The Chemistry and Pharmacology of Fungal Genus Periconia: A Review

Periconia is filamentous fungi belonging to the Periconiaceae family, and over the last 50 years, the genus has shown interest in natural product exploration for pharmacological purposes. Therefore, this study aims to analyze the different species of Periconia containing natural products such as terpenoids, polyketides, cytochalasan, macrosphelides, cyclopentenes, aromatic compounds, and carbohydrates carbasugar derivates. The isolated compound of this kind, which was reported in 1969, consisted of polyketide derivatives and their structures and was determined by chemical reaction and spectroscopic methods. After some years, 77 compounds isolated from endophytic fungus Periconia were associated with eight plant species, 28 compounds from sea hare Aplysia kurodai, and ten from endolichenic fungi Parmelia sp. The potent pharmacological agents from this genus are periconicin A, which acts as an antimicrobial, pericochlorosin B as an anti-human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), peribysin D, and pericosine A as cytotoxic agents, and periconianone A as an anti-inflammatory agent. Furthermore, information about taxol and piperine from Periconia producing species was also provided. Therefore, this study supports discovering new drugs produced by the Periconia species and compares them for future drug development.

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New Drugs, Old Targets: Tweaking the Dopamine System to Treat Psychostimulant Use Disorders

The Annual Review of Pharmacology and Toxicology ◽

10.1146/annurev-pharmtox-030220-124205 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 61 (1) ◽

pp. 609-628

Author(s):

Amy Hauck Newman ◽

Therese Ku ◽

Chloe J. Jordan ◽

Alessandro Bonifazi ◽

Zheng-Xiong Xi

Keyword(s):

Negative Reinforcement ◽

Brain Regions ◽

New Drugs ◽

Dopamine System ◽

Partial Agonists ◽

Societal Challenges ◽

Dopaminergic Tone ◽

Future Drug ◽

Reinforcing Effects ◽

Significant Health

The abuse of illicit psychostimulants such as cocaine and methamphetamine continues to pose significant health and societal challenges. Despite considerable efforts to develop medications to treat psychostimulant use disorders, none have proven effective, leaving an underserved patient population and unanswered questions about what mechanism(s) of action should be targeted for developing pharmacotherapies. As both cocaine and methamphetamine rapidly increase dopamine (DA) levels in mesolimbic brain regions, leading to euphoria that in some can lead to addiction, targets in which this increased dopaminergic tone may be mitigated have been explored. Further, understanding and targeting mechanisms underlying relapse are fundamental to the success of discovering medications that reduce the reinforcing effects of the drug of abuse, decrease the negative reinforcement or withdrawal/negative affect that occurs during abstinence, or both. Atypical inhibitors of the DA transporter and partial agonists/antagonists at DA D3 receptors are described as two promising targets for future drug development.

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Developing AIDS â The Dangerous Conjugation and Transformation of HIV : An In-depth Analysis

Journal of Agriculture & Rural Development ◽

10.3329/jard.v5i1.1473 ◽

1970 ◽

pp. 157-166

Author(s):

K Bulbul Sarwar

Keyword(s):

Human Immunodeficiency Virus ◽

Immune System ◽

Opportunistic Infections ◽

White Blood Cells ◽

The Body ◽

New Drugs ◽

Research Issues ◽

Depth Analysis ◽

Immunodeficiency Virus ◽

Hiv Aids

HIV/AIDS spreads so quickly and so destructively that it supersedes all disasters ever attacks human civilization. No branch of scientists can declare them aloof or abstain from it. So the agriculturists are very closely concern with its research-issues, nutritional remedies and agro-based care. We know, HIV stands for human immunodeficiency virus. It is the virus that causes AIDS. A member of a group of viruses called retroviruses, HIV infects human cells and uses the energy and nutrients provided by those cells to grow and reproduce. AIDS stands for acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. It is a disease in which the body's immune system breaks down and is unable to fight off infections, known as "opportunistic infections," and other illnesses that take advantage of a weakened immune system. Opportunistic infections are various in types and it needs not only the care from health professionals rather it deserves agriculturists, nutritionists and social scientists to combat together. When a person is infected with HIV, the virus enters the body and lives and multiplies primarily in the white blood cells. These are immune cells that normally protect us from disease. The hallmark of HIV infection is the progressive loss of a specific type of immune cell called T-helper, or CD4 cells. As the virus grows, it damages or kills these and other cells, weakening the immune system and leaving the person vulnerable to various opportunistic infections and other illnesses ranging from pneumonia to cancer. Understanding how the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) works inside the human cell gives all scientists important ways about how to attack it at its most vulnerable points and clues to start research. Knowing the secrets of how the virus functions and reproduces itself -- a process called its âlife-cycle'- can help scientists design new drugs and nutritional supplements those are more effective at suppressing HIV and support the affected lives. This study will draw a clear and easy-to-understand picture for every scientist, obviously the agriculturists too, being alert and keeping their lives safe from this fatal conjugation of HIV and help to invent natural and/or plant remedies to prevent or suspend HIV's aggression, as long as we concern. Key words: HIV, AIDS, retro virus, HIV viral transformation. DOI = 10.3329/jard.v5i1.1473 J Agric Rural Dev 5(1&2), 157-166, June 2007

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Phytochemicals Screening and Chromatographic Separation of Bio Active Compound from the Roots of Berberis Lyceum

10.47363/jbbr/2019(1)101 ◽

2019 ◽

pp. 1-5

Author(s):

Shakir Ullah ◽

◽

Inam Ullah ◽

Robeena Naz ◽

◽

...

Keyword(s):

Chromatographic Separation ◽

Research Work ◽

Ethanol Extract ◽

Spectroscopic Methods ◽

H Nmr ◽

Phytochemical Investigation ◽

Isolated Compound ◽

First Time ◽

Berberis Lycium

In the present research work the phytochemical and Chromatographic separation of bio active compounds Berberis lycium occurred. Phytochemical investigation of the CH2 Cl2 /CH3 OH (1:1) extract ethanol of root shown the presence of terpenoids, flavonoids, saponins, anthraquinones and alkaloids, steroids and tannins was absent. Chromatographic separation of CH2 Cl2 /CH3 OH (1:1) root ethanol extract yielded methyl 9, 10-dihydro-3, 8-hydroxy-6-methyl-9, 10-dioxoanthracene-2- carboxylate, isolated for the first time from the species of Berberis lycium. With the help of spectroscopic methods (IR, 1 H NMR, 13C NMR, and DEPT-135 and UV-Vis,) Partial characterization of the isolated compound was done.

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U.S. Food and Drug Administration anticancer drug approval trends from 2016 to 2018 for lung, colorectal, breast, and prostate cancer

International Journal of Technology Assessment in Health Care ◽

10.1017/s0266462319000813 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 36 (1) ◽

pp. 20-28

Author(s):

Tatiane Bomfim Ribeiro ◽

Adalton Ribeiro ◽

Luíza de Oliveira Rodrigues ◽

Guilherme Harada ◽

Moacyr Roberto Cuce Nobre

Keyword(s):

Lung Cancer ◽

Drug Administration ◽

Kinase Inhibitor ◽

Food And Drug Administration ◽

Drug Approval ◽

New Drugs ◽

Cytotoxic Agents ◽

Advanced Lung Cancer ◽

Open Label ◽

Cancer Data

ObjectiveThis paper aims to describe the clinical and regulatory aspects of new drugs and indications that were approved for lung, breast, prostate, and colorectal cancer, from 2016 to 2018, in order to provide health technology assessment trends in oncology.MethodsData were collected from the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) online database for new medications and indications approved for the above-mentioned types of cancer. Data regarding clinical study characteristics and regulatory information were collected.ResultsFrom 2016 to 2018, 53 percent of the FDA approvals of new drugs and indications for the most incident cancers were for oral protein kinase inhibitor monotherapy for advanced lung cancer. Since 2018, four drugs were approved as tumor-agnostic therapies. A biomarker was included in 72 percent of indications, and 58 percent of approvals were for targeted therapies, potentially heralding an end to research into conventional cytotoxic agents. A special designation for faster approval was granted in 78 percent of new approvals. The majority of the studies were open label randomized controlled trials (RCTs) (44 percent), followed by blind RCTs, single-arm clinical trials, and cohort studies. Only 14 percent of studies used overall survival as the primary end point; the vast majority used surrogate end points, and did not use patient-important outcomes. Three biosimilars were approved in the period.ConclusionAdvanced lung cancer therapy, mainly targeted drugs, accounted for 53 percent of approvals. Special designations for faster approval were used in 78 percent of FDA approvals, and four drugs were approved for tumor-agnostic treatment—a new form of approval.

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Plant-Derived Chemicals: A Source of Inspiration for New Drugs

Plants ◽

10.3390/plants9111562 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 9 (11) ◽

pp. 1562

Author(s):

Veronique Seidel

Keyword(s):

Biologically Active ◽

New Drugs ◽

Plant Biodiversity ◽

Ethnobotanical Knowledge ◽

Special Issue ◽

Traditional Remedies ◽

Future Drug ◽

History Of ◽

History Of Use ◽

Plant Sources

Plants have a long history of use as traditional remedies to treat a range of diseases and the diverse chemicals that they produce have provided great inspiration for the design of new drugs to date. Many plants have yet to be investigated for the presence of biologically-active products. This Special Issue presents a collection of scientific studies which report on the medicinal potential of plants. It also highlights the importance of preserving ethnobotanical knowledge and plant biodiversity worldwide to sustain future drug discovery from plant sources.

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Cytotoxic Bibenzyls, and Germacrane- and Pinguisane-type Sesquiterpenoids from Indonesian, Tahitian and Japanese Liverworts

Natural Product Communications ◽

10.1177/1934578x1100600301 ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 6 (3) ◽

pp. 1934578X1100600 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Ismiarni Komala ◽

Takuya Ito ◽

Fumihiro Nagashima ◽

Yasuyuki Yagi ◽

Yoshinori Asakawa

Keyword(s):

Cytotoxic Activity ◽

Cell Lines ◽

Colorimetric Assay ◽

Squamous Carcinoma ◽

Promyelocytic Leukemia ◽

Activity Relationship ◽

Spectroscopic Methods ◽

Structure Activity ◽

Isolated Compound ◽

Sar Study

Cytotoxic bibenzyls, and germacrane- and pinguisane-type sesquiterpenoids have been isolated from unidentified Indonesian and Tahitian Frullania sp. and Japanese Porella perrottetiana by using a combination of chromatographic methods. The structure activity relationship (SAR) study showed that the presence of a phthalide group in bibenzyls, an α-methylene-γ-lactone in germacrane-type sesquiterpenoids, and β-hydroxycarbonyl in pinguisane-type sesquiterpenoids play an important role in providing cytotoxic activity against both human promyelocytic leukemia (HL-60) and human pharyngeal squamous carcinoma (KB) cell lines. The structure of each isolated compound was elucidated by using spectroscopic methods and the cytotoxicity was determined by using the WST-8 colorimetric assay.

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Old and New Drugs for Treatment of Advanced Heart Failure

Current Pharmaceutical Design ◽

10.2174/1381612826666191226165402 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 26 (14) ◽

pp. 1571-1583

Author(s):

Carmelo Buttá ◽

Marco Roberto ◽

Antonino Tuttolomondo ◽

Rossella Petrantoni ◽

Giuseppe Miceli ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Heart Failure ◽

Therapeutic Potential ◽

Diuretic Therapy ◽

Advanced Heart Failure ◽

Therapeutic Options ◽

New Drugs ◽

Circulatory Support ◽

Water Restriction ◽

Hypertonic Saline Solution ◽

Pharmacological Agents

Background: Advanced heart failure (HF) is a progressive disease with high mortality and limited medical therapeutic options. Long-term mechanical circulatory support and heart transplantation remain goldstandard treatments for these patients; however, access to these therapies is limited by the advanced age and multiple comorbidities of affected patients, as well as by the limited number of organs available. Methods: Traditional and new drugs available for the treatment of advanced HF have been researched. Results: To date, the cornerstone for the treatment of patients with advanced HF remains water restriction, intravenous loop diuretic therapy and inotropic support. However, many patients with advanced HF experience loop diuretics resistance and alternative therapeutic strategies to overcome this problem have been developed, including sequential nephron blockade or use of the hypertonic saline solution in combination with high-doses of furosemide. As classic inotropes augment myocardial oxygen consumption, new promising drugs have been introduced, including levosimendan, istaroxime and omecamtiv mecarbil. However, pharmacological agents still remain mainly short-term or palliative options in patients with acute decompensation or excluded from mechanical therapy. Conclusions: Traditional drugs, especially when administered in combination, and new medicaments represent important therapeutic options in advanced HF. However, their impact on prognosis remains unclear. Large trials are necessary to clarify their therapeutic potential and prognostic role in these fragile patients.

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Mannich Bases: Centrality in Cytotoxic Drug Design

Medicinal Chemistry ◽

10.2174/1573406418666211220124119 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 18 ◽

Author(s):

Neha V. Bhilare ◽

Vinayak S. Marulkar ◽

Pramodkumar J. Shirote ◽

Shailaja A. Dombe ◽

Vilas J. Pise ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Drug Design ◽

Drug Development ◽

Cell Lines ◽

Mannich Bases ◽

Cytotoxic Agents ◽

Structure Activity ◽

Anti Cancer ◽

Methods Of Synthesis ◽

Future Drug ◽

Clinical Conditions

: Mannich bases identified by Professor Carl Mannich have been the most extensively explored scaffolds for more than 100 years now. The versatile biological roles that they play have promoted their applications in many clinical conditions. The present review highlights the application of Mannich bases as cytotoxic agents, categorizing them into synthetic, semisynthetic and prodrugs classes and gives an exhaustive account of the work reported in the last two decades. The methods of synthesis of these cytotoxic agents, their anti-cancer potential in various cell lines and promising leads for future drug development have also been discussed. Structure-activity relationships along with the targets on which these cytotoxic Mannich bases act have been included as well.

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