scholarly journals Eco-Packaging and its Market Performance: UPC-level Sales, Brand Spillover Effects, and Curvilinearity

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (21) ◽  
pp. 9061
Author(s):  
Sunhee Choi ◽  
Sangno Lee
Keyword(s):  
Spillover Effect ◽  
Revealed Preference ◽  
Product Category ◽  
Positive Association ◽  
Spillover Effects ◽  
Behavioral Pattern ◽  
Data Availability ◽  
Product Categories ◽  
Product Sales ◽  
Scanner Panel

The prior research has partially addressed the full impacts of eco-packaging, mainly focusing on intention or attitude in a limited context. We attempt to investigate the actual consumer behavioral pattern to the eco-packaging appeals with revealed preference data. To test the diverse impacts on various product hierarchies, the sales of frequently purchased product category was applied. The scanner panel data availability in multi-category products enables us to test (1) the eco-packaging appeal impacts on Universal Product Code level sales, (2) the eco-packaging impacts on brand spillover effect, and (3) the linear or non-linear relationship between eco-packaging appeal and sales. Our results show that eco-packaging does contribute to its individual product sales. With regard to the brand spillover effect, our results reveal rather interesting results: brand spillover effect is present when eco-packaging intensity is high in the own product category, but not when the intensity is high in other product categories even if they both carry the same umbrella brand. Lastly, we discover an inverted U-shaped relationship between eco-packaging intensity within a brand and brand-level sales. It implies that adding eco-packaging appeal to products would actually increase the whole brand sales immediately, but after a peak point, the positive association transfer is weakened. Our results highlight that it is necessary to consider that ecologically sound packaging does induce market success.

scholarly journals The effects of price promotion on relative virtue and vice food products

2017 ◽  
Vol 20 (5) ◽  
pp. 637-654
Author(s):  
Josefa Parreño-Selva ◽  
Francisco J. Mas-Ruiz ◽  
Enar Ruiz-Conde
Keyword(s):  
Survey Data ◽  
Product Category ◽  
Scanner Data ◽  
Price Promotion ◽  
Low Fat ◽  
Price Promotions ◽  
Product Categories ◽  
Light Product ◽  
Enduring Involvement ◽  
Product Sales

Retailers use price promotion of light and regular products, but not all of these products are perceived as relative virtues and vices, respectively. This paper aims to identify whether consumers distinguish between the two product categories. Survey data is used to distinguish between each product category, and identifies low-fat milk as a light product that gives both immediate and delayed rewards. Daily scanner data from a hypermarket supports the effects of price promotions on sales within and between product categories, as expected. We expect that, (1) due to these light products representing more enduring involvement, demand is less price sensitive compared to demand for regular products; (2) as nonimpulse purchase products, price promotions of light products cannibalize the sales of other light products; and (3) the loss of light product benefits associated with switching means that price promotions of light products hurt regular product sales more than vice versa.

Externalities of Mandatory IFRS Adoption: Evidence from Cross-Border Spillover Effects of Financial Information on Investment Efficiency

2012 ◽  
Vol 88 (3) ◽  
pp. 881-914 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chen Chen ◽  
Danqing Young ◽  
Zili Zhuang
Keyword(s):  
Spillover Effect ◽  
Spillover Effects ◽  
Data Availability ◽  
Investment Efficiency ◽  
Investment Performance ◽  
Ifrs Adoption ◽  
Cross Border ◽  
Legal Enforcement ◽  
Positive Externalities ◽  
Industry Competition

ABSTRACT This study examines the externalities of mandatory IFRS adoption on firms' investment efficiency in 17 European countries. We use the ROA difference between the firm and its peers to proxy for the information on the peers' investment performance. We find that the spillover effect of a firm's ROA difference versus its foreign peers, but not domestic peers, on the firm's investment efficiency increases after IFRS adoption. We also find that increased disclosure by both foreign and domestic peers after IFRS adoption has a spillover effect on a firm's investment efficiency. Further, a firm's investment changes induced by its ROA difference versus foreign peers are more value-relevant after IFRS adoption, and those induced by increased disclosure by foreign peers under IFRS are value-relevant. Additional analyses reveal that our results are affected by legal enforcement strength, peer composition, and industry competition. Overall, we document positive externalities of mandatory IFRS adoption. Data Availability: Data are available from commercial providers (Worldscope, DataStream, and I/B/E/S).

Promotional Elasticities and Category Characteristics

1996 ◽  
Vol 60 (2) ◽  
pp. 17-30 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chakravarthi Narasimhan ◽  
Scott A. Neslin ◽  
Subrata K. Sen
Keyword(s):  
Panel Data ◽  
Significant Relationship ◽  
Product Category ◽  
Private Label ◽  
Impulse Buying ◽  
Scanner Data ◽  
Product Categories ◽  
Managerial Implications ◽  
Scanner Panel Data ◽  
Scanner Panel

The authors study the relationships between product category characteristics and average brand promotional elasticity within the category. They present a framework for understanding these relationships and use it to generate hypotheses. The authors also consider three types of promotions and seven category characteristics. They study 108 product categories and use data compiled from weekly scanner data, scanner panel data, and survey data. Their results indicate that promotional elasticities are higher for categories with relatively fewer number of brands, higher category penetration, shorter interpurchase times, and higher consumer propensity to stockpile. The authors find no statistically significant relationship between promotional elasticity and either impulse buying or private label market share. They discuss the reasons for these results and their managerial implications.

EXPRESS: Online Training of Salespersons: Impact, Heterogeneity, and Spillover Effects

2021 ◽  
pp. 002224372110484
Author(s):  
Siddharth Shekhar Singh ◽  
Ravi Sen ◽  
Sharad Borle
Keyword(s):  
Spillover Effect ◽  
Spillover Effects ◽  
Sales Performance ◽  
Significant Heterogeneity ◽  
Program Participation ◽  
Average Impact ◽  
Positive Spillover ◽  
Product Sales ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Training Modules

Data from a field study concerning an online salesperson training program is used to investigate: (1) the overall impact of program participation on sales performance for two kinds of products, Focus and Other (the direct impact); (2) heterogeneity in the impact of program participation across salespersons; and (3) spillover effect of program participation by others in the vicinity on salesperson performance (the indirect impact). The program contains short-duration training modules accessed via an online platform. Salespersons choose whether to take any module, how many modules to take, and when to take them. Results show that while training improved sales performance, the average impact of training on Other product sales was immediate, significant, and positive, and that on Focus product sales was delayed. Further, the impact of training diminishes over time. The authors find significant heterogeneity in the impact of training across salespersons and regions. Finally, the results show a mixed spillover effect of training by peers. There is a positive spillover effect on sales of the focal salesperson with an increase in the total number of trainings taken by peer salespersons, and a negative or no spillover effect with an increase in the number of peer salespersons taking training.

Implementation of a comprehensive flavoured tobacco product sales restriction and retail tobacco sales

2021 ◽  
pp. tobaccocontrol-2021-056494
Author(s):  
Doris G Gammon ◽  
Todd Rogers ◽  
Jennifer Gaber ◽  
James M Nonnemaker ◽  
Ashley L Feld ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
San Francisco ◽  
San Diego ◽  
Product Category ◽  
Interrupted Time Series ◽  
Tobacco Product ◽  
Interrupted Time Series Analysis ◽  
San Jose ◽  
Product Categories ◽  
Tobacco Sales ◽  
Product Sales

ObjectiveSan Francisco’s comprehensive restriction on flavoured tobacco sales applies to all flavours (including menthol), all products and all retailers (without exemptions). This study evaluates associations of policy implementation with changes in tobacco sales in San Francisco and in two California cities without any sales restriction.MethodsUsing weekly retail sales data (July 2015 through December 2019), we computed sales volume in equivalent units within product categories and the proportion of flavoured tobacco. An interrupted time series analysis estimated within-city changes associated with the policy’s effective and enforcement dates, separately by product category for San Francisco and comparison cities, San Jose and San Diego.ResultsPredicted average weekly flavoured tobacco sales decreased by 96% from before the policy to after enforcement (p<0.05), and to very low levels across all products, including cigars with concept-flavour names (eg, Jazz). Average weekly flavoured tobacco sales did not change in San Jose and decreased by 10% in San Diego (p<0.05). Total tobacco sales decreased by 25% in San Francisco, 8% in San Jose and 17% in San Diego (each, p<0.05).ConclusionsSan Francisco’s comprehensive restriction virtually eliminated flavoured tobacco sales and decreased total tobacco sales in mainstream retailers. Unlike other US flavoured tobacco policy evaluations, there was no evidence of substitution to concept–flavour named products. Results may be attributed to San Francisco Department of Health’s self-education and rigorous retailer education, as well as the law’s rebuttable presumption of a product as flavoured based on manufacturer communication.

Does Incentive-Based Compensation for Chief Internal Auditors Impact Objectivity? An External Audit Risk Perspective

2016 ◽  
Vol 36 (2) ◽  
pp. 21-43 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lucy Huajing Chen ◽  
Hyeesoo H. (Sally) Chung ◽  
Gary F. Peters ◽  
Jinyoung P. (Jeannie) Wynn
Keyword(s):  
Financial Reporting ◽  
Internal Audit ◽  
Positive Association ◽  
Audit Fees ◽  
Data Availability ◽  
Company Performance ◽  
Potential Threat ◽  
External Audit ◽  
Internal Auditors ◽  
Survey Responses

SUMMARY This paper considers the potential impact of internal audit incentive-based compensation (IBC) linked to company performance on the external auditor's assessment of internal audit objectivity. We posit that external auditors will view IBC as a potential threat to internal audit objectivity, thus reducing the extent of reliance on the work of internal auditors and increasing the assessment of control risk. The increase in risk and external auditor effort should result in higher audit fees. We hypothesize that the form of incentive-based compensation, namely stock-based versus cash bonuses, moderates the association between IBC and external audit fee. Finally, we consider whether underlying financial reporting risk mitigates the external auditor's potential sensitivity to IBC. We find a positive association between external audit fees and internal audit compensation based upon company performance. The association is acute to IBC paid in stock or stock options as opposed to cash bonuses. We also find evidence consistent with the IBC associations being mitigated by the company's financial reporting risks. Data Availability: Individual survey responses are confidential. All other data are derived from publicly available sources.

Did the 2005 Deferred Prosecution Agreement Adversely Impact KPMG's Audit Practice?

2018 ◽  
Vol 38 (1) ◽  
pp. 77-102 ◽  
Author(s):  
Matthew Baugh ◽  
Jeff P. Boone ◽  
Inder K. Khurana ◽  
K. K. Raman
Keyword(s):  
Service Provider ◽  
Audit Quality ◽  
Spillover Effect ◽  
Audit Fees ◽  
Data Availability ◽  
Department Of Justice ◽  
Big 4 ◽  
Tax Shelters

SUMMARY We examine the consequences of misconduct in a Big 4 firm's nonaudit practice for its audit practice. Specifically, we examine whether KPMG's audit practice suffered a loss of audit fees and clients and/or a decline in factual audit quality following the 2005 deferred prosecution agreement (DPA) with the Department of Justice for marketing questionable tax shelters. We find little evidence that the DPA adversely impacted KPMG's audit practice by way of either audit fees or the likelihood of client gains/losses, suggesting little or no harm to KPMG's audit reputation. We also find that the DPA had no effect on the firm's factual audit quality, even for those audit clients that dropped KPMG as their tax service provider. Collectively, our findings suggest that there was no spillover effect from the DPA to KPMG's audit practice. Data Availability: All data are publicly available.

scholarly journals Under the Umbrella: Goal-Derived Category Construction and Product Category Nesting

2021 ◽  
pp. 000183922110123
Author(s):  
Johnny Boghossian ◽  
Robert J. David
Keyword(s):  
Process Model ◽  
Product Category ◽  
Derived Category ◽  
The State ◽  
Product Attributes ◽  
Product Categories ◽  
Role Of The State ◽  
Market Intermediaries ◽  
Category Construction

Categories are organized vertically, with product categories nested under larger umbrella categories. Meaning flows from umbrella categories to the categories beneath them, such that the construction of a new umbrella category can significantly reshape the categorical landscape. This paper explores the construction of a new umbrella category and the nesting beneath it of a product category. Specifically, we study the construction of the Quebec terroir products umbrella category and the nesting of the Quebec artisanal cheese product category under this umbrella. Our analysis shows that the construction of umbrella categories can unfold entirely separately from that of product categories and can follow a distinct categorization process. Whereas the construction of product categories may be led by entrepreneurs who make salient distinctive product attributes, the construction of umbrella categories may be led by “macro actors” removed from the market. We found that these macro actors followed a goal-derived categorization process: they first defined abstract goals and ideals for the umbrella category and only subsequently sought to populate it with product categories. Among the macro actors involved, the state played a central role in defining the meaning of the Quebec terroir category and mobilizing other macro actors into the collective project, a finding that suggests an expanded role of the state in category construction. We also found that market intermediaries are important in the nesting of product categories beneath new umbrella categories, notably by projecting identities onto producers consistent with the goals of the umbrella category. We draw on these findings to develop a process model of umbrella category construction and product category nesting.

Effects of tourism development on economic growth: An empirical study of China based on both static and dynamic spatial Durbin models

2021 ◽  
pp. 135481662110211
Author(s):  
Honghong Liu ◽  
Ye Xiao ◽  
Bin Wang ◽  
Dianting Wu
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
Spillover Effect ◽  
Tourism Development ◽  
Spillover Effects ◽  
Policy Implications ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Spatial Spillover ◽  
Domestic Tourism ◽  
Inbound Tourism ◽  
Spatial Spillover Effect

This study applies the dynamic spatial Durbin model (SDM) to explore the direct and spillover effects of tourism development on economic growth from the perspective of domestic and inbound tourism. The results are compared with those from the static SDM. The results support the tourism-led-economic-growth hypothesis in China. Specifically, domestic tourism and inbound tourism play a significant role in stimulating local economic growth. However, the spatial spillover effect is limited to domestic tourism, and the spatial spillover effect of inbound tourism is not significant. Furthermore, the long-term effects are much greater than the short-term impact for both domestic and inbound tourism. Plausible explanations of these results are provided and policy implications are drawn.

scholarly journals Regional Disparity and Patients Mobility: Benefits and Spillover Effects of the Spatial Network Structure of the Health Services in China

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (3) ◽  
pp. 1096
Author(s):  
Liping Fu ◽  
Kaibo Xu ◽  
Feng Liu ◽  
Lu Liang ◽  
Zhengmin Wang
Keyword(s):  
Health Economic ◽  
Health Services ◽  
Network Structure ◽  
Spillover Effect ◽  
Spillover Effects ◽  
Health Economy ◽  
Spatial Network ◽  
Spatial Effects ◽  
Medical Resource ◽  
Medical Resources

Background: The distribution of medical resources in China is seriously imbalanced due to imbalanced economic development in the country; unbalanced distribution of medical resources makes patients try to seek better health services. Against this backdrop, this study aims to analyze the spatial network characteristics and spatial effects of China’s health economy, and then find evidence that affects patient mobility. Methods: Data for this study were drawn from the China Health Statistical Yearbooks and China Statistical Books. The gravitational value of China’s health spatial network was calculated to establish a network of gravitational relationships. The social network analysis method was used for centrality analysis and spillover effect analysis. Results: A gravity correlation matrix was constructed among provinces by calculating the gravitational value, indicating the spatial relationships of different provinces in the health economic network. Economically developed provinces, such as Shanghai and Jiangsu, are at the center of the health economic network (centrality degree = 93.333). These provinces also play a strong intermediary role in the network and have connections with other provinces. In the CONCOR analysis, 31 provinces are divided into four blocks. The spillover effect of the blocks indicates provinces with medical resource centers have beneficial effects, while provinces with insufficient resources have obvious spillover effects. Conclusion: There is a significant gap in the geographical distribution of medical resources, and the health economic spatial network structure needs to be improved. Most medical resources are concentrated in economically developed provinces, and these provinces’ positions in the health economic spatial network are becoming more centralized. By contrast, economically underdeveloped regions are at the edge of the network, causing patients to move to provinces with medical resource centers. There are health risks of the increasing pressure to seek medical treatment in developed provinces with abundant medical resources.

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