scholarly journals The Development of a CO2 Emission Coefficient for Medium- and Heavy-Duty Vehicles with Different Road Slope Conditions Using Multiple Linear Regression, and Considering the Health Effects

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (17) ◽  
pp. 6994
Author(s):  
Natthakrit Bamrungwong ◽  
Varin Vongmanee ◽  
Wanchai Rattanawong
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Linear Regression ◽  
Health Effects ◽  
Co2 Emissions ◽  
Co2 Emission ◽  
Emission Coefficient ◽  
Heavy Duty ◽  
Source Type ◽  
Traffic Level ◽  
Road Slope

The current studies on carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions and the impacts on public health focus mainly on evaluating CO2 emissions from two types of emission sources. The first is a fixed source type from industrial plants, which can be controlled or easily evaluated. The second is a mobile source type from the transport sector, especially from medium- and heavy-duty vehicles (MHDVs), which produce high emissions. However, the common methods of evaluation of the average value of CO2 emissions per kilometer of a vehicle use a general Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) model that does not consider the topography or road conditions. This affects the accuracy of CO2 emission assessments and, in turn, affects the accuracy of any analysis needed to establish health policies and the management of public health within the affected area. In this paper, therefore, we present the development of emission coefficient calculations with varying topography conditions for MHDVs with consideration of the health effects on the populace. The study area was the Asian highway network in Thailand that passes through all regions and is geographically diverse. Data were collected from the Department of Highway’s records, global positioning system (GPS) and electronic control unit (ECU) with data consisting of road data, slope, distance, traffic level and vehicle weight, as well as fuel consumption along the transportation route. To analyze and map out the correlation of the CO2 emission coefficients for each road slope, we determined the coefficient of the CO2 emissions using multiple linear regression analysis and validated this using Huber–White robust standard errors for heteroscedasticity. This method was more cost-efficient and time-efficient compared to the conventional approaches. We also created CO2 emission maps with risk points for health effects, and we propose policy designs and plans to manage the traffic level in each of these areas prone to higher levels of such emissions.

scholarly journals Modeling Impacts of Highway Circular Curve Elements on Heavy-Duty Diesel Trucks’ CO2 Emissions

2019 ◽  
Vol 16 (14) ◽  
pp. 2514 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiaodong Zhang ◽  
Jinliang Xu ◽  
Menghui Li ◽  
Qunshan Li ◽  
Lan Yang
Keyword(s):  
Field Experiment ◽  
Fuel Consumption ◽  
Co2 Emissions ◽  
Co2 Emission ◽  
Shaanxi Province ◽  
Emission Model ◽  
Heavy Duty ◽  
Heavy Duty Diesel ◽  
Diesel Trucks ◽  
Circular Curve

Heavy-duty trucks contribute a significant component of all transportation in cargo terminals, such as Shaanxi Province, China. The emissions from these vehicles are the primary source of carbon emissions during highway operations. While several studies have attempted to address emission issues by improving traffic operations, a few focused on the relationship between emissions and highway geometric design, especially for heavy-duty trucks. The primary goal of this research was to understand the impact of circular curve on carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions produced by heavy-duty diesel trucks. Firstly, appropriate parameters were specified in MOVES (motor vehicle emission simulator) model according to the geometrical characteristics. Fuel consumption, speed and location data were collected by hiring five skilled drivers on the automotive proving ground located at Chang’an University, Shaanxi Province. The associated carbon emission data were derived from fuel consumption data by applying the IPCC (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change) method. After this, the applicability of MOVES model was verified by the field experiment. Moreover, a multiple regression model for CO2 emissions incorporated with roadway segment radius, circular curve length, and initial vehicle speed was established with data generated by the MOVES model. The proposed CO2 emission model was also verified by field experiment with relative error of 6.17%. It was found that CO2 emission had monotone decreasing property with radius increasing, and the minimum radius that influenced diesel CO2 emission was 550 m. The proposed quantitative CO2 emission model can provide a reference for low-carbon highway design, leading to environment-friendly transportation construction.

Effects of tillage management on soil CO2 emission and wheat yield under rain-fed conditions

Soil Research ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 54 (1) ◽  
pp. 38 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xingli Lu ◽  
Xingneng Lu ◽  
Sikander Khan Tanveer ◽  
Xiaoxia Wen ◽  
Yuncheng Liao
Keyword(s):  
Linear Regression ◽  
Soil Temperature ◽  
Multiple Linear Regression ◽  
Co2 Emissions ◽  
Co2 Emission ◽  
Crop Production ◽  
Pore Space ◽  
Wheat Yield ◽  
Soil Co2 ◽  
Soil Co2 Emission

Tillage disturbance can affect carbon dynamics in soil and plant production through several mechanisms. There are few integrated studies that have dealt with the effect of tillage management on soil CO2 emission and yield of wheat grain (Triticum aestivum L.) in the Loess Plateau in China. A 3-year (2010–12 and 2013–14) field experiment with two types of tillage was established to investigate CO2 emission, its related soil properties, crop yields and yield-scaled CO2 emissions (CO2 emissions per unit crop production) under rain-fed field conditions. Some land was planted with winter wheat without using tillage (‘no tillage’; NT), whereas some used mouldboard plough tillage (‘conventional tillage’; CT). The results indicate that CO2 was significantly and positively related to total nitrogen (P < 0.01), soil organic matter (P < 0.01), soil enzymes (P < 0.01; urease, invertase, and catalase), soil temperature (P < 0.01) and total pore space (P < 0.05). Multiple linear regression analysis in the NT plot included soil temperature and air filled pore space, explaining 85% (P < 0.05) of the CO2 variability, whereas in the CT plot the multiple linear regression model included soil temperature, urease, bulk density and pH, explaining 80% (P < 0.001) of the CO2 variability. Compared with the CT treatment, NT reduced the 3-year average yield-scaled CO2 emissions by 41% because of a 40% reduction in total CO2 emissions with no reduction in wheat yield. Thus, the results indicate that NT could be used to reduce the contribution of agriculture to CO2 emissions while simultaneously maintaining wheat crop production in this area.

scholarly journals Selected issues related to the reduction of the CO2 emission from combustion engines fitted in vehicles of the M and N categories

2012 ◽  
Vol 148 (1) ◽  
pp. 53-61
Author(s):  
Maciej GIS ◽  
Wojciech GIS
Keyword(s):  
Co2 Emissions ◽  
Diesel Engines ◽  
Co2 Emission ◽  
Road Transport ◽  
Combustion Engines ◽  
Heavy Duty ◽  
Heavy Duty Vehicles

The paper presents the types of activities aiming at a reduction of the CO2 emissions from road transport as well as technical means related to the reduction of the CO2 emissions from diesel engines of heavy-duty vehicles of the M and N categories in the short-, medium- and long terms. In this aspect also the possibility of the use of biomethane to power diesel engines has been analyzed.

Identifying changes in trends in the age standardized incidence of melanoma in Australia

2019 ◽  
Vol 3 (4) ◽  
pp. 250-252 ◽  
Author(s):  
David M Hille
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Linear Regression ◽  
Iterative Process ◽  
Linear Trend ◽  
Piecewise Linear ◽  
Health Issue ◽  
Public Health Issue ◽  
Piecewise Linear Regression ◽  
Significant Public Health ◽  
Males And Females

ObjectiveTo identify changes in the linear trend of the age-standardized incidence of melanoma in Australia for all persons, males, and females. MethodsA two-piece piecewise linear regression was fitted to the data. The piecewise breakpoint varied through an iterative process to determine the model that best fits the data.ResultsStatistically significant changes in the trendof the age-standardized incidence of melanoma in Australia were found for all persons, males, and females. The optimal breakpoint for all persons and males was at 1998. For females, the optimal breakpoint was at 2005. The trend after these breakpoints was flatter than prior to the breakpoints, but still positive.ConclusionMelanoma is a significant public health issue in Australia. Overall incidence continues to increase. However, the rate at which the incidence is increasing appears to be decreasing.

scholarly journals Analysis of the health effects of the transition of traditional Chinese food on the emergence of nontraditional eating behaviors

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Abdelhadi Halawa
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Health Effects ◽  
Eating Behaviors ◽  
Healthy Diet ◽  
Snack Food ◽  
Food History ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Eating Pattern ◽  
Analyze Data ◽  
Chinese Food

Abstract Background Traditional Chinese food has been believed to be closely associated with affecting salubrious health outcomes, enhancing longevity, and interoperating with traditional Chinese medicine. Over the past several decades, traditional Chinese food has been going through significant evolution and qualitative transition of nontraditional eating behaviors. This food transition and eating pattern transformation are propelled by China’s vast population size, rapid socioeconomic development, lifestyle changes, and global influence. Inevitably, these dietary shifts are having a considerable impact not only on public health in China but also globally. Purpose The purpose of the present study is to examine the socioeconomic and health effects of the shift from consuming traditional Chinese food into increasingly consuming Western-style processed foods, fast foods, saturated fats, snacks, sugary beverages, and eating out more often than the traditional home cooking. This study also investigates the prevalence, health effects, and sociodemographic implications of food transition and adopting Western-style eating patterns. Methods Cross-sectional analysis of primary data collected from 1292 adult male and female participants was performed. Participants responded to a cross-sectional self-administered paper-and-pencil-based food history and beverage intake questionnaire. Chi-square analyses were employed to analyze data obtained from the nonparametric variables, whereas t tests were performed to analyze data obtained from the parametric variables. Results There were significant differences in snack food shopping distributions between gender and marital status factors. Females were more likely to purchase more snacks than males, whereas singles were more likely to purchase more snacks than married. Pooled data suggest that 79.67% of the respondents consumed fast food with wide-ranging frequencies. There were significant differences between water and all other typical drinks, as water recorded the highest consumption rate by 65.31%. There were significant differences between the three meal-eating locations, as 48.45% of the respondents were more likely to consume most of their daily meals at home, whereas, combined, 51.55% were more likely to consume most of their daily meals out-of-home. Baking food scored 77.94% compared with all other food preparation methods. Overall healthy eating behaviors results indicated that 49.67% of the respondents consumed a healthy diet most of the time, whereas combined, 50.33% either consumed a healthy diet sometimes or not at all. Conclusions Traditional Chinese eating practices have been transitioning into nontraditional eating behaviors that may be associated with a multitude of chronic non-communicable diseases and high mortality rates. As these rates have been projected to continue rising, there is a need to focus on introducing public health promotion policies, including health education and lifestyle-enhancing initiatives aimed at promoting nutritive balance and adopting healthier eating behaviors. These policies can be tailored to support the most affected groups among the lower- and middle-income Chinese, as well as similar populations in developing countries.

scholarly journals Conventional and Alternative Sources of Thermal Energy in the Production of Cement—An Impact on CO2 Emission

Energies ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (6) ◽  
pp. 1539
Author(s):  
Karolina Wojtacha-Rychter ◽  
Piotr Kucharski ◽  
Adam Smolinski
Keyword(s):  
Co2 Emissions ◽  
Co2 Emission ◽  
Alternative Fuels ◽  
Carbon Dioxide Emission ◽  
Calorific Value ◽  
Production Costs ◽  
Partial Substitution ◽  
Research Activities ◽  
Starting Point ◽  
Clinker Production

The article evaluates the reduction of carbon dioxide emission due to the partial substitution of coal with alternative fuels in clinker manufacture. For this purpose, the calculations were performed for seventy waste-derived samples of alternative fuels with variable calorific value and variable share in the fuel mixture. Based on annual clinker production data of the Polish Cement Association and the laboratory analysis of fuels, it was estimated that the direct net CO2 emissions from fossil fuel combustion alone were 543 Mg of CO2 per hour. By contrast with the full substitution of coal with alternative fuels (including 30% of biomass), the emission ranged from 302 up to 438 Mg of CO2 per hour, depending on fuel properties. A reduction of 70% in the share of fossil fuels resulted in about a 23% decrease in net emissions. It was proved that the increased use of alternative fuels as an additive to the fuel mix is also of economic importance. It was determined that thanks to the combustion of 70% of alternative fuels of calorific value from 15 to 26 MJ/kg, the hourly financial profit gain due to avoided CO2 emission and saved 136 megatons of coal totaled an average of 9718 euros. The results confirmed that the co-incineration of waste in cement kilns can be an effective, long-term way to mitigate carbon emissions and to lower clinker production costs. This paper may constitute a starting point for future research activities and specific case studies in terms of reducing CO2 emissions.

scholarly journals Pulp and Paper Industry: Decarbonisation Technology Assessment to Reach CO2 Neutral Emissions—An Austrian Case Study

Energies ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (4) ◽  
pp. 1161
Author(s):  
Maedeh Rahnama Mobarakeh ◽  
Miguel Santos Silva ◽  
Thomas Kienberger
Keyword(s):  
Energy Consumption ◽  
Co2 Emissions ◽  
Emission Reduction ◽  
Co2 Emission ◽  
Manufacturing Industry ◽  
Paper Industry ◽  
Heat Pumps ◽  
Pulp And Paper ◽  
Low Carbon ◽  
Co2 Emission Reduction

The pulp and paper (P&P) sector is a dynamic manufacturing industry and plays an essential role in the Austrian economy. However, the sector, which consumes about 20 TWh of final energy, is responsible for 7% of Austria’s industrial CO2 emissions. This study, intending to assess the potential for improving energy efficiency and reducing emissions in the Austrian context in the P&P sector, uses a bottom-up approach model. The model is applied to analyze the energy consumption (heat and electricity) and CO2 emissions in the main processes, related to the P&P production from virgin or recycled fibers. Afterward, technological options to reduce energy consumption and fossil CO2 emissions for P&P production are investigated, and various low-carbon technologies are applied to the model. For each of the selected technologies, the potential of emission reduction and energy savings up to 2050 is estimated. Finally, a series of low-carbon technology-based scenarios are developed and evaluated. These scenarios’ content is based on the improvement potential associated with the various processes of different paper grades. The results reveal that the investigated technologies applied in the production process (chemical pulping and paper drying) have a minor impact on CO2 emission reduction (maximum 10% due to applying an impulse dryer). In contrast, steam supply electrification, by replacing fossil fuel boilers with direct heat supply (such as commercial electric boilers or heat pumps), enables reducing emissions by up to 75%. This means that the goal of 100% CO2 emission reduction by 2050 cannot be reached with one method alone. Consequently, a combination of technologies, particularly with the electrification of the steam supply, along with the use of carbon-free electricity generated by renewable energy, appears to be essential.

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