Advanced e-Call Support Based on Non-Intrusive Driver Condition Monitoring for Connected and Autonomous Vehicles

Background: The growth of the number of vehicles in traffic has led to an exponential increase in the number of road accidents with many negative consequences, such as loss of lives and pollution. Methods: This article focuses on using a new technology in automotive electronics by equipping a semi-autonomous vehicle with a complex sensor structure that is able to provide centralized information regarding the physiological signals (Electro encephalogram—EEG, electrocardiogram—ECG) of the driver/passengers and their location along with indoor temperature changes, employing the Internet of Things (IoT) technology. Thus, transforming the vehicle into a mobile sensor connected to the internet will help highlight and create a new perspective on the cognitive and physiological conditions of passengers, which is useful for specific applications, such as health management and a more effective intervention in case of road accidents. These sensor structures mounted in vehicles will allow for a higher detection rate of potential dangers in real time. The approach uses detection, recording, and transmission of relevant health information in the event of an incident as support for e-Call or other emergency services, including telemedicine. Results: The novelty of the research is based on the design of specialized non-invasive sensors for the acquisition of EEG and ECG signals installed in the headrest and backrest of car seats, on the algorithms used for data analysis and fusion, but also on the implementation of an IoT temperature measurement system in several points that simultaneously uses sensors based on MEMS technology. The solution can also be integrated with an e-Call system for telemedicine emergency assistance. Conclusion: The research presents both positive and negative results of field experiments, with possible further developments. In this context, the solution has been developed based on state-of-the-art technical devices, methods, and technologies for monitoring vital functions of the driver/passengers (degree of fatigue, cognitive state, heart rate, blood pressure). The purpose is to reduce the risk of accidents for semi-autonomous vehicles and to also monitor the condition of passengers in the case of autonomous vehicles for providing first aid in a timely manner. Reported abnormal values of vital parameters (critical situations) will allow interveneing in a timely manner, saving the patient’s life, with the support of the e-Call system.

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Event-triggering $${H}_{\infty }$$-based observer combined with NN for simultaneous estimation of vehicle sideslip and roll angles with network-induced delays

Nonlinear Dynamics ◽

10.1007/s11071-021-06269-7 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 103 (3) ◽

pp. 2733-2752

Author(s):

Maria Jesus L. Boada ◽

Beatriz L. Boada ◽

Hui Zhang

Keyword(s):

Autonomous Vehicles ◽

Networked Control System ◽

Observer Design ◽

Simultaneous Estimation ◽

Road Accidents ◽

Sideslip Angle ◽

Current Series ◽

Event Triggering ◽

Communication Scheme ◽

Proper Design

AbstractNowadays, vehicles are being fitted with systems that improve their maneuverability, stability, and comfort in order to reduce the number of accidents. Improving these aspects is of particular interest thanks to the incorporation of autonomous vehicles onto the roads. The knowledge of vehicle sideslip and roll angles, which are among the main causes of road accidents, is necessary for a proper design of a lateral stability and roll-over controller system. The problem is that these two variables cannot be measured directly through sensors installed in current series production vehicles due to their high costs. For this reason, their estimation is fundamental. In addition, there is a time delay in the relaying of information between the different vehicle systems, such as, sensors, actuators and controllers, among others. This paper presents the design of an $${H}_{\infty }$$ H ∞ -based observer that simultaneously estimates both the sideslip angle and the roll angle of a vehicle for a networked control system, with networked transmission delay based on an event-triggered communication scheme combined with neural networks (NN). To deal with the vehicle nonlinearities, NN and linear-parameter-varying techniques are considered alongside uncertainties in parameters. Both simulation and experimental results are carried out to prove the performance of observer design.

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Psycho-social impacts of virtual communication

Temida ◽

10.2298/tem1103023m ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 14 (3) ◽

pp. 23-36

Author(s):

Rajko Macura ◽

Slavoljub Vujovic ◽

Djuro Mikic

Keyword(s):

Social Life ◽

Online Communication ◽

Maladaptive Behavior ◽

The Internet ◽

Internet Communication ◽

Negative Consequences ◽

Virtual Communication ◽

Negative Impacts ◽

Use Of The Internet ◽

The Impact

The emergence and spread of Internet communication has led to changes in social relationships, abuse of the Internet and maladaptive behavior. Among the authors who have studied the impact of these changes there is no consensus, and the results of their research are often contradictory. Some authors conclude that Internet communication strengthens networks of its users, while others believe that such communication leads to reduced participation in real social life. In a number of people, excessive use of the Internet adversely affects the mental health and social life and can lead to obsession at the expense of other aspects of life and creating addiction. The greatest risk of negative impacts of online communication is among children and young people. This paper is meant to indicate, the good sides as well as the negative consequences of excessive and non-functional Internet use

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Predicting Dysfunctional Internet Use

Multigenerational Online Behavior and Media Use ◽

10.4018/978-1-5225-7909-0.ch086 ◽

2019 ◽

pp. 1631-1649

Author(s):

Benjamin Stodt ◽

Elisa Wegmann ◽

Matthias Brand

Keyword(s):

Internet Addiction ◽

Internet Use ◽

The Internet ◽

Negative Consequences ◽

Internet Users ◽

Positive Attitudes ◽

Reflective Skills ◽

Internet Literacy

Internet addiction (IA) and cyberbullying (CB) represent two examples of dysfunctional Internet use (DIU) which are accompanied by negative consequences. In terms of prevention, the training of technical and reflective skills (Internet literacy) will be discussed with regard to these patterns. This study investigates the role of age, conscientiousness, and Internet literacy on IA symptoms and the participation in CB. Analyses reveal that positive attitudes towards online production and interaction and lower self-regulative skills can be associated with severe IA symptoms. Cyberbullies display less skills in reflecting on Internet content and also prove to have less self-regulative skills. Younger and less conscientious individuals are more likely to use the Internet dysfunctionally. Furthermore, significant correlations between experiences as a cyberbully and IA symptoms were found. In conclusion, the authors suggest that current media/Internet literacy curricula should be complemented by teaching reflective and regulative skills to prevent Internet users from negative consequences.

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Predicting Dysfunctional Internet Use

Internet and Technology Addiction ◽

10.4018/978-1-5225-8900-6.ch031 ◽

2019 ◽

pp. 554-572

Author(s):

Benjamin Stodt ◽

Elisa Wegmann ◽

Matthias Brand

Keyword(s):

Internet Addiction ◽

Internet Use ◽

The Internet ◽

Negative Consequences ◽

Internet Users ◽

Positive Attitudes ◽

Reflective Skills ◽

Internet Literacy

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The Changing Global Landscape With Emerging Technologies and Their Implications for Smart Societies

Handbook of Research on 5G Networks and Advancements in Computing, Electronics, and Electrical Engineering - Advances in Computer and Electrical Engineering ◽

10.4018/978-1-7998-6992-4.ch016 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 402-423

Author(s):

Patrice Seuwou ◽

Vincent F. Adegoke

Keyword(s):

Autonomous Vehicles ◽

Rapid Evolution ◽

Digital Technologies ◽

The Internet ◽

Privacy Rights ◽

Modern Life ◽

The World ◽

The Internet Of Things ◽

Mass Surveillance

The opportunities offered by digital technology are enormous. The global social and economic system is being reconfigured at an incredible rate. Connectivity is increasingly reshaping our world and redefining the way we interact with our environment. The rise of digital technologies is transforming almost every aspect of modern life. More and more of our interactions are mediated by machines. Along with the rapid evolution comes the risks, threats, and vulnerabilities in the system for those who plan to exploit it. In this chapter, firstly, the authors explore the role of 5G, big data, the internet of things (IoT), artificial intelligence (AI), autonomous vehicles (AV), and cloud computing play in the context of smart societies; secondly, they analyse how the synergy between these technologies will be used by governments and other stakeholders around the world to improve the safety of citizens albeit increasingly relinquishing privacy rights and encouraging mass surveillance at the expense of liberty.

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Youth and Technology

The Oxford Handbook of Digital Technologies and Mental Health ◽

10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190218058.013.3 ◽

2020 ◽

pp. 32-41

Author(s):

Gerrit I. van Schalkwyk ◽

Joshua D. Golt ◽

Wendy K. Silverman

Keyword(s):

Interpersonal Communication ◽

Well Being ◽

Current Data ◽

Vulnerable Groups ◽

The Internet ◽

Negative Consequences ◽

Mediated Communication ◽

Socially Anxious ◽

Use Of The Internet ◽

Anxious Youth

Use of the Internet for interpersonal communication has dramatically altered the lives of youth. Awareness of the unique properties of this style of communication has given rise to both concern and optimism about its developmental consequences. Current findings suggest that the Internet may act to supplement offline relationships and offer some utility to socially anxious youth, with relatively limited evidence for adverse effects on psychological well-being. However, there continue to be concerns about how Internet-mediated communication may affect certain vulnerable groups. In addition, although this technology may provide a new platform for sharing of information, current data points to negative consequences for overall academic performance. Further study is indicated given the complexity of this area.

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Health Implications of Cyber-Terrorism

Prehospital and Disaster Medicine ◽

10.1017/s1049023x00001163 ◽

2003 ◽

Vol 18 (3) ◽

pp. 272-275 ◽

Cited By ~ 13

Author(s):

A. Clem ◽

Sagar Galwankar ◽

George Buck

Keyword(s):

Prevention And Control ◽

The Internet ◽

Negative Consequences ◽

Cyber Terrorism ◽

Health Implications ◽

The World ◽

Potential Impact ◽

And Control

AbstractThe world is becoming ever more interconnected via the Internet, creating both benefits and disadvantages for human communities. This article examines cyber-terrorism, one of the major negative consequences of the Internet. It also examines the potential impact of cyber-terrorism on the health of populations, its possible perpetrators, and its prevention and control.

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Molecular and Functional Imaging of Internet Addiction

BioMed Research International ◽

10.1155/2015/378675 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 2015 ◽

pp. 1-9 ◽

Cited By ~ 14

Author(s):

Yunqi Zhu ◽

Hong Zhang ◽

Mei Tian

Keyword(s):

Functional Imaging ◽

Internet Addiction ◽

Structural Changes ◽

Single Photon ◽

Photon Emission ◽

Nuclear Imaging ◽

The Internet ◽

Emission Computed Tomography ◽

Imaging Findings ◽

Negative Consequences

Maladaptive use of the Internet results in Internet addiction (IA), which is associated with various negative consequences. Molecular and functional imaging techniques have been increasingly used for analysis of neurobiological changes and neurochemical correlates of IA. This review summarizes molecular and functional imaging findings on neurobiological mechanisms of IA, focusing on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and nuclear imaging modalities including positron emission tomography (PET) and single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT). MRI studies demonstrate that structural changes in frontal cortex are associated with functional abnormalities in Internet addicted subjects. Nuclear imaging findings indicate that IA is associated with dysfunction of the brain dopaminergic systems. Abnormal dopamine regulation of the prefrontal cortex (PFC) could underlie the enhanced motivational value and uncontrolled behavior over Internet overuse in addicted subjects. Further investigations are needed to determine specific changes in the Internet addictive brain, as well as their implications for behavior and cognition.

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Citizens Versus the Internet: Confronting Digital Challenges With Cognitive Tools

Psychological Science in the Public Interest ◽

10.1177/1529100620946707 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 21 (3) ◽

pp. 103-156

Author(s):

Anastasia Kozyreva ◽

Stephan Lewandowsky ◽

Ralph Hertwig

Keyword(s):

Decision Aids ◽

The Internet ◽

Cognitive Tools ◽

Negative Consequences ◽

Psychological Science ◽

Digital World ◽

Digital Environments ◽

Human Autonomy ◽

User Data ◽

Online Environments

The Internet has evolved into a ubiquitous and indispensable digital environment in which people communicate, seek information, and make decisions. Despite offering various benefits, online environments are also replete with smart, highly adaptive choice architectures designed primarily to maximize commercial interests, capture and sustain users’ attention, monetize user data, and predict and influence future behavior. This online landscape holds multiple negative consequences for society, such as a decline in human autonomy, rising incivility in online conversation, the facilitation of political extremism, and the spread of disinformation. Benevolent choice architects working with regulators may curb the worst excesses of manipulative choice architectures, yet the strategic advantages, resources, and data remain with commercial players. One way to address some of this imbalance is with interventions that empower Internet users to gain some control over their digital environments, in part by boosting their information literacy and their cognitive resistance to manipulation. Our goal is to present a conceptual map of interventions that are based on insights from psychological science. We begin by systematically outlining how online and offline environments differ despite being increasingly inextricable. We then identify four major types of challenges that users encounter in online environments: persuasive and manipulative choice architectures, AI-assisted information architectures, false and misleading information, and distracting environments. Next, we turn to how psychological science can inform interventions to counteract these challenges of the digital world. After distinguishing among three types of behavioral and cognitive interventions—nudges, technocognition, and boosts—we focus on boosts, of which we identify two main groups: (a) those aimed at enhancing people’s agency in their digital environments (e.g., self-nudging, deliberate ignorance) and (b) those aimed at boosting competencies of reasoning and resilience to manipulation (e.g., simple decision aids, inoculation). These cognitive tools are designed to foster the civility of online discourse and protect reason and human autonomy against manipulative choice architectures, attention-grabbing techniques, and the spread of false information.

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