scholarly journals Distribution Kinetics of Rare Earth Elements in Copper Smelting

2019 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 208 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lassi Klemettinen ◽  
Riina Aromaa ◽  
Anna Dańczak ◽  
Hugh O’Brien ◽  
Pekka Taskinen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Rare Earth ◽  
Rare Earth Elements ◽  
Slag System ◽  
Green Technology ◽  
Copper Smelting ◽  
Critical Elements ◽  
Dependent Behavior ◽  
Similar Chemical ◽  
Sample Characterization ◽  
New Applications

The use of rare earth elements (REEs) is increasing, mainly due to the growing demand for electric vehicles and new applications in green technology. This results in annual growth of the in-use REE stocks and the amount of End-of-Life (EoL) products containing REEs. REEs are considered critical elements by the EU, mainly because the rest of the world is dependent on China’s supply. Recycling of REEs can help alleviate the criticality of REEs, however, no REEs are currently functionally recycled. In this study, the time-dependent behavior of REEs in copper matte-slag system in primary copper smelting conditions was investigated experimentally at a laboratory scale. Lanthanum and neodymium were chosen to represent all REEs, as they are generally found in the highest concentrations in EoL products, and because REEs all have similar chemical behavior. The experiments were conducted as a function of time in air and argon atmospheres. SEM-EDS, EPMA and LA-ICP-MS methods were used for sample characterization. The results of this work indicate that the REEs strongly favor the slag and the deportment to the slag begins almost instantly when the system reaches high temperatures. With increasing contact times, the REEs distribute even more strongly into the slag phase, where they may be recovered and recycled, if their concentrations are sufficiently high and a suitable hydrometallurgical process can be found.

Using Electron Energy-Loss Spectroscopy (EELS) To Study Rare Earth Elements In Natural Crystals

2000 ◽  
Vol 6 (S2) ◽  
pp. 206-207
Author(s):  
Huifang Xu
Keyword(s):  
Rare Earth ◽  
Energy Loss ◽  
Rare Earth Elements ◽  
Electron Energy ◽  
Energy Resolution ◽  
Electron Energy Loss Spectroscopy ◽  
Relative Concentration ◽  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Similar Chemical ◽  
Electron Energy Loss

Because of similar chemical properties of the rare earth elements (Ree), whole series of the Ree may occur in natural Ree-bearing crystals. Relative concentration of the Ree may vary as the crystallization environments change. Electron energy-dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) associated with TEM is unable to resolve Ree and other coexistence elements, such as Ba nd Ti, because of peak overlap and energy resolution (∼ 150 eV) of EDS. Figure A indicate multiple peaks from Ce only. The Cu peaks are from Cu grid holding the specimen. Electron energy-loss spectroscopy (EELS) with energy resolution of < 1 eV is able to resolve all Ree in natural Ree-bearing crystals.Natural carbonate crystals from a Ree ore deposit were investigated by using EELS associated with field emission-gun (FEG) TEM. The crystals are in a chemical series of BaCO3 - Ree(CO3)F [1]. In Figure B, EEL spectra A and B are from Ce-rich and La-rich bastnaesite (Ree(CO3)F), respectively; spectrum D is from cordylite (BaCO3 (Ree(CO3)F); spectrum E is from huanghoite (BaCO3 Ree(CO3)F), spectrum F is from BaCO3; spectrum C is from an unknown Ree-rich phase.

scholarly journals The Potential Utilizing of Critical Element from Coal and Combustion Residues

Energies ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (15) ◽  
pp. 4710
Author(s):  
Yunhu Hu ◽  
Mu You ◽  
Guijian Liu ◽  
Zhongbing Dong ◽  
Facun Jiao ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Rare Earth ◽  
Rare Earth Elements ◽  
Energy Efficient ◽  
High Tech ◽  
Critical Element ◽  
Recycled Materials ◽  
Critical Elements ◽  
High Concentrations ◽  
Alternative Sources ◽  
Combustion Residues

Strategically critical elements are becoming significant for the rising demand of emerging energy-efficient technologies and high-tech applications. These critical elements are mostly geologically dispersed, and mainly recovered from recycled materials. Coal with high concentrations of critical elements is supposed to stable alternative sources. The abundances of critical elements in coal varies widely among different deposits and regions. The high concentrations of critical elements are found in many Chinese and Russian coal ores. The global mining potential ratio (MPR) is applied and suggests scandium, hafnium, cesium, yttrium, germanium, gallium, thallium, strontium and rare-earth elements could be potential recovery from coal. A number of benefits are expected with the extraction of critical elements during coal utilization.

scholarly journals Mineralogical and Geochemical Characteristics of Lithium and Rare Earth Elements in High-Sulfur Coal from the Donggou Mine, Chongqing, Southwestern China

Minerals ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (7) ◽  
pp. 627
Author(s):  
Jianhua Zou ◽  
Longfei Cheng ◽  
Yuanchen Guo ◽  
Zhengcheng Wang ◽  
Heming Tian ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Rare Earth ◽  
Rare Earth Elements ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Geochemical Characteristics ◽  
Critical Elements ◽  
Geological Factors ◽  
Potential Alternative ◽  
Geological Factor ◽  
Alternative Sources ◽  
Coal Measures

Coal and coal by-products are considered as the potential raw materials for critical elements (e.g., rare earth elements, Li, Ga, Ge, etc.), which have attracted much attention in recent years. The purpose of this study is to investigate the mineralogical and geochemical characteristics, and controlling geological factors of lithium and rare earth elements in the Lopingian (Wujiaping Formation) coal from the Donggou Mine, southeastern Chongqing Coalfield, China. Results indicate that lithium and rare earth elements are significantly enriched in the Donggou coals, which could be new potential alternative sources for critical elements. Concentrations of lithium and rare earth elements in the Donggou coals gradually increase from top to bottom. Lithium is mainly associated with kaolinite, while rhabdophane, florencite, goyazite, and xenotime are the main hosts of rare earth elements. The controlling geological factor is the groundwater leaching of underlying tuff, and to a lesser extent, the terrigenous clastic materials input from the top layer of the Kangdian Upland. This study provides mineralization information for lithium and rare earth elements exploration in coal measures.

Distribution of rare earth elements and other critical elements in beneficiated Pennsylvania anthracites

Fuel ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 304 ◽  
pp. 121400
Author(s):  
James C. Hower ◽  
Cortland F. Eble ◽  
Na Wang ◽  
Shifeng Dai
Keyword(s):  
Rare Earth ◽  
Rare Earth Elements ◽  
Critical Elements

scholarly journals Global Deposits of Rare Earth Elements and Prospects in the Democratic Republic of Congo

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Georges M. Kasay ◽  
Anthony Bolarinwa ◽  
Olawale K. Aromolaran ◽  
Charles Nzolang ◽  
Alain S. Kivava
Keyword(s):  
Rare Earth ◽  
Rare Earth Elements ◽  
Permanent Magnets ◽  
Democratic Republic ◽  
Democratic Republic Of Congo ◽  
Developing Economies ◽  
Green Technology ◽  
High Tech ◽  
Republic Of Congo ◽  
Air Conditioners

Abstract Rare earth elements (REE) are not as rare as their name indicate, but the deposits in which they are found at an economic interest are not very common. They are enriched in carbonatites, pegmatites, alkaline and per-alkaline igneous rocks, placers, laterites, veins, bauxites and iron adsorption clays. Economic deposits of REE are mined from 3 main minerals, which are bastnaesite, monazite and xenotime. REE have been widely used in many high-tech and green technology gadgets, including batteries, computer memories, permanent magnets, smartphones, solar panels, wind turbines, speakers, air conditioners and many other applications. Due to these applications, REE are sought after by many developed and developing economies. The Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) is endowed with mineral potentials. Studies have speculated REE concentration in areas with carbonatite complexes such as Lueshe, Bingo and Kirumba. Other regions with REE potentials include pegmatites. A high weathering rate contributes to metals and REE deposition in lateritic profiles of pegmatites and other alkaline rocks. Additionally, there are placers in many locations of riverbanks. For example, the alluvial placers of Kabengelwa, Mashabuto and Obaye are enriched in monazite and contain significant quantities of rare earth oxides. We believe that, with more research and explorations, the DRC could be a potential target for future REE projects.

scholarly journals Rare Earth Elements Recovery Using Selective Membranes via Extraction and Rejection

Membranes ◽  
2022 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 80
Author(s):  
Atiyeh Bashiri ◽  
Arash Nikzad ◽  
Reza Maleki ◽  
Mohsen Asadnia ◽  
Amir Razmjou
Keyword(s):  
Rare Earth ◽  
Rare Earth Elements ◽  
Active Sites ◽  
Membrane Separation ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Future Studies ◽  
Similar Chemical ◽  
Potential Applications ◽  
Environmentally Friendly Approach ◽  
Separation Of Rees

Recently, demands for raw materials like rare earth elements (REEs) have increased considerably due to their high potential applications in modern industry. Additionally, REEs’ similar chemical and physical properties caused their separation to be difficult. Numerous strategies for REEs separation such as precipitation, adsorption and solvent extraction have been applied. However, these strategies have various disadvantages such as low selectivity and purity of desired elements, high cost, vast consumption of chemicals and creation of many pollutions due to remaining large amounts of acidic and alkaline wastes. Membrane separation technology (MST), as an environmentally friendly approach, has recently attracted much attention for the extraction of REEs. The separation of REEs by membranes usually occurs through three mechanisms: (1) complexation of REE ions with extractant that is embedded in the membrane matrix, (2) adsorption of REE ions on the surface created-active sites on the membrane and (3) the rejection of REE ions or REEs complex with organic materials from the membrane. In this review, we investigated the effect of these mechanisms on the selectivity and efficiency of the membrane separation process. Finally, potential directions for future studies were recommended at the end of the review.

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