scholarly journals Tackling Salinity in Sustainable Agriculture—What Developing Countries May Learn from Approaches of the Developed World

2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (17) ◽  
pp. 4558 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sajid Shokat ◽  
Dominik K. Großkinsky
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Soil Salinity ◽  
Developing World ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Nutrient Use ◽  
The Developed Countries ◽  
Breeding And Genetics ◽  
Developed World

Soil salinity is a common problem of the developing world as well as the developed world. However, the pace to reduce salinity is much slower in the developing world. The application of short-term approaches with an unsustainable supply of funds are the major reasons of low success. In contrast, the developed world has focused on long-term and sustainable techniques, and considerable funds per unit area have been allocated to reduce soil salinity. Here, we review the existing approaches in both worlds. Approaches like engineering and nutrient use were proven to be unsustainable, while limited breeding and biosaline approaches had little success in the developing countries. In contrast, advanced breeding and genetics tools were implemented in the developed countries to improve the salinity tolerance of different crops with more success. Resultantly, developed countries not only reduced the area for soil salinity at a higher rate, but more sustainable and cheaper ways to resolve the issue were implemented at the farmers’ field. Similarly, plant microbial approaches and the application of fertigation through drip irrigation have great potential for both worlds, and farmer participatory approaches are required to obtain fruitful outcomes. In this regard, a challenging issue is the transition of sustainable approaches from developed countries to developing ones, and possible methods for this are discussed.

Guidelines for Preparing Organizations in Developing Countries for Standards-Based B2B

2009 ◽  
pp. 271-292
Author(s):  
Lena Aggestam
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Global Perspective ◽  
Clear View ◽  
Preparation Stage ◽  
The Developed Countries ◽  
Developed World ◽  
Made In

B2B development has been faster in the developed world comparing to developing countries. This chapter proposes a “tool” for managing CSF in B2B settings. The tool is in the form of guidelines, which are concrete and detailed, and which enable a more clear view of actions needed during the preparation stage of B2B projects. We argue that developing countries seldom have the luxury of affording failure in new B2B ventures, but that they instead must learn from the mistakes already made by the developed countries. Thus, our proposed guidelines are based on an existing framework and experiences made in the developed countries. The guidelines are furthermore discussed with regard to the specific problems and conditions that developing countries face. Much work still remains, and problems still must be resolved. From a global perspective, this is important for all of us!

The Promise of Open Source Systems/Software in Developing Requisite E-Government Solutions for the Developing Countries

2015 ◽  
pp. 191-207 ◽  
Author(s):  
Adeyinka Tella ◽  
Adetayo O. Tella
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Open Source ◽  
Open System ◽  
Developing World ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Free Access ◽  
Systems Software ◽  
The Status ◽  
The Developed Countries ◽  
Developed Nations

E-Government open source system is now becoming commonplace. The e-Government open system requires at each review stage the relevant official input, the date, and the time when each application is processed. Free access to the status of an application makes applicants realize that there is no need to contact officials or to provide a bribe to complete the process. No doubt, e-Government open system is a very useful system currently being used by a majority of governments in developing world countries. However, extant review of literature has shown that some developing countries governments are now also making frantic effort to implement the open system although the practice seems to have gone farther in developed nations. In light of this, this chapter discusses e-Government open source system in developing countries and compares this to what is happening in the developed countries, examines the role OSS/SF has played in developing e-Government solutions or applications in the developing world, identifies the benefits and challenges of OSS/SF in the developing countries' context, and discusses possible ways forward. The chapter posits that open source plays a significant role in designing e-Government applications.

Understanding the Use of Long-Term Finance in Developing Countries

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
María Soledad Martinez Pería ◽  
Sergio L. Schmukler
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Capital Markets ◽  
Institutional Investors ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Financial Intermediaries ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Foreign Investors ◽  
Short And Long Term ◽  
Asset Managers

This chapter reviews recent evidence on the use of long-term finance in developing countries (relative to developed ones) to try to identify where short- and long-term financing occurs, and what role different financial intermediaries and markets play in extending this type of financing. Although banks are the most important providers of credit, they do not seem to offer long-term financing. In fact, loans in developing countries have significantly shorter maturities than those in developed countries. Capital markets have become increasingly sizable since the 1990s and can provide financing at fairly long terms. But just a few large firms use these markets. Only some institutional investors provide funding at long-term maturities. Incentives for asset managers are tilted toward the short term due to constant monitoring. Instead, asset-liability managers have a longer-term horizon, as foreign investors in developing countries do. Governments might help expand long-term financing, although with limited policy tools.

The Promise of Open Source Systems/Software in Developing Requisite E-Government Solutions for the Developing Countries

2015 ◽  
pp. 393-409
Author(s):  
Adeyinka Tella ◽  
Adetayo O. Tella
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Open Source ◽  
Open System ◽  
Developing World ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Free Access ◽  
Systems Software ◽  
The Status ◽  
The Developed Countries ◽  
Developed Nations

E-Government open source system is now becoming commonplace. The e-Government open system requires at each review stage the relevant official input, the date, and the time when each application is processed. Free access to the status of an application makes applicants realize that there is no need to contact officials or to provide a bribe to complete the process. No doubt, e-Government open system is a very useful system currently being used by a majority of governments in developing world countries. However, extant review of literature has shown that some developing countries governments are now also making frantic effort to implement the open system although the practice seems to have gone farther in developed nations. In light of this, this chapter discusses e-Government open source system in developing countries and compares this to what is happening in the developed countries, examines the role OSS/SF has played in developing e-Government solutions or applications in the developing world, identifies the benefits and challenges of OSS/SF in the developing countries' context, and discusses possible ways forward. The chapter posits that open source plays a significant role in designing e-Government applications.

Guidelines for Preparing Organizations in Developing Countries for Standards-Based B2B

2011 ◽  
pp. 206-228
Author(s):  
Lena Aggestam
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Global Perspective ◽  
Clear View ◽  
Preparation Stage ◽  
The Developed Countries ◽  
Developed World ◽  
Made In

B2B development has been faster in the developed world comparing to developing countries. This chapter proposes a “tool” for managing CSF in B2B settings. The tool is in the form of guidelines, which are concrete and detailed, and which enable a more clear view of actions needed during the preparation stage of B2B projects. We argue that developing countries seldom have the luxury of affording failure in new B2B ventures, but that they instead must learn from the mistakes already made by the developed countries. Thus, our proposed guidelines are based on an existing framework and experiences made in the developed countries. The guidelines are furthermore discussed with regard to the specific problems and conditions that developing countries face. Much work still remains, and problems still must be resolved. From a global perspective, this is important for all of us!

scholarly journals Determinants of capital structure: A literature review

2016 ◽  
Vol 6 (4) ◽  
pp. 227-237 ◽  
Author(s):  
Athenia Bongani Sibindi
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Capital Structure ◽  
Empirical Studies ◽  
Final Analysis ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Structure Theory ◽  
Optimum Level ◽  
Firm Level ◽  
The Developed Countries ◽  
Developed World

The financing decision is one of the most important imperative in corporate finance. Financial directors have to grapple with question—what is the optimum level of debt versus equity to employ in order to fund the operations of a firm? The present article seeks to unravel the evolution of capital structure theory from both theoretical and empirical perspectives. The major contending theories of capital structure as well as their predictions are considered. It is demonstrated that there are reliably important firm level attributes that determine the capital structures of firms. The article also compares and contrasts the findings of empirical studies on capital structure that have been conducted in developing countries to those that have been conducted in the developed world. Arguably, developing countries’ financial markets lack sophistication and this might curtail the companies from adjusting to their desired target debt ratios. In the final analysis it is demonstrated that the similarities in financing patterns between the developed countries and the emerging markets far outweigh the disparities.

scholarly journals Investigation of remanufacturing technologies for medical equipment in the UK and context in which technology can be exported in the developing world

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kingsley Oturu ◽  
WL Ijomah ◽  
Alexander Broeksmit ◽  
Daniel Hernandez Reig ◽  
Matthew Millar ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Medical Imaging ◽  
Medical Equipment ◽  
Developing World ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
High Rate ◽  
Technological Advancement ◽  
X Ray ◽  
The Uk ◽  
Developed World

AbstractWith the lack of access to medical equipment clear to see throughout the developing world in comparison to the developed world, solutions to bridge the gap are key to reducing the inequality of healthcare between the two. It has been identified that healthcare systems in developed countries have a rapid turnover of medical imaging equipment (X-ray, MRI, CT scanners, etc.) due to the high rate of technological advancement. There is therefore a stockpile of used medical equipment that could still be of use in developing countries thanks to remanufacturing. The aim of this paper is to investigate the applicability of remanufacturing medical equipment with the intent of supplying said equipment to the countries that need it. This investigation provides a clearer picture of the feasibility of using remanufacture to supply developing countries with the medical imaging devices they require. This is done through studying current remanufacturing processes carried out in developed countries, whether that be directly through OEMs or third parties, and assessing how the methods used could be applied to developing countries. It is identified that remanufacturing practices could benefit developing countries not only by increasing access to diagnostic equipment, but also society as a whole by creating jobs for instance. A key remanufacturing stage that should initially be focused on is inspection as it helps to filter and select the medical devices that are most suited for the remanufacturing process.

The Promise of Open Source Systems/Software in Developing Requisite E-Government Solutions for the Developing Countries

2014 ◽  
pp. 139-155
Author(s):  
Adeyinka Tella ◽  
Adetayo O. Tella
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Open Source ◽  
Open System ◽  
Developing World ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Free Access ◽  
Systems Software ◽  
The Status ◽  
The Developed Countries ◽  
Developed Nations

E-Government open source system is now becoming commonplace. The e-Government open system requires at each review stage the relevant official input, the date, and the time when each application is processed. Free access to the status of an application makes applicants realize that there is no need to contact officials or to provide a bribe to complete the process. No doubt, e-Government open system is a very useful system currently being used by a majority of governments in developing world countries. However, extant review of literature has shown that some developing countries governments are now also making frantic effort to implement the open system although the practice seems to have gone farther in developed nations. In light of this, this chapter discusses e-Government open source system in developing countries and compares this to what is happening in the developed countries, examines the role OSS/SF has played in developing e-Government solutions or applications in the developing world, identifies the benefits and challenges of OSS/SF in the developing countries’ context, and discusses possible ways forward. The chapter posits that open source plays a significant role in designing e-Government applications.

RETAINING THE BRAINS, POLICIES ADOPTED BY P.R.CHINA TO ATTRACT AND RETAIN RESEARCH TALENT

2011 ◽  
Vol 01 (04) ◽  
pp. 72-77
Author(s):  
Samina Nawab ◽  
Khuram Shafi
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Brain Drain ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Developed Economies ◽  
The Developed Countries ◽  
High Level ◽  
Developed World ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Competency Level

The major dilemma of developing countries is that they are continuously facing the Brain Drain. “Brain drain” is defined as situation where people with high skills, qualification, and competency, level quite their native countries and emigrate. The foundation of the interest for skilled migrants is economic. The resultant factor is that the economically countries with developed economies routinely exchange high level skills, while less developed world is being brought into skill shortage and talent from these regions shift to developed regions often on permanent bases. Due to this phenomenon the number of researchers is much higher in the developed countries as compare to developing countries. This paper is an effort to give overview of brain drain of researchers from developing countries mainly focusing on China, mention the factors for which people leave their countries and go abroad, policies adopted by China to address the issue and some suggestions regarding policies that can be adopted to retain the talent that is being continuously drained from the developing countries in form of migration of researchers from the developing to developed countries.

Breast-Feeding: The Role of Multinational Corporations in Latin America

1976 ◽  
Vol 6 (4) ◽  
pp. 609-626 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael B. Bader
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Multinational Corporations ◽  
Breast Feeding ◽  
Multinational Firms ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Cultural Imperialism ◽  
Relative Cost ◽  
The Developed Countries

The decline in birthrates in the developed countries of the world has forced multinational corporations engaged in the production of infant formula to seek out new markets in the developing countries, where burgeoning population rates potentially guarantee the long-term profitability of these corporations. This development, ostensibly benign and nutritionally advantageous to infants in developing countries, has serious public health consequences, due to the high relative cost of purchased formula and the paucity of hygienic facilities essential to the sterile preparation of bottle formula. This paper delineates in detail economic and contraceptive advantages of breast-feeding, and examines the role of health personnel and multinational advertising techniques which have catalyzed the decline in breast-feeding. In addition, the paper focusses on the question of cultural imperialism and current efforts to regulate the multinational firms through both United Nations groups and stockholders' suits. Finally, some suggestions are made concerning ameliorative public policy approaches to the breast-feeding controversy.

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