scholarly journals Is Seoul Walkable? Assessing a Walkability Score and Examining Its Relationship with Pedestrian Satisfaction in Seoul, Korea

2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (24) ◽  
pp. 6915 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eun Jung Kim ◽  
Jaewoong Won ◽  
Jiyeong Kim
Keyword(s):  
Logistic Regression ◽  
Empirical Test ◽  
Test Results ◽  
Binary Outcome ◽  
Residential Areas ◽  
Policy Makers ◽  
Neighborhood Walkability ◽  
Efficient Measure ◽  
Walk Score ◽  
Asian Context

Studies have assessed neighborhood walkability responding to increasing interest in academics, practitioners, and policy makers. While Walk Score is a well-operationalized and efficient measure of neighborhood walkability, it is not supported in the Asian context. We thus developed a “Walkability Score” for use in Seoul, South Korea, following the Walk Score algorithm and then conducted a logistic regression for a satisfied versus dissatisfied binary outcome in order to conduct an empirical test. Results showed a significant association between Walkability Score and pedestrian satisfaction. We also explored sample locations and found some discrepancies between Walkability Score and the degree of pedestrian satisfaction. While some sample locations near parks, and rivers and waterfront spaces (but without destinations for walking trips such as banking or shopping) revealed low Walkability Scores, the degree of pedestrian satisfaction was relatively high in these areas. Some samples located in residential areas with well-designed sidewalks and greenery revealed relatively high pedestrian satisfaction, but Walkability Scores were insufficient. This study’s Walkability Score was somewhat valid for approaching the issue, but further research is needed to complete this measure, especially in high-density areas with well-equipped pedestrian infrastructures (e.g., crosswalks, pedestrian streets).

KUALITAS AUDIT DAN AUDIT TENURE

2014 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 61
Author(s):  
Reygen Pramana Jati
Keyword(s):  
Logistic Regression ◽  
Literature Review ◽  
Empirical Model ◽  
Audit Quality ◽  
Empirical Test ◽  
Binary Logistic Regression ◽  
Negative Influence ◽  
Test Results ◽  
Financial Report ◽  
Earnings Benchmarks

Audit quality is determined by auditor’s competence to find misstatements in financial report and report the findings in the audit report that makes auditor’s independency strongly affect audit quality, in addition to auditor’s competency in performing their duties. Auditor’s independency is related to lengthy audit engagement with client. This study aims to obtain empirical evidence about the influence of lengthy audit engagement to audit quality. Based on the literature review, the hypothesis proposed in this study is the length of the audit engagement negatively affects audit quality. This study uses earnings benchmarks as proxy of audit quality developed from Carey and Simnett (2006). To test the hypothesis, an empirical model was developed and tested with binary logistic regression technique. Empirical test results indicate a significant negative influence of lengthy audit engagements to audit quality. It means that lengthy audit engagement deteriorates audit quality, indicated by the failure to meet earnings benchmark. Keywords: Audit Tenure, Audit Quality, Earnings Benchmark

Determining the Most Valuable Clinical Variables : a Stepwise Multiple Logistic Regression Program

1980 ◽  
Vol 19 (01) ◽  
pp. 42-49 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. W. Brown ◽  
C. Engelhard ◽  
J. Haipern ◽  
J. F. Fries ◽  
L. S. Coles
Keyword(s):  
Logistic Regression ◽  
Predictor Variable ◽  
Clinical Problem ◽  
Relevant Information ◽  
Stepwise Logistic Regression ◽  
Multiple Logistic Regression ◽  
Binary Outcome ◽  
Medical Problems ◽  
Valuable Predictor ◽  
Data Banks

In solving a clinical problem of diagnosis, prognosis, or treatment choice, a physician must select from among a large group of possible tests. In general, an ordering exists specifying which tests are most valuable in providing relevant information concerning the problem on hand. The computer program package to be described (MW) extracts appropriate data from the ARAMIS data banks and then analyzes the data by stepwise logistic regression. A binary outcome (diagnosis, prognostic event, or treatment response) is sequentially associated with possible tests, and the most powerful combination of tests is identified. For example, the most valuable predictor variable of early mortality in SLE is proteinuria, followed sequentially by anemia and absence of arthritis. Experience with these techniques suggests : 1. optimal certainty is usually reached after only three or four tests; 2. several different test sequences may lead to the same level of certainty; 3. diagnosis may usually be ascertained with greater certainty than prognosis; 4. many medical problems contain considerable non-reducible uncertainty; 5. a relatively small group of tests are typically found among the most powerful; 6. results are consistent across several patient populations; 7. results are largely independent of the particular statistic employed. These observations suggest strategies for maximizing information while minimizing risk and expense.

scholarly journals Exact parametric causal mediation analysis for a binary outcome with a binary mediator

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marco Doretti ◽  
Martina Raggi ◽  
Elena Stanghellini
Keyword(s):  
Logistic Regression ◽  
Direct Effect ◽  
Mediation Analysis ◽  
Delta Method ◽  
Binary Outcome ◽  
Effect Decomposition ◽  
Causal Mediation ◽  
Regression Parameters ◽  
Causal Mediation Analysis ◽  
Parametric Expression

AbstractWith reference to causal mediation analysis, a parametric expression for natural direct and indirect effects is derived for the setting of a binary outcome with a binary mediator, both modelled via a logistic regression. The proposed effect decomposition operates on the odds ratio scale and does not require the outcome to be rare. It generalizes the existing ones, allowing for interactions between both the exposure and the mediator and the confounding covariates. The derived parametric formulae are flexible, in that they readily adapt to the two different natural effect decompositions defined in the mediation literature. In parallel with results derived under the rare outcome assumption, they also outline the relationship between the causal effects and the correspondent pathway-specific logistic regression parameters, isolating the controlled direct effect in the natural direct effect expressions. Formulae for standard errors, obtained via the delta method, are also given. An empirical application to data coming from a microfinance experiment performed in Bosnia and Herzegovina is illustrated.

Αποτίμηση κινδύνων των ευρωπαϊκών τραπεζών και συστήματα έγκαιρης προειδοποίησης

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Παντελής Σταυρούλιας
Keyword(s):  
Logistic Regression ◽  
Discriminant Analysis ◽  
Cross Validation ◽  
Multinomial Logistic Regression ◽  
Classification Tree ◽  
Probit Regression ◽  
Macroprudential Policy ◽  
Policy Makers ◽  
Out Of Sample ◽  
Sample Testing

Οι έγκυρες προβλέψεις χρηματοοικονομικών κρίσεων διασφάλιζαν ανέκαθεν την σταθερότητα τόσο ολόκληρου του χρηματοοικονομικού οικοδομήματος γενικότερα, όσο και του τραπεζικού τομέα ειδικότερα. Με την παρούσα διατριβή επιτυγχάνεται η πρόβλεψη συστημικών τραπεζικών κρίσεων για χώρες της EE-14 αρκετά τρίμηνα προτού αυτές γίνουν αντιληπτές με την χρησιμοποίηση των πιο διαδεδομένων μεταβλητών (μακροοικονομικών, τραπεζικών και αγοράς) μέσω δύο προσεγγίσεων, της δυαδικής και της πολυεπίπεδης. Ακολουθώντας τη δυαδική προσέγγιση, εξάγονται μοντέλα ταξινόμησης με την εφαρμογή της Διακριτής Ανάλυσης (Discriminant Analysis), της Γραμμικής Παλινδρόμησης (Linear Regression), της Λογιστικής Παλινδρόμησης (Logistic Regression) και της Παλινδρόμησης Πιθανοομάδας (Probit Regression), για την έγκαιρη πρόβλεψη των κρίσεων -12 έως -7 τρίμηνα πριν την εμφάνισή τους. Επιπροσθέτως, συγκρίνεται η απόδοση της ανωτέρω ανάλυσης χρησιμοποιώντας τις νεότερες και πλέον υποσχόμενες μεθόδους του Δέντρου Ταξινόμησης (Classification Tree), του Τυχαίου Δάσους (Random Forest) και της C5. Ταυτόχρονα προτείνεται ένα νέο μέτρο επιλογής κατωφλίων και απόδοσης προσαρμογής (GoF) των μοντέλων πρόβλεψης και μια νέα συνδυαστική (combined) μέθοδος ταξινόμησης. Προκειμένου να διερευνηθεί η απόδοση της ανωτέρω ανάλυσης, χρησιμοποιείται ο εκτός του δείγματος έλεγχος (out-of-sample testing) με τη μέθοδο της ανά χώρα σταυρωτής επικύρωσης (country-blocked cross validation). Σύμφωνα με τη μέθοδο αυτή, πραγματοποιείται η ανάλυση και εξάγονται τα μοντέλα πρόβλεψης με τη χρήση των δεκατριών από τις δεκατέσσερις χώρες του δείγματος (in-sample), εφαρμόζονται τα εξαγόμενα μοντέλα για την δέκατη τέταρτη χώρα που είχε εξαιρεθεί από το αρχικό δείγμα (out-of-sample) και ελέγχονται τα αποτελέσματα πρόβλεψης με τα πραγματικά δεδομένα της χώρας αυτής. Η παραπάνω διαδικασία επαναλαμβάνεται δεκατέσσερις φορές, αφήνοντας δηλαδή κάθε φορά μια χώρα εκτός δείγματος και τελικά εξάγεται ο μέσος όρος των επαναλήψεων. Στην παρούσα διατριβή, και χρησιμοποιώντας τον εκτός του δείγματος έλεγχο, επιτυγχάνεται η κατά 82.4% σωστή ταξινόμηση (Ακρίβεια – Accuracy), 78.4% ποσοστό Αληθινών Θετικών (Τrue Ρositive Rate - TPR) και 80.6% ποσοστό Θετικής Τιμής Πρόβλεψης (Positive Predictive Value - PPV). Σύμφωνα με την πολυεπίπεδη προσέγγιση, διακρίνονται δύο επίπεδα-περίοδοι πρόβλεψης των Συστημικών Τραπεζικών Κρίσεων. Το πρώτο επίπεδο ονομάζεται έγκαιρη πρόβλεψη (early warning) και αφορά περίοδο -12 έως -7 τρίμηνα πριν την έλευση της κρίσης ενώ το δεύτερο επίπεδο ονομάζεται καθυστερημένη πρόβλεψη (late warning) και αφορά περίοδο -6 έως -1 τρίμηνα πριν την έλευση της κρίσης. Για την πολυεπίπεδη αυτή ταξινόμηση, γίνεται χρήση των Νευρωνικών Δικτύων (Neural Networks), της Πολυωνυμικής Λογιστικής Παλινδρόμησης (Multinomial Logistic Regression) και της Πολυεπίπεδης Γραμμικής Διακριτής Ανάλυσης (Multinomial Discriminant Analysis). Εφαρμόζοντας τον ίδιο εκτός του δείγματος έλεγχο με την πρώτη προσέγγιση επιτυγχάνεται η κατά 85.7% σωστή ταξινόμηση με την βέλτιστη μέθοδο που αποδεικνύεται ότι είναι η Πολυεπίπεδη Γραμμική Διακριτή Ανάλυση. Εφαρμόζοντας την ανωτέρω ανάλυση, οι ενδιαφερόμενοι φορείς άσκησης πολιτικής (policy makers) μπορούν να ανιχνεύσουν την ύπαρξης κρίσης σε βάθος χρόνου έως τριών ετών με τα προτεινόμενα μοντέλα, χρησιμοποιώντας μόνο δεδομένα που υπάρχουν ελεύθερα προσβάσιμα στο κοινό, ασκώντας με τον τρόπο αυτό την κατάλληλη ανά περίπτωση μακροπροληπτική πολιτική (macroprudential policy).

scholarly journals Ordered Logistic Analysis of Farmers’ Market Regulations: Who Finds Them Easy?

2016 ◽  
Vol 8 (12) ◽  
pp. 1
Author(s):  
Jean Dominique Gumirakiza ◽  
Amber Daniel
Keyword(s):  
Logistic Regression ◽  
Fresh Produce ◽  
Farmers Markets ◽  
Online Surveys ◽  
Farmers Market ◽  
Policy Makers ◽  
Logistic Analysis ◽  
South Central ◽  
Ordered Logistic Regression ◽  
Western Kentucky

This study applies an ordered logistic regression to data collected in 2015 using in-person survey, mail, and online surveys from fresh produce vendors at farmers’ markets within the south central and western Kentucky regions. The purpose was to explain levels of difficult the vendors face when complying with market regulations. Results indicate that an average fresh produce vendor at farmers’ market is 26 percent likely going to comply with market regulations easily, 69 percent moderately, and 4 percent hardly. Participating in CSA and “local” labeling programs, years of farming experience, and being a male vendor are associated with finding relatively easy to comply with farmers markets regulations. Market managers and policy makers will find this study useful in ensuring that those regulations pose no greater difficult to the vendors. Likewise, findings are useful to the vendors for they indicate variables that make easier for them to comply with the regulations.

scholarly journals Intrahousehold Bargaining Power in Spain: An Empirical Test of the Collective Model

2022 ◽  
Author(s):  
José Alberto Molina ◽  
Jorge Velilla ◽  
Helena Ibarra
Keyword(s):  
Household Income ◽  
Bargaining Power ◽  
Empirical Test ◽  
Empirical Support ◽  
Household Labor ◽  
Collective Model ◽  
Intrahousehold Bargaining ◽  
Sharing Rule ◽  
Policy Makers ◽  
Unique Data

AbstractThis paper analyzes the intrahousehold bargaining power of spouses in Spanish families, in a collective framework. We estimate household labor supply equations and, under certain testable restrictions, we obtain a theoretically derived sharing rule for household income, which characterizes intrahousehold bargaining power. Then, using unique data on decision-making in the household, we construct Pareto weights, and study the validity of the collective model by comparing the theoretical sharing rule and the constructed Pareto weight. The results reveal that both the observed Pareto weight and the theoretical sharing rule display qualitative similarities, thus providing direct empirical support to the collective model. Furthermore, the results suggest that Spanish wives behave more altruistically, while husbands behave more egoistically. This should be taken into account by policy makers and researchers when analyzing inequality in the household, and contemplating specific policies affecting the household.

scholarly journals An Empirical Test Of The View Of Inventory As A Liability IN Explaining Financial Distress

2011 ◽  
Vol 14 (2) ◽  
pp. 83 ◽  
Author(s):  
Benjamin P. Foster ◽  
M. Cathy Sullivan ◽  
Terry J. Ward
Keyword(s):  
Logistic Regression ◽  
Financial Distress ◽  
Regression Models ◽  
Empirical Test ◽  
Explanatory Power ◽  
Manufacturing Firms ◽  
Logistic Regression Models ◽  
Financially Distressed ◽  
Accounting Ratios ◽  
Extreme View

<span>This study reports a first attempt in a financial distress context to test the extreme JIT and TOC view that inventory is a liability. We compared inventory levels and the change in inventory for healthy and financially distressed manufacturing firms. We also compared the explanatory power of logistic regression models including traditional accounting ratios to that of models including accounting ratios created by viewing inventory as a liability. We found some support for the extreme view of some JIT and TOC proponents that traditional inventory should be considered a liability.</span>

What pandemic-related test waiver requests suggest about states’ testing priorities

2021 ◽  
Vol 103 (3) ◽  
pp. 48-53
Author(s):  
Paul Bruno ◽  
Dan Goldhaber
Keyword(s):  
Standardized Testing ◽  
Educational Outcomes ◽  
The United States ◽  
Department Of Education ◽  
Political Support ◽  
United States Department ◽  
Test Results ◽  
Policy Makers ◽  
State Test ◽  
Related Test

The COVID-19 pandemic heightened tensions around standardized testing policy and prompted the United States Department of Education to allow states to request waivers from federal standardized testing requirements. Paul Bruno and Dan Goldhaber describe the waivers that states requested and received, what they suggest about how state test results might be used for different purposes and by different people, and what uses of testing seem to be most salient to policy makers. They conclude with recommendations for policy makers about how to design testing policy that can both improve educational outcomes and maintain robust political support, objectives achieved at best imperfectly by existing testing policy.

Conclusion, Limitations, and Future Research

2013 ◽  
pp. 234-241 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Empirical Test ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Test Results ◽  
Major Research ◽  
Research Findings

This chapter summarizes the major research findings of this study based on the empirical test results throughout the previous chapters. The contributions and limitations of this research are also addressed. The study concludes by proposing several valuable directions for future research.

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