scholarly journals Farmers’ Attitudes Towards the Use of Biomass as Renewable Energy—A Case Study from Southeastern Europe

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (10) ◽  
pp. 4009
Author(s):  
Prespa Ymeri ◽  
Csaba Gyuricza ◽  
Csaba Fogarassy
Keyword(s):  
Renewable Energy ◽  
Fossil Fuels ◽  
Energy Use ◽  
Renewable Energy Sources ◽  
Agricultural Waste ◽  
Arable Land ◽  
Animal Husbandry ◽  
Biomass Energy ◽  
Waste Biomass ◽  
Southeastern Europe

Among the renewable energy sources, increasing the use of biomass (agricultural by-products) could be important from both an environmental and a climate protection perspective, but in many cases this is not a part of the current practice. Especially in developing countries, a large amount of agricultural waste suitable for energy use remains unused, remaining on the arable land or being burned in the field. Complicating matters is the fact that some countries have significant fossil energy reserves. This is also the case in Kosovo, which has the largest reserves of coal reserves (lignite) in southeastern Europe. An important question is how polluting and non-climate-friendly fossil fuels are to be replaced when they are available cheaply and in large quantities. The function of the political and economic models used in Europe has local specificity. It is not possible to copy the good solutions introduced by each country because of differences in the economic systems and farmers. Previous research has paid little attention to the producer conditions for available waste biomass sales. Studies have not examined the sales attitudes of farmers, or under what conditions they are willing to sell a larger proportion of the straw produced—of course, in such a way that they also meet the needs of animal husbandry, nutrients, and carbon supply. Using binary logistics regression and descriptive statistics not yet used in previous research, we analyzed the factors that influence farmers’ willingness to sell, sales barriers, and incentives. According to the respondents, the biggest barriers to selling straw are the lack of a market (74.1%) and baling machines (50.9%), while the main incentives may be a good price (75%) and a guaranteed contract (67.8%). The farmers surveyed believe that, in a safe market, with a multiyear contractual agreement, they would sell more than half of their straw for biomass energy production. The use of straw in animal husbandry is declining due to the introduction of new technological solutions, so the use of straw for energy purposes is an increasingly topical issue in the rapidly developing southeastern European countries as well. Based on our research results, it can be stated that the majority of farmers are willing to sell more than 50% of the amount of straw produced for energy purposes if the business model and state regulations are appropriate.

scholarly journals THERMOCHEMICAL PRETREATMENT METHOD FOLLOWED BY ENZYME HYDROLYSIS OF TOBACCO STALKS FOR BIOETHANOL PRODUCTION

2021 ◽  
pp. 6-10
Author(s):  
KARN SOPHANODORN ◽  
YUWALEE UNPAPROM ◽  
NIGRAN HOMDOUNG ◽  
NATTHAWUD DUSSADEE ◽  
RAMESHPRABU RAMARAJ
Keyword(s):  
Fossil Fuels ◽  
Energy Use ◽  
Renewable Energy Sources ◽  
Agricultural Waste ◽  
Vital Role ◽  
Enzyme Hydrolysis ◽  
Bioethanol Production ◽  
Waste Biomass ◽  
Thermochemical Pretreatment ◽  
Hydrolysis Of

Energy use from fossil fuels increases, causing an energy crisis, increasing greenhouse gases, and other environmental issues. In this study, obtaining renewable energy sources from biomass to replace fossil fuels is vital for future energy supply. Ethanol production from lignocellulosic materials was gain more attention recently. It is an interesting process and an alternative way countries with agricultural waste can be recycled as energy. To convert such waste biomass source into energy in ethanol needed to adjust cellulose conversion to different suitability. Therefore, to obtain the fermentable sugars for bioethanol production, the pretreatment process involved a vital role. In this experimental study, 4% of calcium oxide (CaO) was applied. Moreover, a scanning electron microscope (SEM) distinguished the characteristics of untreated and pretreated samples. In this study, the separated hydrolysis and fermentation (SHF) method was used for bioethanol production. Total and reducing sugars yield confirmed that tobacco stalks are suitable feedstock for bioethanol production.

scholarly journals The Potential of Renewable Energy in Timor-Leste: An Assessment for Biomass

Energies ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 12 (8) ◽  
pp. 1441 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lelis Gonzaga Fraga ◽  
José Carlos F. Teixeira ◽  
Manuel Eduardo C. Ferreira
Keyword(s):  
Renewable Energy ◽  
Fossil Fuels ◽  
Renewable Energy Sources ◽  
Agricultural Waste ◽  
Biomass Energy ◽  
Animal Waste ◽  
Energy Potential ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Timor Leste ◽  
Urban Solid Waste

This paper assesses the potential of biomass energy resources in Timor-Leste (TL). Although other renewable energy sources are mentioned in this article, such as wind energy, solar energy, hydropower, bioenergy, including bioethanol and biogas, the main goal is to gather the data on biomass in TL and provide such data as useful information for a wide range of end-users. The current evaluation is based on various sources which include previous assessments on biomass and other renewable sources. The energy potential of biomass in TL apart that resulting from vegetation or flora and animals is also derived from agricultural waste, such as waste from rice, corn, and coffee. The analyses also include the contribution of agricultural waste, animal waste, and that from urban waste. The results from this article show that the potential of usable biomass energy in TL from forestry and agriculture is 1.68 × 106 toe/year, animal waste is 4.81 × 103 toe/year, and urban solid waste amounts to 9.55 × 103 toe/year. In addition, it is concluded that biomass alone can fully replace fossil fuels for electricity generation.

The Role of Renewable Energy Sources in a Sustainable World

1992 ◽  
Vol 3 (4) ◽  
pp. 430-443 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ruud Pleune
Keyword(s):  
Renewable Energy ◽  
Energy Conservation ◽  
Fossil Fuels ◽  
Energy Use ◽  
Renewable Energy Sources ◽  
Energy Sources ◽  
World Energy ◽  
World Concept

Present energy use - largely dependent on fossil fuels - is incompatible with the sustainable world concept. In a sustainable world, energy sources are renewable and used in a way that damage to the environment is minimalized. This study investigates the possibility of a sustainable world using renewable energy sources. It appears that - when strict energy conservation is applied - such a sustainable world seems to be attainable. This requires, however, drastic changes in most parts of society.

Renewable Energy Sources

2016 ◽  
pp. 238-269
Author(s):  
Mahmure Övül Arıoğlu Akan ◽  
Ayşe Ayçim Selam ◽  
Seniye Ümit Oktay Fırat
Keyword(s):  
Renewable Energy ◽  
Fossil Fuels ◽  
Energy Use ◽  
Renewable Energy Sources ◽  
Energy Sources ◽  
Global Energy ◽  
Global Organizations ◽  
Detailed Review ◽  
Life Threatening ◽  
Near Future

Sustainability concerns resulting from the consumption of natural resources, life-threatening levels of pollution, global warming, climate change and the ever-increasing worldwide energy use have brought renewable energy sources to forefront. Given the possibility of depletion of fossil fuels in the near future, the utilization of clean and renewable energy sources have become inevitable. Consequently, governments and global organizations adopted respective regulations to ensure the production and use of renewable energy and promote the respective new investments. In the light of these developments, the aim of this study is to conduct a detailed review and evaluation on the current literature and global energy statistics. The respective projects, binding regulations, incentives, and pricing mechanisms have also been studied to analyze and compare the renewable energy policies adopted worldwide. Ultimately, the goal is to make certain suggestions and lay out possible solutions regarding global energy problems.

Social, Environmental and Economic Impacts of Adopting Clean Energy Use

2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
pp. 29-49 ◽  
Author(s):  
Muhammad Razi ◽  
Yousaf Ali
Keyword(s):  
Renewable Energy ◽  
Fossil Fuels ◽  
Energy Use ◽  
Renewable Energy Sources ◽  
Clean Energy ◽  
Energy Sources ◽  
Crucial Issue ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
Social Environmental ◽  
Alternative Solutions

These days, the excessive industrialization, elevated levels of pollution, and the increased energy crisis has led nations towards the use of renewable energy sources. Through the use of renewable energy sources, global warming can also be decreased, which is currently the biggest environmental issue worldwide. Pakistan, being a developing country, relies on the use of fossil fuels for the generation of electricity. The alarming increase in population, energy consumption per capita and energy wastages lead to a shortfall. To resolve this crucial issue, the alternative solutions considered include the use of renewable sources of energy such as hydro, solar and wind. The use of these renewable energy sources is governed by various environmental, economic and social parameters. The influence of these parameters on the use of renewable energy sources is studied through the use of DEMATEL and revised DEMATEL techniques.

scholarly journals From Energy Blues to Green Energy: Options Before Pakistan

2014 ◽  
Vol 53 (4II) ◽  
pp. 309-325
Author(s):  
Rafi Amir-Ud-Din
Keyword(s):  
Renewable Energy ◽  
Environmental Impact ◽  
Fossil Fuels ◽  
Energy Use ◽  
Renewable Energy Sources ◽  
Green Energy ◽  
Economic Feasibility ◽  
Energy Sources ◽  
Energy Mix ◽  
Current Energy

Energy crisis in Pakistan had been brewing long before it became an important national issue with the potential to significantly affect the outcome of general elections of 2013. The looming crisis of depleting non-renewable energy sources combined with a feeble economy has lent a new urgency to the search for an energy mix which is sustainable, economically viable and environmentally least hazardous. Fossil fuels with their known adverse environmental impacts dominate the current energy mix of Pakistan. The renewable energy sources remain underutilised despite being cost effective and less hazardous for the environment. A substantial amount of literature has highlighted various dimensions of existing energy sources in Pakistan with a particular emphasis on the environmental impact, the sustainability and the efficiency of various energy sources [see Asif (2009); Basir, et al. (2013); Bhutto, et al. (2012); Mirza, et al. (2009, 2008, 2003); Muneer and Asif (2007); Sheikh (2010) for example]. This study analyses the environmental impact, economic feasibility and efficiency of various energy sources subject to various economic and noneconomic constraints. Section 2 discusses energy security by reviewing various tapped and untapped energy sources besides analysing current energy mix and its future prospects. Section 3 highlights the interaction of energy use and environment. Section 4 discusses two approaches to assess the feasibility of an energy mix: disaggregated and aggregated. The latter approach makes a multidimensional comparison of all the energy sources discussed in this study. Section 5 consists of discussion and concluding remarks.

Effect of farming strategies on environmental impact of intensive dairy farms in Italy

2013 ◽  
Vol 80 (3) ◽  
pp. 300-308 ◽  
Author(s):  
Matteo Guerci ◽  
Luciana Bava ◽  
Maddalena Zucali ◽  
Anna Sandrucci ◽  
Chiara Penati ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Land Use ◽  
Renewable Energy ◽  
Environmental Impact ◽  
Energy Use ◽  
Renewable Energy Sources ◽  
Ghg Emissions ◽  
Animal Husbandry ◽  
Dairy Farms ◽  
Lca Methodology ◽  
High Production

Agriculture and animal husbandry are important contributors to global emissions of greenhouse (GHG) and acidifying gases. Moreover, they contribute to water pollution and to consumption of non-renewable natural resources such as land and energy. The Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) methodology allows evaluation of the environmental impact of a process from the production of inputs to the final product and to assess simultaneously several environmental impact categories among which GHG emissions, acidification, eutrophication, land use and energy use. The main purpose of this study was to evaluate, using the LCA methodology, the environmental impact of milk production in a sample of 41 intensive Italian dairy farms and to identify, among different farming strategies, those associated with the best environmental performances. The functional unit was 1 kg Fat and Protein Corrected Milk (FPCM). Farms showed characteristics of high production intensity: FPCM, expressed as tonnes per hectare, was 30·8±15·1. Total GHG emission per kg FPCM at farm gate was 1·30±0·19 kg CO2 eq. The main contributors to climate change potential were emissions from barns and manure storage (50·1%) and emissions for production and transportation of purchased feeds (21·2%). Average emission of gases causing acidification to produce 1 kg FPCM was 19·7±3·6 g of SO2 eq. Eutrophication potential was 9·01±1·78 ${\rm PO}_{\rm 4}^{{\rm 3} -} {\rm eq}.$ per kg FPCM on average. Farms from this study needed on average 5·97±1·32 MJ per kg FPCM from non-renewable energy sources. Energy consumption was mainly due to off-farm activities (58%) associated with purchased factors. Land use was 1·51±0·25 m2 per kg FPCM. The farming strategy based on high conversion efficiency at animal level was identified as the most effective to mitigate the environmental impact per kg milk at farm gate, especially in terms of GHG production and non-renewable energy use per kg FPCM.

Renewable Energy Sources

2017 ◽  
pp. 537-567
Author(s):  
Mahmure Övül Arıoğlu Akan ◽  
Ayşe Ayçim Selam ◽  
Seniye Ümit Oktay Fırat
Keyword(s):  
Renewable Energy ◽  
Fossil Fuels ◽  
Energy Use ◽  
Renewable Energy Sources ◽  
Energy Sources ◽  
Global Energy ◽  
Global Organizations ◽  
Detailed Review ◽  
Life Threatening ◽  
Near Future

Sustainability concerns resulting from the consumption of natural resources, life-threatening levels of pollution, global warming, climate change and the ever-increasing worldwide energy use have brought renewable energy sources to forefront. Given the possibility of depletion of fossil fuels in the near future, the utilization of clean and renewable energy sources have become inevitable. Consequently, governments and global organizations adopted respective regulations to ensure the production and use of renewable energy and promote the respective new investments. In the light of these developments, the aim of this study is to conduct a detailed review and evaluation on the current literature and global energy statistics. The respective projects, binding regulations, incentives, and pricing mechanisms have also been studied to analyze and compare the renewable energy policies adopted worldwide. Ultimately, the goal is to make certain suggestions and lay out possible solutions regarding global energy problems.

scholarly journals Management of Renewable Energy Sources and Technologies for Turkey

2020 ◽  
pp. 26-36 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. H. Sahin ◽  
B. Yelmen ◽  
C. Kurt
Keyword(s):  
Renewable Energy ◽  
Energy Saving ◽  
Energy Management ◽  
Fossil Fuels ◽  
Energy Use ◽  
Renewable Energy Sources ◽  
Clean Energy ◽  
Energy Sources ◽  
Energy Use Efficiency ◽  
Use Efficiency

Utilization of alternative sources named as new and renewable energy sources; Due to technological development and difficulties in competing economically with traditional resources, it has not reached the desired level until today. Due to the rapid increase in energy consumption today; It is a fact proved by scientific findings that fossil fuels will be consumed in the near future. Therefore, in the development of countries; Providing timely, reliable, clean and uninterrupted energy, creating a market environment, in other words, successful implementation of energy management have become imperative. Energy has become one of the most important problems of the world countries today. As is known, the lifetimes of energy sources such as coal and oil are limited. In addition, due to the use of fossil fuels; It is a fact that global warming is increasing day by day. In the light of the data obtained, for our energy needs; alternative solutions should be found, renewable energy sources should be evaluated. The importance of renewable energy sources has increased as the problems related to environmental pollution increase, and projects related to them have started to get support. These energy sources can basically be classified as hydroelectric energy, wind energy, solar energy, geothermal energy, modern biomass energy and hydrogen energy. Economic and efficient operation of new and renewable energy sources should be transformed into a common understanding in order to provide clean energy. In this study, energy production methods from green energy sources, environmental relations and new technologies used with these energy sources are explained. It has been compared among energy sources; In Turkey, energy management issues are discussed, new and renewable clean energy use efficiency and energy saving and new strategies are determined. In addition, recommendations were made on energy use efficiency and energy saving measures in various sectors.

scholarly journals Anaerobic Digestion of Biomass for production of Biogas: Progress and Advantages

2020 ◽  
Vol 6 (5) ◽  
pp. 108-111
Author(s):  
Kumar Gaurav
Keyword(s):  
Renewable Energy ◽  
Anaerobic Digestion ◽  
Fossil Fuels ◽  
Biogas Production ◽  
Energy Requirement ◽  
Renewable Energy Sources ◽  
Agricultural Waste ◽  
Energy Generation ◽  
Primary Energy ◽  
Energy Sources

A major share of world’s primary energy requirement is dependent on fossil fuels which is not only a non renewable source of energy and on the verge of extinction but also associated with serious environmental concerns. To combat these issues, alternative renewable energy sources are required. Certain examples of renewable energy sources are solar energy, wind energy, hydro and thermal energy, biofuels etc. Biomass is one such alternative which is freely and abundantly available. It is mainly the agricultural waste and vegetable waste which are perishable and create a lot of nuisance. Tapping this biomass for energy production will be beneficial in two ways; it will be an excellent source of energy generation and it will also help in waste management for environment protection. Energy generation from Biomass can take place either chemically or thermo-chemically. In the present paper advantages of anaerobic digestion of biomass are discussed for biogas production.

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