scholarly journals Bluetooth Low Energy Interference Awareness Scheme and Improved Channel Selection Algorithm for Connection Robustness

Sensors ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (7) ◽  
pp. 2257
Author(s):  
Bozheng Pang ◽  
Kristof T’Jonck ◽  
Tim Claeys ◽  
Davy Pissoort ◽  
Hans Hallez ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Wireless Communication ◽  
Channel Selection ◽  
Low Energy ◽  
Application Layer ◽  
Data Link ◽  
Link Layer ◽  
Communication Performance ◽  
Bluetooth Low Energy ◽  
Wireless Communication Protocol ◽  
Wide Range

Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE) is a popular wireless communication protocol heavily used in Internet of Things applications. Nowadays, robustness is considered a key requirement in wireless communication. However, radio interference from various sources may affect the performance of BLE devices, leading to channel congestion. Therefore, there is a broadly recognized need of methodologies capable of sensing and avoiding interference. In this paper, two improvements at the data link layer for interference detection and channel selection are proposed to enhance the BLE connection robustness. This paper also presents a wide range of experimental evaluations aiming at validating the improvements and providing insights on both these improvements. Particularly, the communication performance of the BLE link layer is assessed in terms of channel usage distribution, supervision timeout ratio (STR) and packet loss rate (PLR) under different interference environments. Results from these experiments (reliability over 97% and 99% under two different harsh environments) highlight the effects of both improvements on the BLE robustness. Meanwhile, the authority of scheduling the whole mechanism is given to the link layer and even the higher application layer. This paper provides a set of solutions for BLE confronting interference in link layer.

scholarly journals Experimental Evaluation of Advertisement-Based Bluetooth Low Energy Communication

Sensors ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
pp. 107 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maciej Nikodem ◽  
Marek Bawiec
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Evaluation ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Low Energy ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Angle Of Arrival ◽  
Communication Performance ◽  
Bluetooth Low Energy ◽  
Iot Applications ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
The Impact

This paper addresses the efficiency of Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE) communication in a network composed of a large number of tags that transmit information to a single hub using advertisement mode. Theoretical results show that the use of advertisements enables hundreds and thousands of BLE devices to coexist in the same area and at the same time effectively transmit messages. Together with other properties (low power consumption, medium communication range, capability to detect a signal’s angle-of-arrival, etc.), this makes BLE a competing technology for the Internet of Things (IoT) applications. However, as the number of communicating devices increases, the advertisement collision intensifies and the communication performance of BLE drops. This phenomena was so far analyzed theoretically, in simulations and in small-scale experiments, but large-scale experiments are not presented in the literature. This paper complements previous results and presents an experimental evaluation of a real IoT-use case, which is the deployment of over 200 tags communicating using advertisements. We evaluate the impact of the number of advertisements on the effective data reception rate and throughput. Despite the advertisement collision rate in our experiment varying between 0.22 and 0.33, we show that BLE, thanks to the multiple transmission of advertisements, can still ensure acceptable data reception rates and fulfill the requirements of a wide range of IoT applications.

Design of Smart Grid Test Bed Using OPNET and PLC

2018 ◽  
pp. 22-42
Keyword(s):  
Smart Grid ◽  
Power Line ◽  
Transport Layer ◽  
Application Layer ◽  
Test Bed ◽  
Data Link ◽  
Link Layer ◽  
Data Link Layer ◽  
Base Data ◽  
Grid Test

In this design unit, a design to test the performances of varying models was developed for the simulations in the PLC-base data link layer. The design includes a smart home and a Smart Grid environment where a comparison between Zigbee and WiMax-based models can be performed. The Smart Grid Test Bed has been designed using OPNET and Power Line Communication is proposed in this book. It is being designed to allow test bed experiments in four layers among OSI 7 layers. This chapter is organized as follows: The Physical Layer and Datalink Layer for Smart Grid Test Bed in Section 1; the Transport Layer for Smart Grid Test Bed in Section 2; and finally, Application Layer for Smart Grid Test Bed in Section.

Design of Smart Grid Test Bed Using OPNET and PLC

2022 ◽  
pp. 165-182
Author(s):  
Jun-Ho Huh
Keyword(s):  
Smart Grid ◽  
Power Line ◽  
Transport Layer ◽  
Application Layer ◽  
Test Bed ◽  
Data Link ◽  
Link Layer ◽  
Data Link Layer ◽  
Base Data ◽  
Grid Test

In this design unit, a design to test the performances of varying models was developed for the simulations in the PLC-base data link layer. The design includes a smart home and a Smart Grid environment where a comparison between Zigbee and WiMax-based models can be performed. The Smart Grid Test Bed has been designed using OPNET and Power Line Communication is proposed in this book. It is being designed to allow test bed experiments in four layers among OSI 7 layers. This chapter is organized as follows: The Physical Layer and Datalink Layer for Smart Grid Test Bed in Section 1; the Transport Layer for Smart Grid Test Bed in Section 2; and finally, Application Layer for Smart Grid Test Bed in Section.

LIN Driver Design for a Master Node Based on Freescale's MCU

2013 ◽  
Vol 473 ◽  
pp. 226-230
Author(s):  
Xing Yue Tan ◽  
Feng Luo
Keyword(s):  
Control System ◽  
State Machine ◽  
Master Node ◽  
Application Layer ◽  
Communication Management ◽  
Data Link ◽  
Link Layer ◽  
Specific Process ◽  
Car Body ◽  
Data Link Layer

this paper describes a method of LIN master node design for a car body control system. The method based on LIN 2.1 protocol, and giving a specific process respectively on hardware and software. It expounds the implementation of LIN drive from data link layer and application layer, and describing how to realize the data link layer based on state machine. Then it introduces the communication management and signal accessing. Finally it uses hardware and Emulin to design a test. Through this test, the LIN master drive is verified in accordance with LIN 2.1 protocol.

The Research of HART Sensor System Based on ARM

2014 ◽  
Vol 602-605 ◽  
pp. 2855-2858 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dan Li
Keyword(s):  
Communication System ◽  
Design Method ◽  
Physical Layer ◽  
Application Layer ◽  
Data Link ◽  
Link Layer ◽  
Usb Interface ◽  
Modulation And Demodulation ◽  
Data Link Layer ◽  
Embedded Controller

This paper discusses the design method of economical and practical HART protocol communication system, and describes the research scheme in detail, according to the hierarchy of the system protocols: the physical layer, data link layer and application layer. This scheme includes the design of ARM embedded controller module, modulation and demodulation module and USB interface module and other components. According to the effect of the final product used in the field bus network, it is proved that the operation is stable, accurate, simple and easy.

scholarly journals Efficient Advertiser Discovery in Bluetooth Low Energy Devices

Energies ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 12 (9) ◽  
pp. 1707 ◽  
Author(s):  
Seung Whan Song ◽  
Youn Sang Lee ◽  
Fatima Imdad ◽  
Muhammad Tabish Niaz ◽  
Hyung Seok Kim
Keyword(s):  
Energy Consumption ◽  
Mobile Devices ◽  
Frequency Hopping ◽  
Low Energy ◽  
Network Data ◽  
Bluetooth Low Energy ◽  
Energy Devices ◽  
Device Discovery ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Average Latency

Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE) has become ubiquitous in the majority of mobile devices that connect wirelessly. With the increase in the number of devices, the probability of congestion also increases in a network. Data channels of the BLE use frequency hopping, but it is not available for advertising channels. The capability of the BLE for providing a wide range of parameters settings ensures the impressive potential for BLE devices to customize their discovery latency. But communication before connection setup is not synchronous and both the scanning devices and the advertising devices are unaware of the timing parameters of each other. This can lead to inefficient advertiser device discovery. To resolve this issue, an algorithm is proposed to reduce the average latency per advertiser experienced due to the increase in the number of BLE devices in a vicinity. It is observed that the average latency has shown improvement in the range of 35% to 55%, depending on different simulated scenarios. Due to this improvement the overall energy consumption is also reduced.

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