scholarly journals China’s Agricultural Irrigation and Water Conservancy Projects: A Policy Synthesis and Discussion of Emerging Issues

2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (24) ◽  
pp. 7027 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lijuan Du ◽  
Li Xu ◽  
Yanping Li ◽  
Changshun Liu ◽  
Zhenhua Li ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sustainable Development ◽  
Local Governments ◽  
Irrigation System ◽  
Policy Coordination ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Agricultural Irrigation ◽  
Trade Offs ◽  
Water Conservancy ◽  
Small Scale Irrigation ◽  
Irrigation Infrastructure

The United Nations (UN) has identified 17 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) to tackle major barriers to sustainable development by 2030. Achieving these goals will rely on the contribution of all nations and require balancing trade-offs among different sectors. Water and food insecurity have long been the two major challenges facing China. To address these challenges and achieve the SDGs, China needs to safeguard its agricultural irrigation and water conservancy projects. Although China is making efforts to transition its agricultural development to a sustainable trajectory by promoting water-saving irrigation, a number of issues are emerging, both with policy reforms and technological innovations. Through synthesizing the historical development of agriculture and its relationship with policy and political regimes, this paper identifies four major issues that are challenging the sustainability transformation of China’s agricultural irrigation system and water conservancy projects: (1) problems with financial policy coordination between central and local governments; (2) the lack of incentives for farmers to construct and maintain irrigation infrastructure; (3) conflicts between decentralized operation of land and benefits from shared irrigation infrastructure; and (4) deterioration of small-scale irrigation infrastructure calls for action. In addressing these challenges, policy changes are required: government financial accountability at all levels needs to be clarified; subsidies need to be raised for the construction and management of small-scale irrigation and water conservancy projects; local non-profit organizations need to be established to enhance co-management between farmers and government.

scholarly journals Solar Powered Irrigation for Sustainable Development and Its Risk in Ethiopia

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Minyahil Tanashu Toga
Keyword(s):  
Sustainable Development ◽  
Agricultural Sector ◽  
Climate Adaptation ◽  
Irrigation System ◽  
Groundwater Resources ◽  
Rural Poverty ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Low Carbon ◽  
Solar Powered ◽  
Small Scale Irrigation

Abstract Background: In recent years, solar energy in Ethiopia has emerged as one of the cleanest, environmentally friendly, and reliable sources of energy. Energy is one of the main inputs of agriculture, especially for small scale irrigation, is becoming a focus in the agricultural water management agenda of the country Ethiopia. In this respect, Solar Powered Irrigation Systems are promoted widely in Ethiopia as the alternative to diesel-run pumps which is widely used by farmers in Ethiopia for sustainable development. These studies investigate the use of solar water pump for sustainable development and its risk in Ethiopia. Method: The investigation is based a review, assessment of inventory reports, scientific literatures and 10 people engaged in research, development, and/or implementation of solar power irrigation system were interviewed in person, household interviews and focus group discussionsResult: Solar based Small-scale irrigation is a policy priority in Ethiopia for rural poverty alleviation and growth, as well as climate adaptation, so there is considerable scope for expansion of small scale solar-based irrigation in Ethiopia. The risk is that farmers will consume more water than they did before the introduction of solar powered irrigation water pumping and if not well managed it will cause groundwater over abstraction, leading to depletion and degradation of groundwater resourcesConclusion: Sustainable development of the country can be achieved by enhancing solar powered small scale irrigation system to boost agricultural growth by enhancing agricultural productivity, decreases post-harvest loss, increase agribusiness income generation opportunity and revenue and increase energy efficiency and associated savings within the operation of farms and agribusiness while simulating low carbon economic growth within the agricultural sector of the country. Nevertheless, it is important to note that a solar-powered irrigation system if not well managed and regulated creates the risk of supporting unsustainable water use.

scholarly journals The Impact of Using Small-Scale Irrigation Motor Pumps on Farmers’ Household Incomes in Ethiopia: A Quasi-Experimental Approach

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (19) ◽  
pp. 8142
Author(s):  
Wubamlak Ayichew Workneh ◽  
Jun Takada ◽  
Shusuke Matsushita
Keyword(s):  
Rural Areas ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Irrigation System ◽  
Poverty Rate ◽  
Average Treatment Effect ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Growth Data ◽  
Canal Irrigation ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Small Scale Irrigation

Sectoral economic growth data in Ethiopia show that the agriculture sector has the lowest growth, which is caused by frequent drought and inefficient technologies, among other factors. As a result, the productivities of land and labor, as well as the income of small-scale farm households, are very low, and rural areas have a relatively high poverty rate. A quasi-experiment was applied to understand the impact of using small-scale irrigation motor pumps on farmers’ livelihood improvement. Specifically, a survey was conducted in 2019 on a sample of 92 small-scale irrigation motor pump and canal irrigation users as the treatment and control groups. The weighted propensity score matching method was applied to eliminate initial differences and adjust sampling proportions across the groups. Based on the average treatment effect on the treated estimation results, we cannot state that the mean income difference in small-scale irrigation motor pump users and canal irrigation system users is different from zero. This indicates that countries with little capital to invest in large-scale irrigation projects can introduce household-level small-scale irrigation motor pumps to improve farmers’ incomes.

scholarly journals One metropolis, two scenarios. Sustainable urban development contraddictions in the metropolitan area of Lima

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sally Torres ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Sustainable Development ◽  
Urban Planning ◽  
Urban Development ◽  
Metropolitan Area ◽  
Local Governments ◽  
Risk Mitigation ◽  
Local Level ◽  
Collaborative Governance ◽  
Sustainable Urban Development ◽  
Trade Offs

Despite the new urban planning thinking and legislation evolution since 2016 towards sustainable development, in practice, there is a limited legal framework for planning which makes it more challenging for local governments. As a result, two main scenarios have taken place in the Metropolitan Area of Lima: the unsustainable urban growth at the metropolitan level, and sustainable urban development building at the local level. In an attempt to contextualize the current state of Lima’s territorial planning, the research captures the nature and trajectory of this contradiction to conduct the various trade-offs inherent in sustainable urban development. The results show that urban planning unawareness, and fragmented governance without continuity across government periods, have led to distrust at the metropolitan level diminishing its urban development towards social and environmentally sustainable development. However, integrated planning and collaborative governance with stakeholders enabled the strengthening of resilience with risk mitigation in informal urban settlements at the local level. The research concludes that new transformations call for new behaviors. Consequently, appropriate collaborative governance becomes a collective power for sustainable urban development growth.

scholarly journals Irigasi Kecil: Kinerja, Masalah, dan Solusinya

2018 ◽  
Vol 35 (2) ◽  
pp. 91
Author(s):  
Tri Bastuti Purwantini ◽  
Rita Nur Suhaeti
Keyword(s):  
Food Security ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Irrigation System ◽  
Irrigation Management ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Irrigation Performance ◽  
Irrigation Systems ◽  
Irrigation Development ◽  
Problems And Solutions ◽  
Small Scale Irrigation

<p>Irrigation facilities is one of the key factors in farming, especially for food crop farming, including rice. A small-scale irrigation system has an area of less than 500 hectares, and it is the backbone of family food security which in turn will lead to national food security. Damage irrigation system networks will threaten food production increase. In the future, irrigation infrastructure must be better managed so that agricultural sector can realize agricultural diversification, conserve wider irrigation system and maintain local wisdom and social capital in irrigation management. The objective of the paper is to analyze performance, problems and solutions of small irrigation systems in Indonesia, including small irrigation concepts and understanding, small irrigation performance and development, small irrigation development policies, factors affecting smallscale irrigation development, investments, and prospects. The paper also compares various performances, problems and solutions of small irrigation systems in other countries. Small scale irrigation performance is often better than large-scale irrigation, in the sense of water availability throughout the year and equitable water distribution for all service areas.</p><p> </p><p>Abstrak</p><p>Sarana irigasi merupakan faktor penting dalam usaha tani khususnya tanaman pangan. Sistem irigasi kecil dengan luas oncoran kurang dari 500 ha merupakan tulang punggung ketahanan pangan keluarga yang pada gilirannya bermuara pada ketahanan pangan tingkat nasional. Kerusakan jaringan sistem irigasi akan mengancam peningkatan produksi pangan. Di masa yang akan datang, infrastruktur irigasi harus dikelola secara lebih baik agar sektor pertanian dapat mewujudkan diversifikasi pertanian, semakin luasnya konservasi sistem irigasi, serta kearifan lokal dan modal sosial dalam pengelolaan irigasi dapat terpelihara. Tulisan ini bertujuan menganalisis kinerja, masalah dan solusi sistem irigasi kecil di Indonesia, termasuk konsep dan pengertian irigasi kecil, kinerja dan perkembangan irigasi kecil, kebijakan pengembangan irigasi kecil, faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhi pengembangan investasi irigasi kecil, dan prospek pengembangan irigasi kecil. Dalam tulisan ini juga dibandingkan berbagai kinerja, masalah dan solusi dari sistem irigasi kecil di negera-negara lain. Kinerja irigasi kecil seringkali lebih baik dari irigasi skala besar, dalam arti ketersediaan air sepanjang tahun dan terdapat keadilan pembagian air untuk seluruh wilayah oncorannya.</p>

scholarly journals Households’ Willingness to Contribute to Irrigation Infrastructure in Rural China: The Role of Lineage and Outmigration

Water ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (7) ◽  
pp. 1852
Author(s):  
Yu Yang ◽  
Fang Wang
Keyword(s):  
Rural Communities ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Rural China ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Infrastructure Management ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
Small Scale Irrigation ◽  
Willingness To Contribute ◽  
Irrigation Infrastructure

Rural areas worldwide are witnessing an increase in outmigration, which has led to an impact on irrigation infrastructure management. In many cases, governments in transition economies find it difficult to support small-scale irrigation infrastructure programs. This research aims to examine the extent to which the recent “lineage revival” in China to increase the importance of lineage networks can reduce the negative effects of outmigration in rural communities. Analyzing a rural community in Sichuan Province, the findings reveal that while there is no significant effect of outmigration on respondents’ willingness to contribute toward irrigation infrastructure, and while lineage networks can enhance this willingness, such networks also reduce participation if non-lineage members are among the beneficiaries. Finally, the study provides an understanding of how informal lineage networks may facilitate contribution to irrigation infrastructure.

scholarly journals Enhancing Food Security by Institutionalizing Collaborative Food Alliances in Urban Areas

2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (15) ◽  
pp. 4103 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vibhas Sukhwani ◽  
Arie Nurzaman ◽  
Nadia Paramitha Kusumawardhani ◽  
Anwaar Mohammed AlHinai ◽  
Liu Hanyu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Food Security ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Local Governments ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Policy Coordination ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Urban And Rural Areas ◽  
Multi Stakeholder ◽  
Key Aspects

Narrowing the food supply-demand gaps between urban and rural areas within a regional space has today become a serious challenge due to the growing urban population. Resultantly, urban markets are increasingly being dominated by industrial food chains, despite their negative socio-environmental impacts. To address this issue, this paper discusses the need and significance of ‘Collaborative Food Alliances’ (CFAs), which promote the direct supply of food products from rural farmers to urban residents through improved producer–consumer relationships. Based on the literature survey, this study underlines that the current CFAs are confronted with several challenges including the small scale of functioning and limited financing. While the current research on CFAs is focused on theoretical place-based studies, this paper argues that institutionalization of CFAs at a large scale is highly important for enhancing food security in urban areas. It mainly deliberates on two key aspects: (a) The process of institutionalizing CFAs and (b) A feasible financing mechanism to support CFAs. This paper emphasizes that urban local governments have a central role to play in institutionalizing CFAs, either as a lead agency or as a facilitator. It concludes with specific suggestions on three key determinants of multi-stakeholder engagement, financial constraints and policy coordination at a regional level.

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