot-Assisted Rehabilitation Smart Environment: A Proof of Concept

Sensors ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 20 (11) ◽  
pp. 3199
Author(s):  
Arnaldo Leal-Junior ◽  
Leticia Avellar ◽  
Jonathan Jaimes ◽  
Camilo Díaz ◽  
Wilian dos Santos ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Optical Fiber ◽  
Gait Analysis ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Wearable Sensors ◽  
Intensity Variation ◽  
Physiological Parameter ◽  
Clinical Environment ◽  
Polymer Optical Fiber ◽  
Robot Assisted ◽  
Flexion Extension

Advances in robotic systems for rehabilitation purposes have led to the development of specialized robot-assisted rehabilitation clinics. In addition, advantageous features of polymer optical fiber (POF) sensors such as light weight, multiplexing capabilities, electromagnetic field immunity and flexibility have resulted in the widespread use of POF sensors in many areas. Considering this background, this paper presents an integrated POF intensity variation-based sensor system for the instrumentation of different devices. We consider different scenarios for physical rehabilitation, resembling a clinic for robot-assisted rehabilitation. Thus, a multiplexing technique for POF intensity variation-based sensors was applied in which an orthosis for flexion/extension movement, a modular exoskeleton for gait assistance and a treadmill were instrumented with POF angle and force sensors, where all the sensors were integrated in the same POF system. In addition, wearable sensors for gait analysis and physiological parameter monitoring were also proposed and applied in gait exercises. The results show the feasibility of the sensors and methods proposed, where, after the characterization of each sensor, the system was implemented with three volunteers: one for the orthosis on the flexion/extension movements, one for the exoskeleton for gait assistance and the other for the free gait analysis using the proposed wearable POF sensors. To the authors’ best knowledge, this is the first time that optical fiber sensors have been used as a multiplexed and integrated solution for the simultaneous assessment of different robotic devices and rehabilitation protocols, where such an approach results in a compact, fully integrated and low-cost system, which can be readily employed in any clinical environment.

scholarly journals POF Smart Carpet: A Multiplexed Polymer Optical Fiber-Embedded Smart Carpet for Gait Analysis

Sensors ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 19 (15) ◽  
pp. 3356 ◽  
Author(s):  
Leticia M. Avellar ◽  
Arnaldo G. Leal-Junior ◽  
Camilo A. R. Diaz ◽  
Carlos Marques ◽  
Anselmo Frizera
Keyword(s):  
Optical Fiber ◽  
Gait Analysis ◽  
Light Emitting Diode ◽  
Reaction Force ◽  
Intensity Variation ◽  
Light Sources ◽  
Polymer Optical Fiber ◽  
Double Support ◽  
Spatio Temporal ◽  
Stance Duration

This paper presents the development of a smart carpet based on polymer optical fiber (POF) for ground reaction force (GRF) and spatio-temporal gait parameter assessment. The proposed carpet has 20 intensity variation-based sensors on one fiber with two photodetectors for acquisition, each one for the response of 10 closer sensors. The used multiplexing technique is based on side-coupling between the light sources and POF lateral sections in which one light-emitting diode (LED) is activated at a time, sequentially. Three tests were performed, two for sensor characterization and one for validation of the smart carpet, where the first test consisted of the application of calibrated weights on the top of each sensor for force characterization. In the second test, the foot was positioned on predefined points distributed on the carpet, where a mean relative error of 2.9% was obtained. Results of the walking tests on the proposed POF-embedded smart carpet showed the possibility of estimating the GRF and spatio-temporal gait parameters (step and stride lengths, cadence, and stance duration). The obtained results make possible the identification of gait events (stance and swing phases) as well as the stance duration and double support periods. The proposed carpet is a low-cost and reliable tool for gait analysis in different applications.

scholarly journals Polymer Optical Fiber-Based Respiratory Sensors: Various Designs and Implementations

2019 ◽  
Vol 2019 ◽  
pp. 1-6
Author(s):  
A. Arifin ◽  
Nelly Agustina ◽  
Syamsir Dewang ◽  
Irfan Idris ◽  
Dahlang Tahir
Keyword(s):  
Optical Fiber ◽  
Measurement System ◽  
Output Voltage ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Optical Fiber Sensor ◽  
Digital Signal ◽  
Analog Signal ◽  
Fiber Sensor ◽  
Polymer Optical Fiber ◽  
Arduino Uno

This research discusses the polymer optical fiber sensor for respiratory measurements. The infrared LED that produces light will propagate along the polymer optical fiber which will be received by the phototransistor and the differential amplifier. The output voltage in the form of an analog signal will be converted to a digital signal by the Arduino Uno microcontroller and displayed on the computer. The polymer optical fiber sensor is installed on the corset using a variety of configuration (straight, sinusoidal, and spiral), placed in the abdomen, and a variety of positions (abdomen, chest, and back) using only a spiral configuration. While doing the inspiration, the stomach will be enlarged so that the optical fiber sensor will have strain. The strain will cause loss of power, the resulting light intensities received by the phototransistor are reduced, and the output voltage on the computer decreases. The result shows that the highest voltage amplitudes were in the spiral configuration placed in the abdominal position for slow respiration measurements with the highest range, sensitivity, and resolution which are 0.119 V, 0.238 V/s, and 0.004 s, respectively. The advantages of our work are emphasized on measurement system simplicity, low cost, easy fabrication, and handy operation and can be connected with the Arduino Uno microcontroller and computer.

scholarly journals Vortex Polymer Optical Fiber with 64 Stable OAM States

Polymers ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (12) ◽  
pp. 2776
Author(s):  
José A. Borda-Hernández ◽  
Claudia M. Serpa-Imbett ◽  
Hugo E. Hernandez Figueroa
Keyword(s):  
Optical Fiber ◽  
Optical Fibers ◽  
Communication Systems ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Higher Order ◽  
Coupling Coefficients ◽  
Polymer Optical Fiber ◽  
Optical Polymer ◽  
Polymer Optical Fibers ◽  
Low Dispersion

This research introduces a numerical design of an air-core vortex polymer optical fiber in cyclic transparent optical polymer (CYTOP) that propagates 32 orbital angular momentum (OAM) modes, i.e., it may support up to 64 stable OAM-states considering left- and right-handed circular polarizations. This fiber seeks to be an alternative to increase the capacity of short-range optical communication systems multiplexed by modes, in agreement with the high demand of low-cost, insensitive-to-bending and easy-to-handle fibers similar to others optical fibers fabricated in polymers. This novel fiber possesses unique characteristics: a diameter of 50 µm that would allow a high mechanical compatibility with commercially available polymer optical fibers, a difference of effective index between neighbor OAM modes of around 10−4 over a bandwidth from 1 to 1.6 µm, propagation losses of approximately 15 × 10−3 dB/m for all OAM modes, and a very low dispersion for OAM higher order modes (±l = 16) of up to +2.5 ps/km-nm compared with OAM lower order modes at a telecom wavelength of 1.3 µm, in which the CYTOP exhibits a minimal attenuation. The spectra of mutual coupling coefficients between modes are computed considering small bends of up to 3 cm of radius and slight ellipticity in the ring of up to 5%. Results show lower-charge weights for higher order OAM modes.

Low-cost fused taper polymer optical fiber (LFT-POF) splitters for environmental and home-networking solution

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Latifah S. Supian ◽  
Mohammad Syuhaimi Ab-Rahman ◽  
Hadi Guna ◽  
Hazwan Harun ◽  
Malik Sulaiman ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Optical Fiber ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Polymer Optical Fiber ◽  
Home Networking

Low-cost intrinsic optical fiber FPI sensor for knee kinematic gait analysis and e-Health architecture

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maria Fátima Domingues ◽  
Ana Nepomuceno ◽  
Cátia V. R. Tavares ◽  
Nélia J. Alberto ◽  
Ayman Radwan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Optical Fiber ◽  
Gait Analysis ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Knee Kinematic ◽  
Kinematic Gait Analysis

Design considerations, analysis, and application of a low-cost, fully portable, wearable polymer optical fiber curvature sensor

2018 ◽  
Vol 57 (24) ◽  
pp. 6927 ◽  
Author(s):  
Arnaldo G. Leal-Junior ◽  
Anselmo Frizera ◽  
Leticia M. Avellar ◽  
Maria José Pontes
Keyword(s):  
Optical Fiber ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Polymer Optical Fiber ◽  
Design Considerations ◽  
Curvature Sensor

scholarly journals Polymer Optical Fiber Goniometer: A New Portable, Low Cost and Reliable Sensor for Joint Analysis

Sensors ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 18 (12) ◽  
pp. 4293 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andressa Rezende ◽  
Camille Alves ◽  
Isabela Marques ◽  
Marco Silva ◽  
Eduardo Naves
Keyword(s):  
Optical Fiber ◽  
Electromagnetic Interference ◽  
Joint Angle ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Measurement Unit ◽  
Joint Analysis ◽  
Polymer Optical Fiber ◽  
Important Indicator ◽  
Feedback Information ◽  
Novel Method

The quantitative measurement of an articular motion is an important indicator of its functional state and for clinical and pathology diagnoses. Joint angle evaluation techniques can be applied to improve sports performance and provide feedback information for prostheses control. Polymer optical fiber (POF) sensors are presented as a novel method to evaluate joint angles, because they are compact, lightweight, flexible and immune to electromagnetic interference. This study aimed to characterize and implement a new portable and wearable system to measure angles based on a POF curvature sensor. This study also aimed to present the system performance in bench tests and in the measurement of the elbow joint in ten participants, comparing the results with a consolidated resistive goniometer. Results showed high repeatability of sensors between cycles and high similarity of behavior with the potentiometer, with the advantage of being more ergonomic. The proposed sensor presented errors comparable to the literature and showed some advantages over other goniometers, such as the inertial measurement unit (IMU) sensor and over other types of POF sensors. This demonstrates its applicability for joint angle evaluation.

scholarly journals Deep learning-enabled triboelectric smart socks for IoT-based gait analysis and VR applications

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Zixuan Zhang ◽  
Tianyiyi He ◽  
Minglu Zhu ◽  
Zhongda Sun ◽  
Qiongfeng Shi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Deep Learning ◽  
Gait Analysis ◽  
Personal Information ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Wearable Sensors ◽  
Sensory Information ◽  
Virtual Space ◽  
Identification Accuracy ◽  
Wearable Electronics ◽  
Analysis Methods

Abstract The era of artificial intelligence and internet of things is rapidly developed by recent advances in wearable electronics. Gait reveals sensory information in daily life containing personal information, regarding identification and healthcare. Current wearable electronics of gait analysis are mainly limited by high fabrication cost, operation energy consumption, or inferior analysis methods, which barely involve machine learning or implement nonoptimal models that require massive datasets for training. Herein, we developed low-cost triboelectric intelligent socks for harvesting waste energy from low-frequency body motions to transmit wireless sensory data. The sock equipped with self-powered functionality also can be used as wearable sensors to deliver information, regarding the identity, health status, and activity of the users. To further address the issue of ineffective analysis methods, an optimized deep learning model with an end-to-end structure on the socks signals for the gait analysis is proposed, which produces a 93.54% identification accuracy of 13 participants and detects five different human activities with 96.67% accuracy. Toward practical application, we map the physical signals collected through the socks in the virtual space to establish a digital human system for sports monitoring, healthcare, identification, and future smart home applications.

Multiplexing technique for quasi-distributed sensors arrays in polymer optical fiber intensity variation-based sensors

2019 ◽  
Vol 111 ◽  
pp. 81-88 ◽  
Author(s):  
Arnaldo G. Leal-Junior ◽  
Camilo R. Díaz ◽  
Carlos Marques ◽  
Maria José Pontes ◽  
Anselmo Frizera
Keyword(s):  
Optical Fiber ◽  
Intensity Variation ◽  
Polymer Optical Fiber ◽  
Distributed Sensors

scholarly journals Validation of quantitative gait analysis systems for Parkinson’s disease for use in supervised and unsupervised environments

BMC Neurology ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Sara Alberto ◽  
Sílvia Cabral ◽  
João Proença ◽  
Filipa Pona-Ferreira ◽  
Mariana Leitão ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Parkinson’S Disease ◽  
Parkinson's Disease ◽  
Gait Analysis ◽  
Inertial Sensor ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Wearable Sensors ◽  
Smartphone Application ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Wearable Systems ◽  
Full Body

Abstract Background Gait impairments are among the most common and impactful symptoms of Parkinson’s disease (PD). Recent technological advances aim to quantify these impairments using low-cost wearable systems for use in either supervised clinical consultations or long-term unsupervised monitoring of gait in ecological environments. However, very few of these wearable systems have been validated comparatively to a criterion of established validity. Objective We developed two movement analysis solutions (3D full-body kinematics based on inertial sensors, and a smartphone application) in which validity was assessed versus the optoelectronic criterion in a population of PD patients. Methods Nineteen subjects with PD (7 female) participated in the study (age: 62 ± 12.27 years; disease duration: 6.39 ± 3.70 years; HY: 2 ± 0.23). Each participant underwent a gait analysis whilst barefoot, at a self-selected speed, for a distance of 3 times 10 m in a straight line, assessed simultaneously with all three systems. Results Our results show excellent agreement between either solution and the optoelectronic criterion. Both systems differentiate between PD patients and healthy controls, and between PD patients in ON or OFF medication states (normal difference distributions pooled from published research in PD patients in ON and OFF states that included an age-matched healthy control group). Fair to high waveform similarity and mean absolute errors below the mean relative orientation accuracy of the equipment were found when comparing the angular kinematics between the full-body inertial sensor-based system and the optoelectronic criterion. Conclusions We conclude that the presented solutions produce accurate results and can capture clinically relevant parameters using commodity wearable sensors or a simple smartphone. This validation will hopefully enable the adoption of these systems for supervised and unsupervised gait analysis in clinical practice and clinical trials.

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