scholarly journals Intrahousehold Bargaining Power in Spain: An Empirical Test of the Collective Model

2022 ◽  
Author(s):  
José Alberto Molina ◽  
Jorge Velilla ◽  
Helena Ibarra
Keyword(s):  
Household Income ◽  
Bargaining Power ◽  
Empirical Test ◽  
Empirical Support ◽  
Household Labor ◽  
Collective Model ◽  
Intrahousehold Bargaining ◽  
Sharing Rule ◽  
Policy Makers ◽  
Unique Data

AbstractThis paper analyzes the intrahousehold bargaining power of spouses in Spanish families, in a collective framework. We estimate household labor supply equations and, under certain testable restrictions, we obtain a theoretically derived sharing rule for household income, which characterizes intrahousehold bargaining power. Then, using unique data on decision-making in the household, we construct Pareto weights, and study the validity of the collective model by comparing the theoretical sharing rule and the constructed Pareto weight. The results reveal that both the observed Pareto weight and the theoretical sharing rule display qualitative similarities, thus providing direct empirical support to the collective model. Furthermore, the results suggest that Spanish wives behave more altruistically, while husbands behave more egoistically. This should be taken into account by policy makers and researchers when analyzing inequality in the household, and contemplating specific policies affecting the household.

Household consumption allocation and the collective household model: Children share of household resources in The Gambia

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-13
Author(s):  
Madi Mangan
Keyword(s):  
Household Income ◽  
Nonlinear Least Squares ◽  
The Gambia ◽  
Factor Price ◽  
Sharing Rule ◽  
Income Elasticities ◽  
Household Resources ◽  
Price And Income Elasticities ◽  
Household Model ◽  
Household Members

This paper applies the collective household model to allocate household resources among household members. With a Collective Quadratic Almost Ideal Demand System (CQUAIDS) estimated by a Feasible Generalized Nonlinear Least Squares (FGNLS) method, it studies the household demand for six categories of household goods using household income and expenditure survey data from The Gambia, directed to studying the allocation of resources among young and adult members of households in The Gambia. It establishes the sharing rule for children and adult members of the household and shows the effect of demographic, distributive factor, price and income elasticities on the shares of household resources. The results establish that a higher share of resources goes for children while the sharing rule varies for different household types. Also, the findings show significant effects of demographic, distributive factor, price and income on the allocation of the household resources of consumption goods by the household.

scholarly journals Does gender inequality matter for access to and utilization of maternal healthcare services in Bangladesh?

PLoS ONE ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (9) ◽  
pp. e0257388
Author(s):  
Firoz Ahmed ◽  
Fahmida Akter Oni ◽  
Sk. Sharafat Hossen
Keyword(s):  
Gender Inequality ◽  
Gender Gap ◽  
Partner Violence ◽  
Bargaining Power ◽  
Healthcare Services ◽  
Household Wealth ◽  
Maternal Healthcare ◽  
Intrahousehold Bargaining ◽  
Women’S Autonomy ◽  
Women's Autonomy

There is a high prevalence of gender gap in Bangladesh which might affect women’s likelihood to receive maternal healthcare services. In this backdrop, we aim to investigate how gender inequality measured by intrahousehold bargaining power (or autonomy) of women and their attitudes towards intimate partner violence (IPV) affects accessing and utilizing maternal health care services. We used Bangladesh Demographic and Health Survey (BDHS) data of 2014 covering 5460 women who gave birth at least one child in the last three years preceding the survey. We performed logistic regression to estimate the effect of women’s autonomy and their attitude towards IPV on access to and utilization of maternal healthcare services. Besides, we employed different channels to understand the heterogeneous effect of gender inequality on access to maternal healthcare services. We observed that women having autonomy positively influenced attaining five required antenatal care (ANC) services (AOR: 1.17; 95% CI: 0.98–1.41) and women’s negative attitudes towards IPV were positively associated with five ANC services (AOR: 1.42; 95% CI: 1.02–1.97), sufficient ANC visits (COR: 1.55; CI: 1.19–2.01), skilled birth attendant (SBA) (AOR: 1.43; 95% CI: 1.05–1.94) and postnatal care (PNC) services (AOR: 1.44; 95% CI: 1.12–1.84). Besides, rural residency, religion, household wealth, education of both women and husband were found to have some of the important channels which were making stronger effect of gender inequality on access to maternal healthcare services. The findings of our study indicate a significant association between access to maternal healthcare services and women’s autonomy as well as attitude towards IPV in Bangladesh. We, therefore, recommend to protect women from violence at home and mprove their intrahousehold bargaining power to increase their access to and utilization of required maternal healthcare services.

Factors that Influence Multinational Corporations’ Control of Their Operations in Foreign Markets: An Empirical Investigation

2008 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
pp. 98-119 ◽  
Author(s):  
Beibei Dong ◽  
Shaoming Zou ◽  
Charles R. Taylor
Keyword(s):  
Cost Analysis ◽  
Transaction Cost ◽  
Multinational Corporations ◽  
Bargaining Power ◽  
Empirical Test ◽  
Explanatory Power ◽  
Transaction Cost Analysis ◽  
Power Theory ◽  
Foreign Operations ◽  
Degree Of Control

Multinational corporations’ (MNCs’) control over their foreign operations plays an important role in implementing their global marketing strategy. In the past, transaction cost analysis and bargaining power theory have been widely cited to explain the degree of control MNCs exert over their foreign operations. However, research explicitly combining these two perspectives has been limited. To address the gap in the literature, the authors present a joint model that combines the two alternative theories to explain MNCs’ control, and they compare their relative explanatory power. Using primary survey data, they perform an empirical test of the relative explanatory power of these two theories. The results suggest that three factors, two drawn from bargaining power theory and one from transaction cost analysis, are key factors in explaining MNCs’ degree of control over their foreign operations. The article concludes with a discussion of the theoretical and managerial implications.

The Sociological Theory of Craftsmanship: An Empirical Test in Sport and Education

2018 ◽  
Vol 23 (1) ◽  
pp. 114-135 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thorolfur Thorlindsson ◽  
Vidar Halldorsson ◽  
Inga Dora Sigfusdottir
Keyword(s):  
School Performance ◽  
Quantitative Research ◽  
Sport Participation ◽  
Sociological Theory ◽  
Empirical Test ◽  
Empirical Support ◽  
Measurement Scale ◽  
The Social ◽  
Nationally Representative

The aim of this study is to test empirically the sociological theory of craftsmanship originally developed by C. Wright Mills, Torstein Veblen, and Howard Becker and later extended by Harper, Sennett, and Fine. We conduct a quantitative analysis based on a nationally representative sample of 10,783 Icelandic adolescents (50.2% girls). We developed a scale measuring craftsmanship that we use to test several hypotheses regarding the role of craftsmanship in sport and education. Our findings provide a consistent empirical support for the theory of craftsmanship. First, they indicate that elements of the craftsmanship theory that have been identified by prior qualitative research go together as predicted to form a coherent theoretical construct and a measurement scale that is both reliable and valid. The craftsmanship scale therefore offers good opportunities for quantitative research in an area that has been exclusively qualitative. Second, our findings indicate that, as predicted, the craftsmanship approach makes schoolwork more meaningful and reduces general feelings of meaninglessness. Third, the findings show, as predicted, that the craftsmanship approach influences school performance in a positive way. Fourth, we find that the positive relationship between sport participation and school performance is in part mediated by craftsmanship. Finally, the findings show that the influence of craftsmanship on school performance is in part mediated by meaninglessness. We discuss the implications of the findings in light of sociological theory, culture and the social context of education and sport.

Bargaining over crowdfunding benefits

2018 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 166-177 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marco Bade
Keyword(s):  
Bargaining Power ◽  
Design Methodology ◽  
Success Probability ◽  
Venture Capitalists ◽  
Policy Makers ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Equilibrium Allocation ◽  
Outside Options ◽  
Multi Stage ◽  
Practical Implications

Purpose Crowdfunding creates multifaceted benefits for different agents who all desire to extract some of these benefits. The purpose of this paper is to analyze the allocation of crowdfunding benefits among crowdfunders, entrepreneurs, and venture capitalists. Design/methodology/approach The present paper develops a multi-stage bargaining model with a double-sided moral hazard. Findings It is demonstrated that higher entrepreneurial bargaining power vis-à-vis the crowd may not always be beneficial for the venture. Most importantly, this is due to the reduced success probability of crowdfunding resulting from higher bargaining power of the entrepreneur. Bargaining power and the value of outside options determine the equilibrium allocation of crowdfunding benefits, expected venture value, and thus expected wealth of all agents. Practical implications Entrepreneurs face a tradeoff between venture quality gains and worse outcomes from crowdfunding campaigns. Crowdfunding success and thus venture quality gains are the ultimate goal of policy makers if they aim to enhance the overall social welfare. Originality/value This paper is the first to investigate how multifaceted crowdfunding benefits are allocated between the crowd, entrepreneurs, and venture capitalists. The paper furthers the development of an appropriate regulatory framework for crowdfunding by depicting new and original effects related to crowdfunding.

Part-Peasant, Part-Trader: A Study of the Rural Poor in Republican Shanxi

Rural China ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 17 (2) ◽  
pp. 262-290
Author(s):  
Aiming Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Household Income ◽  
Household Labor ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Rural Poor ◽  
Survival Strategy ◽  
Efficient Allocation ◽  
Market Prices ◽  
Surplus Labor ◽  
Commercial Activities ◽  
Poor Peasant

Abstract Mixed occupations are a prominent feature of China’s smallholder peasant economy. For poor peasant households with little land, working in multiple occupations is a survival strategy that represents a more rational or efficient allocation of household labor. In central Shanxi in the 1930s and 1940s, the growth of the commercial economy encouraged peasant households to dedicate their surplus labor to small-scale commercial activities (including itinerant trade and shopkeeping apprenticeship), thus leading to the formation of a mixed “part-peasant, part-trader” 半耕半商 economy. This economy was characterized by the following practices: First, many young, able-bodied men farmed during the busy seasons and peddled goods in the slack seasons. Second, other able-bodied men engaged in off-farm commercial activities year-round, while female and elderly dependents did the farming—often with the help of relatives and neighbors. This represented a rational gendered and intergenerational allocation of labor that undercut labor market prices to maximize household income. Third, any surplus income from commerce, after satisfying basic consumption needs, was used to purchase more land as subsistence insurance against the vagaries of the commercial economy. These mixed practices of mutually supporting agriculture and commerce developed into a robust and competitive part-peasant, part-trader economic system.

War and Expected-Utility Theory

1984 ◽  
Vol 36 (3) ◽  
pp. 407-423 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Harrison Wagner
Keyword(s):  
Foreign Policy ◽  
Rational Choice ◽  
Expected Utility ◽  
Utility Theory ◽  
International Conflict ◽  
Empirical Test ◽  
Expected Utility Theory ◽  
Policy Makers ◽  
The One ◽  
Deductive Theory

In his book The War Trap Bruce Bueno de Mesquita claims to offer a deductive theory of international conflict based on the assumption that foreign policy makers attempt to maximize their expected utility. The theory is subjected to a systematic empirical test that seems to provide impressive confirmation. The first part of this article examines Bueno de Mesquita's theory and argues that it cannot be derived from his assumptions. The second part examines the operational version of the theory, which was the one actually tested, and argues that it can be more plausibly interpreted as a version of a different theory—one that Bueno de Mesquita claims to have discredited. The essay concludes by discussing the significance of this book with regard to the question of whether theories of individual rational choice can explain foreign policy decisions.

Europeans’ work and life – out of balance? An empirical test of assumptions from the “acceleration debate”

2015 ◽  
Vol 27 (1) ◽  
pp. 3-39 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nadine M Schöneck
Keyword(s):  
Empirical Test ◽  
Empirical Support ◽  
Work Life ◽  
Private Life ◽  
Work Life Balance ◽  
Life Balance ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Country Level ◽  
Stage Of Development ◽  
Level Data

Advanced modernity is regarded as an era of time obsession and people in modernized societies seem to live harried lives. Leading time sociologists like Hartmut Rosa adopt a modernization–critical stance and ascribe an accelerated pace of life and frequent time scarcity to socioeconomic and technological advancement. According to these protagonists of the “acceleration debate,” time becomes increasingly precious due to severely changed conditions of work and private life. Against this background it can be assumed that many people may suffer from an unsatisfactory work–life balance. This study uses individual-level data from the fifth round of the European Social Survey (fielded in 2010/11) as well as suitable country-level data capturing key features of advanced modernity to empirically test assumptions arising from the “acceleration debate.” Results from multilevel analyses of 23 European countries provide some confirmation of these assumptions. While most macro indicators for 2010 reflecting a certain stage of development are uninfluential, a country's degree of globalization matters, and moreover growth rates of crucial macro indicators signaling paces of development exert an impact on people's work–life balance in the assumed direction: In countries with accelerations in terms of economic development, coverage of households with internet access and numbers of new cars working people show a significantly greater inclination toward an unsatisfactory work–life balance. Aside from results at the country-level individual-level determinants and group-specific differences of work–life balance under different conditions of advanced modernity are presented. This study's two main findings—(1) paces of development matter more than stages of development and (2) assumptions arising from the “acceleration debate” receive some empirical support—are thoroughly reflected on and discussed.

scholarly journals Critical mass theory and women directors’ contribution to board strategic tasks

2010 ◽  
Vol 6 (3) ◽  
pp. 42-51 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mariateresa Torchia ◽  
Andrea Calabrò ◽  
Morten Huse ◽  
Marina Brogi
Keyword(s):  
Empirical Test ◽  
Critical Mass ◽  
Corporate Boards ◽  
Women Directors ◽  
Corporate Board ◽  
Policy Makers ◽  
The Public ◽  
Women On Corporate Boards ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Legislative Measures

In this article we offer an empirical test of the critical mass arguments in the discussion of women on corporate boards. The literature in the women on corporate board debate concludes that there must be at least three women on a board before the women really make a difference. These arguments are frequently used in the public debate about the understanding the impact of women on corporate boards, but they have never really been empirically tested on a large sample. In this paper we use a sample of 317 Norwegian firms. Our dependent variable is board strategic involvement. The findings support the critical mass arguments. This study offers useful insights to policy-makers interested in defining legislative measures mandating the presence of women directors in corporate boards by showing that “at least three women” may be particularly beneficial in terms of contribution to board strategic tasks.

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