scholarly journals Economic Valuation of Earth’s Critical Zone: A Pilot Study of the Zhangxi Catchment, China

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (4) ◽  
pp. 1699
Author(s):  
Wan Nie ◽  
Hongyan Guo ◽  
Lei Yang ◽  
Yaoyang Xu ◽  
Gang Li ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Land Surface ◽  
Physical System ◽  
Full Range ◽  
Economic Valuation ◽  
Economic Value ◽  
Yangtze River Delta ◽  
Critical Zone ◽  
Natural Sciences ◽  
Human Welfare ◽  
Earth’S Critical Zone

Earth’s critical zone is the physical layer contained between the top of the vegetation canopy and the depth of the circulating groundwater below the land surface. The critical zone is defined within the study of Earth natural sciences as the unique terrestrial biophysical system that supplies most life-sustaining resources for humans. A feature of this specific physical system that is defined by geographical locale is the interactions of people with the vertically-connected biophysical flows and transformations (energy, material, biodiversity) that contribute to human welfare by delivering, both directly and indirectly, critical zone services to humankind. We have characterized these interactions by considering the full extent of the critical zone through the application of economic valuation methods. We estimated the current economic value of 14 critical zone services for 5 biophysical components of Earth’s critical zone, based on data collected from the Zhangxi catchment of Ningbo city located in the Yangtze River Delta region of China and from several additional published studies. For the full vertical extent of Earth’s critical zone bounded by the Zhangxi catchment, the value, most of which is outside the market, was estimated to be USD 116 million in 2018. Valuation of goods and services was delineated for benefits arising from key components of the critical zone physical system. The estimated value of the atmospheric component of Earth’s critical zone was USD 5 million; the vegetation component value was USD 96 million; the soil component value was USD 8 million; the surface water component value was USD 5 million; and the groundwater component value was USD 2 million. Because of the nature of the uncertainties and lack of data for the full range of identified services, these values are considered a minimum estimate. Gross domestic product in the Zhangxi catchment was around USD 431 million in 2018. These results illustrate, for one location, the range of services that arise when considering the full depth of Earth’s critical zone, the data needs for valuing this range of services, and the conceptual and potential methodological advances, and the challenges, that exist at the disciplinary interface between Earth natural sciences and applied economics.

‘One physical system’: Tansley's ecosystem as Earth's critical zone

2015 ◽  
Vol 206 (3) ◽  
pp. 900-912 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel deB. Richter ◽  
Sharon A. Billings
Keyword(s):  
Physical System ◽  
Critical Zone ◽  
Earth’S Critical Zone

scholarly journals Economic valuation of Lansa Mangrove Forest, North Sulawesi, Indonesia

2019 ◽  
Vol 20 (4) ◽  
pp. 978-986 ◽  
Author(s):  
CALVYN FA SONDAK ◽  
ERLY Y KALIGIS ◽  
ROBERT A BARA
Keyword(s):  
Ecosystem Services ◽  
Mangrove Forest ◽  
Contingent Valuation Method ◽  
Economic Valuation ◽  
Economic Value ◽  
Market Price ◽  
Coastal Protection ◽  
Use Value ◽  
Human Welfare ◽  
North Sulawesi

Abstract. Sondak CFA, Kaligis EY, Bara RA. 2019. Economic valuation of Lansa Mangrove Forest, North Sulawesi, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 20: 978-986. Mangrove forest gives many benefits and services to human and environment. Even though it contributes many benefits and services, coastal ecosystems threatened as one of the most critical ecosystems in the world. The study aims to estimate the economic value of ecosystem services provided by Lansa mangrove forest, Wori Sub-district, North Minahasa District, North Sulawesi Province, Indonesia. Here, we describe the use value (direct and indirect value) and non-use value (option and existence value), and emphasize the components of ecosystem services fish resources, firewood, coastal protection, biodiversity, carbon (C) removal and mangrove sustainability because these directly influence human welfare. Their market price calculated fish and C removal value. Coastal barrier and firewood were approached using the replacement cost method. Biodiversity value was calculated using Indonesia mangrove forest biodiversity value. Contingent Valuation method was used to find out people willing to pay for the sustainability of mangrove forest. Lansa mangrove forest total economic value (TEV) was IDR 4,431,197,603 or equal to US$ 305,600 (US$ 1,959 ha-1). The success of this mangrove valuation has potentially large implications for future policy-making of its’ ecosystem service values.    

Soil Functions: Connecting Earth's Critical Zone

2019 ◽  
Vol 47 (1) ◽  
pp. 333-359 ◽  
Author(s):  
Steven A. Banwart ◽  
Nikolaos P. Nikolaidis ◽  
Yong-Guan Zhu ◽  
Caroline L. Peacock ◽  
Donald L. Sparks
Keyword(s):  
Land Surface ◽  
Computational Models ◽  
Soil Aggregates ◽  
Control Point ◽  
Critical Zone ◽  
Resource Provisioning ◽  
Human Intervention ◽  
Soil Functions ◽  
Bedrock Weathering ◽  
Earth’S Critical Zone

Soil is the central interface of Earth's critical zone—the planetary surface layer extending from unaltered bedrock to the vegetation canopy—and is under intense pressure from human demand for biomass, water, and food resources. Soil functions are flows and transformations of mass, energy, and genetic information that connect soil to the wider critical zone, transmitting the impacts of human activity at the land surface and providing a control point for beneficial human intervention. Soil functions are manifest during bedrock weathering and, in fully developed soil profiles, correlate with the porosity architecture of soil structure and arise from the development of soil aggregates as fundamental ecological units. Advances in knowledge on the mechanistic processes of soil functions, their connection throughout the critical zone, and their quantitative representation in mathematical and computational models define research frontiers that address the major global challenges of critical zone resource provisioning for human benefit. ▪ Connecting the mechanisms of soil functions with critical zone processes defines integrating science to tackle challenges of climate change and food and water supply. ▪ Soil functions, which develop through formation of soil aggregates as fundamental eco-logical units, are manifest at the earliest stages of critical zone evolution. ▪ Global degradation of soil functions during the Anthropocene is reversible through positive human intervention in soil as a central control point in Earth's critical zone. ▪ Measurement and mathematical translation of soil functions and critical zone processes offer new computational approaches for basic and applied geosciences research.

scholarly journals Projecting Basin-Scale Distributed Irrigation and Domestic Water Demands and Values: A Generic Method for Large-Scale Modeling

2016 ◽  
Vol 02 (04) ◽  
pp. 1650023 ◽  
Author(s):  
Noémie Neverre ◽  
Patrice Dumas
Keyword(s):  
Irrigation Water ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Potential Evapotranspiration ◽  
Demand Curve ◽  
Economic Valuation ◽  
Economic Value ◽  
Expansion Method ◽  
Domestic Water ◽  
Water Demands ◽  
Basin Scale

This paper presents a methodology to project irrigation and domestic water demands on a regional to global scale, in terms of both quantity and economic value. Projections are distributed at the water basin scale. Irrigation water demand is projected under climate change. It is simply computed as the difference between crop potential evapotranspiration for the different stages of the growing season and available precipitation. Irrigation water economic value is based on a yield comparison approach between rainfed and irrigated crops using average yields. For the domestic sector, we project the combined effects of demographic growth, economic development and water cost evolution on future demands. The method consists in building three-part inverse demand functions in which volume limits of the blocks evolve with the level of GDP per capita. The value of water along the demand curve is determined from price-elasticity, price and demand data from the literature, using the point-expansion method, and from water cost data. This generic methodology can be easily applied to large-scale regions, in particular developing regions where reliable data are scarce. As an illustration, it is applied to Algeria, at the 2050 horizon, for demands associated to reservoirs. Our results show that domestic demand is projected to become a major water consumption sector. The methodology is meant to be integrated into large-scale hydroeconomic models, to determine inter-sectorial and inter-temporal water allocation based on economic valuation.

scholarly journals VALUASI EKONOMI DAN ANALISIS KESESUAIAN WISATA DI PANTAI SIGANDU DESA KLIDANG LOR KABUPATEN BATANG Economic Valuation and Tourism Suitability Analysis in Sigandu Beach, Klidang Lor Village, Batang Regency

2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (3) ◽  
pp. 147-154
Author(s):  
Diah Hanifah ◽  
Anhar Solichin ◽  
Churun Ain
Keyword(s):  
Economic Valuation ◽  
Economic Value ◽  
Travel Cost ◽  
Primary Data ◽  
Travel Cost Method ◽  
Limiting Factor ◽  
Suitability Analysis ◽  
Suitability Index ◽  
Index Value ◽  
Age Range

 ABSTRAK Pantai Sigandu merupakan objek wisata alam yang sangat potensial. Keberadaan Pantai Sigandu mampu membantu perekonomian daerah Kabupaten Batang. Mengingat pentingnya keberadaan objek wisata tersebut maka diperlukan suatu kajian yang mampu mengestimasi besarnya nilai ekonomi dari kegiatan wisata di Pantai Sigandu, serta menganalisa kesesuaian wisata pantai untuk rekreasi agar dapat digunakan dalam pengembangan dan pengelolaan objek wisata tersebut. Penelitian ini dilaksanakan pada bulan Desember 2018 - Januari 2019 dengan bertujuan untuk mengetahui profil dan tipologi wisatawan; menghitung nilai ekonomi pariwisata berdasarkan Travel Cost Method (TCM); dan menganalisa kesesuaian wisata berdasarkan Indeks Kesesuaian Wisata (IKW). Penelitian ini bersifat kuantitatif, dengan metode pengambilan data primer menggunakan teknik wawancara terhadap 100 wisatawan, dengan bantuan kuisioner serta melakukan sampling lapangan untuk analisis kesesuaian wisata. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa karakteristik wisatawan memiliki kisaran usia 20-40 tahun dengan tingkat pendidikan SMA/SMK. Nilai ekonomi yang diperoleh berdasarkan metode biaya perjalanan atau TCM di Pantai Sigandu yaitu sebesar Rp. 31.038.289.140,00 per tahun dengan biaya rata-rata sebesar Rp. 120.140,00 per individu. Nilai Indeks Kesesuaian Wisata (IKW) Pantai Sigandu termasuk dalam kategori sangat sesuai (S1) yaitu tidak memiliki faktor pembatas dalam suatu penggunaan tertentu secara lestari, atau hanya memiliki pembatas yang kurang berarti dan tidak berpengaruh secara nyata. ABSTRACT Sigandu Beach is a potential natural tourism object. The existence of Sigandu Beach is able to increase the economy of the Batang Regency. The existence of a tourism object is important, so it is needed a study to estimate the tourism economic value of Pantai Sigandu, as well as to analyze the suitability of coastal tourism for recreation so that it can be used in development and management of this tourism object. This study was conducted in December 2018 - January 2019. It aims to find out the profile and typology of tourists; to calculate the economic value of tourism based on Travel Cost Method (TCM); and to analyze tourist suitability based on the Tourism Suitability Index. This study is a quantitative with a primary data method use a interview technique for 100 tourist with the help of questionnaires and do measures of the field for Tourism Suitability Analysis. Results of the study show that characteristics of tourist respondents have an age range of 20-40 years old with high school/ vocational education level. The economic value was obtained based on TCM in the Sigandu Beach, which is Rp. 31,038,289,140.00 per year with an average cost of Rp. 120,140.00 per individual. The Tourism Suitability Index value in the Sigandu Beach is included in the very appropriate category (S1), it does not have a limiting factor in a particular use sustainably, or it only has a less significant limitation and does not have a significant effect.

scholarly journals VALUASI EKONOMI OBJEK WISATA PANTAI WEDIOMBO KABUPATEN GUNUNGKIDUL YOGYAKARTA DENGAN PENDEKATAN TRAVEL COST Economic Valuation of Tourism Destination of Wediombo Beach Gunungkidul Regency Yogyakarta with Travel Cost Approach

2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (3) ◽  
pp. 203-210
Author(s):  
Theresia Panjaitan ◽  
Suradi Wijaya Saputra ◽  
Siti Rudiyanti
Keyword(s):  
Aquatic Ecosystems ◽  
Economic Valuation ◽  
Economic Value ◽  
Travel Cost ◽  
Travel Cost Method ◽  
Tourism Destination ◽  
Tourist Destination ◽  
Method Approach ◽  
Cost Economic ◽  
Average Individual

ABSTRAKPantai Wediombo terletak di  Desa Jepitu, Kecamatan Girisubo, Kabupaten Gunungkidul. Pantai Wediombo merupakan salah satu ekosistem perairan yang memiliki daya tarik untuk dapat dijadikan objek wisata. Manfaat yang diberikan oleh pantai Wediombo belum terukur secara ekonomi sehingga penting untuk dilakukan studi tentang besarnya nilai ekonomi kawasan wisata. Tujuan dari penelitian ini yaitu untuk mengetahui potensi dan nilai ekonomi Pantai Wediombso. Penelitian dilaksanakan pada bulan Maret 2019 di Pantai Wediombo. Penelitian menggunakan metode deskriptif. Pengumpulan data diperoleh melalui wawancara kepada 100 wisatawan dan 1 pengelola wisata menggunakan kuisioner dengan teknik sampling accidental sampling. Analisis valuasi ekonomi wisata menggunakan pendekatan Travel Cost Method. Potensi yang dimiliki oleh Pantai Wediombo mencakup keindahan dan kondisi daya tarik pantai termasuk dalam  kategori sangat baik, sarana dan prasarana yang sudah memadai, pelayanan pengelola yang cukup baik serta potensi budaya masyarakat seperti Upacara Ngalangi. Nilai ekonomi Pantai Wediombo sebesar Rp.52.787.622.096,00/tahun dengan rata-rata biaya perjalanan individu sebesar Rp. 208.296,00/kunjungan. ABSTRACTWediombo Beach located in Jepitu Village, Girisubo District, Gunungkidul Regency. Wediombo Beach is one of the aquatic ecosystems which has attraction that can be a good tourist destination. The benefits from Wediombo Beach were not yet measure in economic terms and it is important to study the magnitude of the economic value of tourist areas. The purpose of this research is to find out the potential and economic value of the beach. The research held on March at Wediombo Beach. The study used descriptive methods. Data obtained through interviews with 100 tourists and 1 tourism manager using questionnaires with accidental sampling. Analysis of tourism economic valuation using Travel Cost Method approach. The potential of Wediombo Beach including the beauty and conditions of coastal appeal is in a very good category, adequate facilities and infrastructure, good management services and potential cultural communities such as the Ngalangi ceremony. The economic value of Wediombo Beach based on tourist travel cost is about Rp.52.787.622.096.00 / year and average individual travel cost about Rp.208.296 / visit.

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