scholarly journals The Game of Developers and Planners: Ecosystem Services as a (Hidden) Regulation through Planning Delay Times

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (15) ◽  
pp. 5940
Author(s):  
Dani Broitman
Keyword(s):  
Ecosystem Services ◽  
Social Welfare ◽  
Delay Time ◽  
Open Space ◽  
Simple Game ◽  
Land Development ◽  
Theoretic Model ◽  
Land Use Regulation ◽  
Main Hypothesis ◽  
Delay Times

Planning delay time is a ubiquitous but under-researched land use regulation method. The aim of this study is to link planning delay time with the loss of urban locally provided ecosystem services (ULPES) caused by land development. Our main hypothesis is that the planning delay is an informal tool that ensures social welfare in a given urban area increases even if land is developed and the ULPES associated with the undeveloped land are lost. Whereas the developer’s objective is to maximize his profits, the planner’s target is to achieve the greatest social welfare, as calculated by considering public interest based on the value of open space and the developer’s expected profits. Our results show that, when the ULPES provided by an undeveloped parcel are sufficiently high, planning delay times can be used to prevent the execution of low quality initiatives and to only permit projects that improve general welfare and justify the potential ULPES loss. Planning delay times are interpreted as the expression of continuous negotiation between the interests of the public and those of real-estate developers, regarding the value of ULPES. The implication of the study is that ULPES values are introduced using a simple game-theoretic model allowing interaction between developers and planning authorities. The main significance is an alternative explanation for planning delay times as a consequence of ongoing negotiations between developers and urban planners that represent the general public in the city.

WHEN ALTRUISM LOWERS TOTAL WELFARE

2006 ◽  
Vol 22 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-18 ◽  
Author(s):  
KENNETH S. CORTS
Keyword(s):  
Social Welfare ◽  
Simple Game ◽  
Theoretic Model ◽  
Ethical Theories ◽  
Coordination Problems ◽  
Game Theoretic ◽  
Game Theoretic Model ◽  
Selfish Agents ◽  
Total Welfare

Ethical theories grounded in utilitarianism suggest that social welfare is improved when agents seek to maximize others' welfare in addition to their own (i.e., are altruistic). However, I use a simple game-theoretic model to demonstrate two shortcomings of this argument. First, altruistic preferences can generate coordination problems where none exist for selfish agents. Second, when agents care somewhat about others' utility but weight their own more highly, total social welfare may be lower than with selfish agents even in the absence of coordination problems.

The Effects of Patent Extension and Take-Back Regulation on Green Pharmacy

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tianqin Shi ◽  
Nicholas C. Petruzzi ◽  
Dilip Chhajed
Keyword(s):  
Pharmaceutical Industry ◽  
Social Welfare ◽  
Technical Information ◽  
Problem Definition ◽  
Theoretic Model ◽  
Innovative Company ◽  
Take Back ◽  
Starting Point ◽  
European Environmental Agency ◽  
Managerial Implications

Problem definition: The eco-toxicity arising from unused pharmaceuticals has regulators advocating the benign design concept of “green pharmacy,” but high research and development expenses can be prohibitive. We therefore examine the impacts of two regulatory mechanisms, patent extension and take-back regulation, on inducing drug manufacturers to go green. Academic/practical relevance: One incentive suggested by the European Environmental Agency is a patent extension for a company that redesigns its already patented pharmaceutical to be more environmentally friendly. This incentive can encourage both the development of degradable drugs and the disclosure of technical information. Yet, it is unclear how effective the extension would be in inducing green pharmacy and in maximizing social welfare. Methodology: We develop a game-theoretic model in which an innovative company collects monopoly profits for a patented pharmaceutical but faces competition from a generic rival after the patent expires. A social-welfare-maximizing regulator is the Stackelberg leader. The regulator leads by offering a patent extension to the innovative company while also imposing take-back regulation on the pharmaceutical industry. Then the two-profit maximizing companies respond by setting drug prices and choosing whether to invest in green pharmacy. Results: The regulator’s optimal patent extension offer can induce green pharmacy but only if the offer exceeds a threshold length that depends on the degree of product differentiation present in the pharmaceutical industry. The regulator’s correspondingly optimal take-back regulation generally prescribes a required collection rate that decreases as its optimal patent extension offer increases, and vice versa. Managerial implications: By isolating green pharmacy as a potential target to address pharmaceutical eco-toxicity at its source, the regulatory policy that we consider, which combines the incentive inherent in earning a patent extension on the one hand with the penalty inherent in complying with take-back regulation on the other hand, serves as a useful starting point for policymakers to optimally balance economic welfare considerations with environmental stewardship considerations.

Justification for Reducing In-Service Weld Inspection Delay Times for Liquid Pipelines

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Matt Boring ◽  
Mike Bongiovi ◽  
David Warman ◽  
Harold Kleeman
Keyword(s):  
Hydrogen Concentration ◽  
Delay Time ◽  
Time Dependent ◽  
Accelerated Cooling ◽  
Hydrogen Cracking ◽  
Inspection Method ◽  
Time To Peak ◽  
Preventative Measures ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Delay Times

Welds that are made onto an operating pipeline cool at an accelerated rate as a result of the flowing pipeline contents cooling the weld region. The accelerated cooling rates increase the probability of forming a crack-susceptible microstructure in the heat-affected zone (HAZ) of in-service welds. The increased risk of forming such microstructures makes in-service welds more susceptible to hydrogen cracking compared to welds that do not experience accelerated cooling. It is understood within the pipeline industry that hydrogen cracking is a time-dependent failure mechanism. Due to the time-dependent nature and susceptibility of in-service welds to hydrogen cracking, it is common to delay the final inspection of in-service welds. The intent of the delayed inspection is to allow hydrogen cracks, if they were going to occur, to form so that the inspection method could detect them and the cracks could repaired. Many industry codes provide a single inspection delay time. By providing a single inspection delay time it is implied that the inspection delay time should be applied for all situations independent of the welding conditions or any other preventative measures the company may employee. There are many aspects that should be addressed when determining what should be considered an appropriate inspection delay time and these aspects can vary the inspection delay time considerably. Such factors include the cooling characteristics of the operating pipeline, the welding procedure that is being followed, the chemical composition of the material being welded and if any preventative measures such as post-weld heating are applied. The objective of this work was to provide an engineering justification for realistic minimum inspection delay times for different in-service welding scenarios. The minimum inspection delay time that was determined was based on modelling results from a previously developed two-dimensional hydrogen diffusion model that predicts the time to peak hydrogen concentration at any location within a weld HAZ. The time to peak hydrogen concentration was considered equal to the minimum inspection delay time since the model uses the assumption that if a weld was to crack the cracking would occur prior to or at the time of peak hydrogen concentration. Several factors were varied during the computer model runs to determine the effect they had on the time to peak hydrogen concentration. These factors included different welding procedures, different material thicknesses and different post-weld heating temperatures. The post-weld heating temperatures were varied between 40 F (4 C) and 300 F (149 C). The results of the analysis did provide justification for reducing the inspection delay time to 30 minutes or less depending on the post-weld heating temperature and pipeline wall thickness. This reduction in inspection delay time has the potential to significantly increase productivity and reduce associated costs without increasing the associated risk to pipeline integrity or public safety.

scholarly journals Estimation of Delay Times in Coupling Between Autonomic Regulatory Loops of Human Heart Rate and Blood Flow Using Phase Dynamics Analysis

2017 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 16-22 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vladimir S Khorev ◽  
Anatoly S Karavaev ◽  
Elena E Lapsheva ◽  
Tatyana A Galushko ◽  
Mikhail D Prokhorov ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Heart Rate ◽  
Delay Time ◽  
Healthy Subjects ◽  
Low Frequency ◽  
Phase Dynamics ◽  
Oscillatory Systems ◽  
Low Frequency Oscillations ◽  
Delay Times ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Regulatory Loop

Objective: We assessed the delay times in the interaction between the autonomic regulatory loop of Heart Rate Variability (HRV) and autonomic regulatory loop of photoplethysmographic waveform variability (PPGV), showing low-frequency oscillations. Material and Methods: In eight healthy subjects aged 25–30 years (3 male, 5 female), we studied at rest (in a supine position) the simultaneously recorded two-hour signals of RR intervals (RRIs) chain and finger photoplethysmogram (PPG). To extract the low-frequency components of RRIs and PPG signal, associated with the low-frequency oscillations in HRV and PPGV with a frequency of about 0.1 Hz, we filtered RRIs and PPG with a bandpass 0.05-0.15 Hz filter. We used a method for the detection of coupling between oscillatory systems, based on the construction of predictive models of instantaneous phase dynamics, for the estimation of delay times in the interaction between the studied regulatory loops. Results: Averaged value of delay time in coupling from the regulatory loop of HRV to the loop of PPGV was 0.9±0.4 seconds (mean ± standard error of the means) and averaged value of delay time in coupling from PPGV to HRV was 4.1±1.1 seconds. Conclusion: Analysis of two-hour experimental time series of healthy subjects revealed the presence of delay times in the interaction between regulatory loops of HRV and PPGV. Estimated delay time in coupling regulatory loops from HRV to PPGV was about one second or even less, while the delay time in coupling from PPGV to HRV was about several seconds. The difference in delay times is explained by the fact that PPGV to HRV response is mediated through the autonomic nervous system (baroreflex), while the HRV to PPGV response is mediated mechanically via cardiac output.

A Model of Queue Scalping

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Luyi Yang ◽  
Zhongbin Wang ◽  
Shiliang Cui
Keyword(s):  
Social Welfare ◽  
Service Provider ◽  
Operations Management ◽  
Consumer Surplus ◽  
System Throughput ◽  
Theoretic Model ◽  
Material Interest ◽  
Long Run ◽  
Short Run ◽  
Primary Service

Recent years have witnessed the rise of queue scalping in congestion-prone service systems. A queue scalper has no material interest in the primary service but proactively enters the queue in hopes of selling his spot later. This paper develops a queueing-game-theoretic model of queue scalping and generates the following insights. First, we find that queues with either a very small or very large demand volume may be immune to scalping, whereas queues with a nonextreme demand volume may attract the most scalpers. Second, in the short run, when capacity is fixed, the presence of queue scalping often increases social welfare and can increase or reduce system throughput, but it tends to reduce consumer surplus. Third, in the long run, the presence of queue scalping motivates a welfare-maximizing service provider to adjust capacity using a “pull-to-center” rule, increasing (respectively, reducing) capacity if the original capacity level is low (respectively, high). When the service provider responds by expanding capacity, the presence of queue scalping can increase social welfare, system throughput, and even consumer surplus in the long run, reversing its short-run detrimental effect on customers. Despite these potential benefits, such capacity expansion does little to mitigate scalping and may only generate more scalpers in the queue. Finally, we compare and contrast queue scalping with other common mechanisms in practice—namely, (centralized) pay-for-priority, line sitting, and callbacks. This paper was accepted by Victor Martínez de Albéniz, operations management.

Bidirectional Role of Accuracy and Recognition in Internet-Based Targeted Advertising

2017 ◽  
pp. 1202-1221
Author(s):  
Jiang Zhao ◽  
Shu-e Mei ◽  
Wei-jun Zhong
Keyword(s):  
Social Welfare ◽  
Equilibrium Price ◽  
Correct Prediction ◽  
Theoretic Model ◽  
Positive Role ◽  
Targeted Advertising ◽  
Potential Consumer ◽  
Consumer Segment ◽  
Negative Role

The effective media strategy in advertising is gradually becoming the premise of company that lives in the competition of marketing. Due to the rapid growth of new advertising media and technologies, it is possible for a firm to precisely target advertising to the potential consumer segment within a market. This research explores the extent to which an advertiser should regulate the quality of its targeting and effect on consumers' surplus and social welfare. The authors present a theoretic model measuring the targeting quality of internet-based targeted advertising with two measures termed accuracy and recognition. Accuracy measures the possibility of correct prediction in the target segment, while recognition is defined as the probability that any member of the targeted segment is identified. The authors demonstrate, within a monopolistic framework, the online targeted advertising might lower or increase both consumers' surplus and social welfare compared with mass advertising, which depends on different range of accuracy and recognition in the social media. The recognition of internet-based targeted advertising plays a positive role on equilibrium price, whereas the accuracy plays a negative role in the regulation of advertising intensity and equilibrium price. Therefore, it is believed that the accuracy and recognition of the online targeted advertising can be used as a lever for the strategic segmentation of a market.

Bidirectional Role of Accuracy and Recognition in Internet-Based Targeted Advertising

2015 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 50-66
Author(s):  
Jiang Zhao ◽  
Shu-e Mei ◽  
Wei-jun Zhong
Keyword(s):  
Social Welfare ◽  
Equilibrium Price ◽  
Correct Prediction ◽  
Theoretic Model ◽  
Positive Role ◽  
Advertising Intensity ◽  
Targeted Advertising ◽  
Consumer Segment ◽  
Negative Role

The effective media strategy in advertising is gradually becoming the premise of company that lives in the competition of marketing. Due to the rapid growth of new advertising media and technologies, it is possible for a firm to precisely target advertising to the potential consumer segment within a market. This research explores the extent to which an advertiser should regulate the quality of its targeting and effect on consumers' surplus and social welfare. The authors present a theoretic model measuring the targeting quality of internet-based targeted advertising with two measures termed accuracy and recognition. Accuracy measures the possibility of correct prediction in the target segment, while recognition is defined as the probability that any member of the targeted segment is identified. The authors demonstrate, within a monopolistic framework, the online targeted advertising might lower or increase both consumers' surplus and social welfare compared with mass advertising, which depends on different range of accuracy and recognition in the social media. The recognition of internet-based targeted advertising plays a positive role on equilibrium price, whereas the accuracy plays a negative role in the regulation of advertising intensity and equilibrium price. Therefore, it is believed that the accuracy and recognition of the online targeted advertising can be used as a lever for the strategic segmentation of a market.

The Problem of Clean Hands

2009 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 106-113
Author(s):  
Eric Barnes ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Simple Game ◽  
Theoretic Model ◽  
Incentive Structure ◽  
Dirty Hands ◽  
Political Candidates ◽  
The Public ◽  
Political Debates ◽  
Game Theoretic ◽  
Game Theoretic Model ◽  
Democratic Elections

The problem of dirty hands concerns the apparently inevitable need for effective politicians to do what is ethically wrong. This essay discusses a related problem in democratic elections of politicians being unwilling to commit themselves to precise positions on controversial policy issues. Given certain plausible assumptions, I demonstrate using a simple game theoretic model that there is an incentive structure for political candidates that is damaging to the public good. I contrast this problem with the classic prisoner’s dilemma and then go on to discuss some possible strategies for overcoming this problem by an improved system of political debates.

Expecting the Unexpected: Disaster Risks and Conflict

2020 ◽  
pp. 106591292091120
Author(s):  
Muhammet A. Bas ◽  
Elena V. McLean
Keyword(s):  
Rational Expectations ◽  
Simple Game ◽  
Interstate Conflict ◽  
Theoretic Model ◽  
Commitment Problem ◽  
Future Events ◽  
Game Theoretic ◽  
Game Theoretic Model ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Commitment Problems

This study examines the relationship between disaster risks and interstate conflict. We argue that in disaster-prone areas actors’ rational expectations about the likelihood and magnitude of potential future disasters can make conflict more likely. The relationship emerges when future disasters are viewed as shocks that are expected to shift the relative power balance among states. If large enough, such expected shifts can generate commitment problems and cause conflict even before any disasters take place. Our approach represents a shift of focus from previous research, which investigates the effect of actual disasters and ignores rational expectations regarding future events. We use a simple game-theoretic model to highlight the commitment problem caused by disaster risks. We then discuss and apply an empirical strategy enabling us to disentangle effects of disaster proneness from effects of actual disaster events. Our results indicate that greater disaster risks are indeed associated with a higher likelihood of interstate conflict.

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