scholarly journals Projecting Basin-Scale Distributed Irrigation and Domestic Water Demands and Values: A Generic Method for Large-Scale Modeling

2016 ◽  
Vol 02 (04) ◽  
pp. 1650023 ◽  
Author(s):  
Noémie Neverre ◽  
Patrice Dumas
Keyword(s):  
Irrigation Water ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Potential Evapotranspiration ◽  
Demand Curve ◽  
Economic Valuation ◽  
Economic Value ◽  
Expansion Method ◽  
Domestic Water ◽  
Water Demands ◽  
Basin Scale

This paper presents a methodology to project irrigation and domestic water demands on a regional to global scale, in terms of both quantity and economic value. Projections are distributed at the water basin scale. Irrigation water demand is projected under climate change. It is simply computed as the difference between crop potential evapotranspiration for the different stages of the growing season and available precipitation. Irrigation water economic value is based on a yield comparison approach between rainfed and irrigated crops using average yields. For the domestic sector, we project the combined effects of demographic growth, economic development and water cost evolution on future demands. The method consists in building three-part inverse demand functions in which volume limits of the blocks evolve with the level of GDP per capita. The value of water along the demand curve is determined from price-elasticity, price and demand data from the literature, using the point-expansion method, and from water cost data. This generic methodology can be easily applied to large-scale regions, in particular developing regions where reliable data are scarce. As an illustration, it is applied to Algeria, at the 2050 horizon, for demands associated to reservoirs. Our results show that domestic demand is projected to become a major water consumption sector. The methodology is meant to be integrated into large-scale hydroeconomic models, to determine inter-sectorial and inter-temporal water allocation based on economic valuation.

Economic Valuation of “Parak” Traditional Agroforestry West Sumatera (Case Study in Nagari Paninggahan, Solok Regency)

2021 ◽  
Vol 3 (3) ◽  
pp. 34-42
Author(s):  
Helmayuni ◽  
Mardianto
Keyword(s):  
Economic Valuation ◽  
Economic Value ◽  
Soil Layer ◽  
Secondary Data ◽  
Research Area ◽  
Primary Data ◽  
Domestic Water ◽  
Traditional Agroforestry ◽  
Direct Use

This study aims to determine the economic value, which is a direct and indirect benefit (tangible and intangible) of Parak in the research area. This research used a case study method, and the sampling was carried out in a purposive manner consisting of 50 sample farmers. The data used in this study are primary data and secondary data. Preliminary data were obtained by direct interviews with respondents based on the questionnaire provided, while secondary data were taken from agencies related to this research. The processing of data obtained in the field shows that Parak plays an important role in supporting the economy of farmers in Nagari Paninggahan either directly or indirectly. The direct use value obtained from the plant is IDR. 46,753,650 (66,316 per cent), from firewood of IDR. 23,070,000 (32,722 percent) and from livestock IDR. 678,550 (0.963 per cent) so that the total direct use income is IDR. 70,502,200 per year of all commodities cultivated by the sample farmers. Meanwhile, for indirect use, such as household/domestic water use, IDR. 13,312,320/year and agricultural irrigation water IDR. 54,052,111/year. The total indirect usage is IDR. 67,364,431,-. Per year. Agroforestry patterns can cover the soil layer well and have an effective influence on soil erosion control to increase the supply of water in the soil. Respondents have also carried out other conservation activities by constructing bench terraces, terracing systems, and other buildings to suppress sedimentation and erosion.

scholarly journals Economic Valuation of Cultural Heritage: Application of Travel Cost Method to the National Museum and Research Center of Altamira

2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (7) ◽  
pp. 2550 ◽  
Author(s):  
Saúl Torres-Ortega ◽  
Rubén Pérez-Álvarez ◽  
Pedro Díaz-Simal ◽  
Julio de Luis-Ruiz ◽  
Felipe Piña-García
Keyword(s):  
Cultural Heritage ◽  
Demand Curve ◽  
Economic Valuation ◽  
Economic Value ◽  
Revealed Preference ◽  
Travel Cost ◽  
World Heritage Site ◽  
Research Center ◽  
Travel Cost Method ◽  
National Museum

The economic assessment of non-marketed resources (i.e., cultural heritage) can be developed with stated or revealed preference methods. Travel cost method (TCM) is based on the demand theory and assumes that the demand for a recreational site is inversely related to the travel costs that a certain visitor must face to enjoy it. Its application requires data about the tourist’s origin. This work aims to analyze the economic value of the National Museum and Research Center of Altamira, which was created to research, conserve, and broadcast the Cave of Altamira (UNESCO World Heritage Site since 1985). It includes an accurate replica known as the “Neocave”. Two different TCM approaches have been applied to obtain the demand curve of the museum, which is a powerful tool that helps to assess past and future investments. It has also provided the annual economic value estimate of the National Museum and Research Center of Altamira, which varies between 4.75 and 8.00 million € per year.

scholarly journals Dominant effect of increasing forest biomass on evapotranspiration: interpretations of movement in Budyko space

2018 ◽  
Vol 22 (1) ◽  
pp. 567-580 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fernando Jaramillo ◽  
Neil Cory ◽  
Berit Arheimer ◽  
Hjalmar Laudon ◽  
Ype van der Velde ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Opposite Effect ◽  
Forest Cover ◽  
Potential Evapotranspiration ◽  
Forest Biomass ◽  
Residual Effect ◽  
Water Saving ◽  
Forest Change ◽  
Basin Scale ◽  
Forest Attributes

Abstract. During the last 6 decades, forest biomass has increased in Sweden mainly due to forest management, with a possible increasing effect on evapotranspiration. However, increasing global CO2 concentrations may also trigger physiological water-saving responses in broadleaf tree species, and to a lesser degree in some needleleaf conifer species, inducing an opposite effect. Additionally, changes in other forest attributes may also affect evapotranspiration. In this study, we aimed to detect the dominating effect(s) of forest change on evapotranspiration by studying changes in the ratio of actual evapotranspiration to precipitation, known as the evaporative ratio, during the period 1961–2012. We first used the Budyko framework of water and energy availability at the basin scale to study the hydroclimatic movements in Budyko space of 65 temperate and boreal basins during this period. We found that movements in Budyko space could not be explained by climatic changes in precipitation and potential evapotranspiration in 60 % of these basins, suggesting the existence of other dominant drivers of hydroclimatic change. In both the temperate and boreal basin groups studied, a negative climatic effect on the evaporative ratio was counteracted by a positive residual effect. The positive residual effect occurred along with increasing standing forest biomass in the temperate and boreal basin groups, increasing forest cover in the temperate basin group and no apparent changes in forest species composition in any group. From the three forest attributes, standing forest biomass was the one that could explain most of the variance of the residual effect in both basin groups. These results further suggest that the water-saving response to increasing CO2 in these forests is either negligible or overridden by the opposite effect of the increasing forest biomass. Thus, we conclude that increasing standing forest biomass is the dominant driver of long-term and large-scale evapotranspiration changes in Swedish forests.

scholarly journals ECONOMIC VALUATION OF SURFACE IRRIGATION WATER: SHIRE VALLEY, SOUTHERN MALAWI

AGROFOR ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Esau BANISI ◽  
Julius MANGISONI ◽  
Davies NG’ONG’OLA ◽  
Sika GB’EGB’EL’EGB’E ◽  
Kennedy MACHILA
Keyword(s):  
Surface Water ◽  
Willingness To Pay ◽  
Irrigation Water ◽  
Economic Valuation ◽  
Economic Value ◽  
Surface Irrigation ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Sugarcane Production ◽  
Factors Influencing ◽  
Value Of Irrigation Water

Economic valuation of surface irrigation water and the factors that determine willingness to pay for such resource for sustainable purposes is not clearly defined in Malawi. This paper evaluated economic value of surface water used in irrigation and identified factors influencing farmers' decision to participate in water markets for rice and sugarcane production in Upper Shire Valley of Southern Malawi. A cross-sectional data from 310 households involved in irrigation activities was used. General Algebraic Modelling System (GAMS) was employed to determine the economic value of surface water. Craggit Double Hurdle Model and Range-WTP procedure was employed to determine factors influencing farmers' decision to participate and pay for surface water solicit the social value of the surface water. The results revealed an economic value of 480.77 Malawi Kwacha1 (MK)/m3 for surface water in the valley, but specifically pointed out that surface water value for rice and sugarcane production was MK 512.96/m3 and MK 448.58/m3 respectively. Households irrigating rice and sugarcane revealed a willingness to pay for water at MK 1.67/m3 and MK 2.87/m3 respectively. Farming as a livelihood, plot status, crop type and market prices are reported to be influencing household participation in the water market. The study recommends that: (i) Farmers must always be informed of the economic value of irrigation water and be prepared to pay for it; and (ii) The allocated land should have a well-defined period of access and crop types to be grown in the valley should be of high economic value.

CONCEPT OF THE IMPROVEMENT OF A KEY PUBLIC SPACE (USING THE EXAMPLE OF «ALLEY OF ARCHITECTS», VORONEZH)

2020 ◽  
pp. 97-109
Author(s):  
С. Л. Подвальный ◽  
О. А. Сотникова ◽  
Я. А. Золотухина
Keyword(s):  
Urban Environment ◽  
Public Space ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Economic Value ◽  
Ecological Condition ◽  
Territory Design ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
The City ◽  
Modern Technologies ◽  
Intensive Growth

Постановка задачи. В настоящее время формирование современной комфортной городской среды приобретает особое социально-экономическое значение и выдвигается в число приоритетных государственных масштабных программ. В связи с этим необходимо разработать концепцию благоустройства ключевого общественного пространства, а именно: определить основные и сопутствующие функции данной территории, создать эскизное предложение проекта благоустройства с учетом всех необходимых норм и стандартов, внедрить современные технологии. Результаты. Выполнен эскизный дизайн-проект «Аллеи архитекторов» по ул. Орджоникидзе г. Воронеж, включающий в себя основные элементы по зонированию территории, проектированию акцентных объектов и внедрению инновационных технологий «умного города», позволяющих повысить уровень комфорта горожан. Выводы. Благоустройство населенных мест приобретает особое значение в условиях дискомфорта среды. С выполнением комплекса мероприятий, направленных на благоустройство, и с внедрением современных технологий значительно улучшается экологическое состояние, внешний облик города. Оздоровление и модернизация среды, которая окружает человека в городе, благотворно влияет на психофизическое состояние, что особенно важно в период интенсивного роста городов. Statement of the problem. Currently the formation of the modern comfortable urban environment is gaining a special social and economic value and moving forward in the priorities of state large-scale programs. The purpose of development of the concept of improvement of public space is definition of the main and accompanying functions of this territory, design of the outline offer of the project of improvement considering all necessary norms and standards and implementation of modern technologies. Results. The conceptual project of “Alley of Architects” includes the basic elements of territory zoning, design of accent objects and implementation of technologies of a “smart-city”. These elements allow one to increase the level of comfort of inhabitants. Conclusions. Improvement of the inhabited places is of particular importance in the conditions of discomfort of the environment. Carrying out a complex of the actions directed to gardening and improvement, introducing modern technologies, the ecological condition, the physical appearance of the city considerably improves. Improvement and modernization of the environment which surrounds the person in the city influences a psychophysical state well that especially important during intensive growth of the cities.

scholarly journals Disinfection by-products in desalinated and blend water: formation and control strategy

2018 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-24 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shakhawat Chowdhury
Keyword(s):  
Distribution Systems ◽  
Water Distribution ◽  
Cancer Risks ◽  
Domestic Water ◽  
Desalinated Water ◽  
Water Demands ◽  
Product Water ◽  
And Control ◽  
Different Sources ◽  
By Products

Abstract Desalinated seawater is the major source of drinking water in many countries. During desalination, several activities including pretreatment, desalination, stabilization, mixing, storage and distribution are performed. Few disinfectants are used during these activities to control the biofouling agents and microbiological regrowth. The reactions between the disinfectants and natural organic matter (NOM), bromide and iodide form disinfection by-products (DBPs) in product water. The product water is stabilized and mixed with treated freshwater (e.g., groundwater) to meet the domestic water demands. The DBPs in desalinated and blend water are an issue due to their possible cancer and non-cancer risks to humans. In this paper, formation and distribution of DBPs in different steps of desalination and water distribution systems prior to reaching the consumer tap were reviewed. The variability of DBPs among different sources and desalination processes was explained. The toxicities of DBPs were compared and the strategies to control DBPs in desalinated water were proposed. Several research directions were identified to achieve comprehensive control on DBPs in desalinated water, which are likely to protect humans from the adverse consequences of DBPs.

scholarly journals Contributions of Vegetation Greening and Climate Change to Evapotranspiration Trend after Large-Scale Vegetation Restoration on the Loess Plateau, China

Water ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (13) ◽  
pp. 1755
Author(s):  
Shuo Wang ◽  
Chenfeng Cui ◽  
Qin Dai
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Loess Plateau ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Vegetation Index ◽  
Normalized Difference Vegetation Index ◽  
Potential Evapotranspiration ◽  
Development Trend ◽  
Future Trend ◽  
Natural Ecosystem ◽  
The Loess Plateau

Since the early 2000s, the vegetation cover of the Loess Plateau (LP) has increased significantly, which has been fully recorded. However, the effects on relevant eco-hydrological processes are still unclear. Here, we made an investigation on the changes of actual evapotranspiration (ETa) during 2000–2018 and connected them with vegetation greening and climate change in the LP, based on the remote sensing data with correlation and attribution analysis. Results identified that the average annual ETa on the LP exhibited an obvious increasing trend with the value of 9.11 mm yr−1, and the annual ETa trend was dominated by the changes of ETa in the third quarter (July, August, and September). The future trend of ETa was predicted by the Hurst exponent. Partial correlation analysis indicated that annual ETa variations in 87.8% regions of the LP were controlled by vegetation greening. Multiple regression analysis suggested that the relative contributions of potential evapotranspiration (ETp), precipitation, and normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI), to the trend of ETa were 5.7%, −26.3%, and 61.4%, separately. Vegetation greening has a close relationship with the Grain for Green (GFG) project and acts as an essential driver for the long-term development trend of water consumption on the LP. In this research, the potential conflicts of water demanding between the natural ecosystem and social-economic system in the LP were highlighted, which were caused by the fast vegetation expansion.

scholarly journals Using the Global Hydrodynamic Model and GRACE Follow-On Data to Access the 2020 Catastrophic Flood in Yangtze River Basin

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (15) ◽  
pp. 3023
Author(s):  
Jinghua Xiong ◽  
Shenglian Guo ◽  
Jiabo Yin ◽  
Lei Gu ◽  
Feng Xiong
Keyword(s):  
River Basin ◽  
Hydrodynamic Model ◽  
Yangtze River ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Yangtze River Basin ◽  
The Yangtze River ◽  
Ecosystem Monitoring ◽  
Catastrophic Flood ◽  
Basin Scale ◽  
The Yangtze River Basin

Flooding is one of the most widespread and frequent weather-related hazards that has devastating impacts on the society and ecosystem. Monitoring flooding is a vital issue for water resources management, socioeconomic sustainable development, and maintaining life safety. By integrating multiple precipitation, evapotranspiration, and GRACE-Follow On (GRAFO) terrestrial water storage anomaly (TWSA) datasets, this study uses the water balance principle coupled with the CaMa-Flood hydrodynamic model to access the spatiotemporal discharge variations in the Yangtze River basin during the 2020 catastrophic flood. The results show that: (1) TWSA bias dominates the overall uncertainty in runoff at the basin scale, which is spatially governed by uncertainty in TWSA and precipitation; (2) spatially, a field significance at the 5% level is discovered for the correlations between GRAFO-based runoff and GLDAS results. The GRAFO-derived discharge series has a high correlation coefficient with either in situ observations and hydrological simulations for the Yangtze River basin, at the 0.01 significance level; (3) the GRAFO-derived discharge observes the flood peaks in July and August and the recession process in October 2020. Our developed approach provides an alternative way of monitoring large-scale extreme hydrological events with the latest GRAFO release and CaMa-Flood model.

scholarly journals Effects of Climatic Drivers and Teleconnections on Late 20th Century Trends in Spring Freshet of Four Major Arctic-Draining Rivers

Water ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 179
Author(s):  
Roxanne Ahmed ◽  
Terry Prowse ◽  
Yonas Dibike ◽  
Barrie Bonsal
Keyword(s):  
Arctic Ocean ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Southern Oscillation ◽  
Rate Of Change ◽  
The Arctic ◽  
Late 20Th Century ◽  
Basin Scale ◽  
The Arctic Ocean ◽  
Spring Freshet ◽  
Climatic Drivers

Spring freshet is the dominant annual discharge event in all major Arctic draining rivers with large contributions to freshwater inflow to the Arctic Ocean. Research has shown that the total freshwater influx to the Arctic Ocean has been increasing, while at the same time, the rate of change in the Arctic climate is significantly higher than in other parts of the globe. This study assesses the large-scale atmospheric and surface climatic conditions affecting the magnitude, timing and regional variability of the spring freshets by analyzing historic daily discharges from sub-basins within the four largest Arctic-draining watersheds (Mackenzie, Ob, Lena and Yenisei). Results reveal that climatic variations closely match the observed regional trends of increasing cold-season flows and earlier freshets. Flow regulation appears to suppress the effects of climatic drivers on freshet volume but does not have a significant impact on peak freshet magnitude or timing measures. Spring freshet characteristics are also influenced by El Niño-Southern Oscillation, the Pacific Decadal Oscillation, the Arctic Oscillation and the North Atlantic Oscillation, particularly in their positive phases. The majority of significant relationships are found in unregulated stations. This study provides a key insight into the climatic drivers of observed trends in freshet characteristics, whilst clarifying the effects of regulation versus climate at the sub-basin scale.

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