scholarly journals Socioeconomic Status Changes of the Host Communities after the Rohingya Refugee Influx in the Southern Coastal Area of Bangladesh

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (8) ◽  
pp. 4240
Author(s):  
S M Asik Ullah ◽  
Kazuo Asahiro ◽  
Masao Moriyama ◽  
Masakazu Tani
Keyword(s):  
Socioeconomic Status ◽  
Refugee Camps ◽  
Cheap Labor ◽  
Socioeconomic Changes ◽  
Livelihood Options ◽  
Local Host ◽  
The Government ◽  
Donor Agencies ◽  
Refugee Issues ◽  
Coastal District

The refugee influx from Myanmar, known as Rohingya refugees, is a serious concern for global refugee issues. Bangladesh currently hosts one million Rohingya refugees in the coastal district of Cox’s Bazar. Considering the number of the refugees, in addition to the humanitarian concerns, they are also creating pressure on the local host communities. This study explored the socioeconomic changes of the host communities after the refugee influx. In order to fulfill this study’s objectives, 35 villages near the Rohingya refugee camps from the coastal district of Bangladesh were surveyed. In the villages, 10% of households were surveyed in 2016 and also in 2020, covering 1924 and 2265 households, respectively. A temporal comparison of the host community’s socioeconomic status between 2016 and 2020 was conducted in order to determine the changes after the recent refugee influx. This study found that the local community’s socioeconomic status degraded. The annual income decreased by 24%, which is unusual for a country with over 6% gross domestic product (GDP) growth in recent times. The income decreased from all livelihood options except farming, which could be related to the availability of cheap labor and the high demand for commodities. The villages were clustered using k-means, and 20 villages were found to be affected after the refugee influx with degraded socioeconomic status. The host community’s general perception was initially positive, but later turned negative toward the refugees. This study will be important for the government and donor agencies to develop strategies to properly manage the refugee camps and adjacent host communities.

scholarly journals The Temporary Safe Haven- An Australian Perspective

Refuge ◽  
2001 ◽  
pp. 17-22
Author(s):  
Jackie King
Keyword(s):  
Service Delivery ◽  
Refugee Camps ◽  
Safe Haven ◽  
Temporary Protection ◽  
Australian Context ◽  
The Future ◽  
International Obligations ◽  
Democratic Rights ◽  
The Government

Australia's decision to provide temporary safe haven protection to 4000 Kosovars in response to the UNHCR request for assistance in their humanitarian evacuation from refugee camps in surrounding countries, required quick action by the government to provide for an unprecedented legislative and service delivery framework. This paper looks at the notion of temporary protection, both in international and specifically Australian context, before describing and assessing the legislative and service delivery mechanisms that facilitated Australia's response. This paper concludes that the risk of selective intepretation of the legislation and the denial of democratic rights to the subjects of legislation, and the less than adequate service delivery to the Kosovars, and the arguable breach of its international obligations, suggests that Australia will have to think twice before engaging in such a mechanism in the future.

scholarly journals Refugee Camps: Fieldwork Strategies on the Bangladesh-Myanmar Border

2018 ◽  
pp. 130-139
Keyword(s):  
Refugee Camps ◽  
The Government ◽  
Female Researcher

The Rohingya refugees have been living in Bangladesh for over two decades. Temporary encampment turned out to be a permanent situation for many of them living in registered and unregistered refugee camps. The government of Bangladesh prohibits visitors’ access in those camps without prior official permission. The bureaucratic hurdles for securing permission for a non-party individual to the refugee issue were lengthy, conspicuous, difficult, uncertain and risky, and involves going through layers of administration located in different places. This paper draws fieldwork experiences among registered and unregistered refugees from the Bangladesh side of the border. It shed some light on practicalities and sensitivities in the field and the challenges faced by a female researcher in a fieldwork setting in this remote borderland. It suggests various strategies and negotiations that granted access to various communities.

Evaluation of access to electricity and the socioeconomic effects in rural and urban expanses of Nigeria

2021 ◽  
Vol ahead-of-print (ahead-of-print) ◽  
Author(s):  
Toluwalope Ogunro ◽  
Luqman Afolabi
Keyword(s):  
Socioeconomic Status ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
National Development ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Rural And Urban Areas ◽  
Rural And Urban ◽  
The Government ◽  
Electricity Access

PurposeRecently, multidimensional aspects of poverty has been increasingly focused on which includes education, economy and health, while access to modern energy such as stable electricity is also one of the possible solution; thus, this article aims to divulge the relation between access to electricity and progression in socioeconomic status in urban and rural areas of Nigeria in an attempt to propose a sustainable framework for access to electricity.Design/methodology/approachDemographic and health survey data are collected using four categories of model of questionnaires. A standard questionnaire was designed to gather information on features of the household's dwelling element and attributes of visitors and usual residents between the 2018 period. Biomarker questionnaire was used to gather biomarker data on men, women and children. Logistic model estimation technique was employed to estimate the socioeconomic factors affecting access to electricity in Nigeria.FindingsThese studies discovered that there are diverse set of factors affecting access to electricity in Nigeria especially in the rural areas. However, respondent residing in rural areas are still largely deprived access to electricity; most importantly, households with no access to electricity are more likely to use self-generating sets as revealed. Additionally, empirical findings indicated that the higher the level of your education and wealth, the higher the likelihood of having access to electricity in Nigeria. These factors included political will to connect the rural areas to the national grid, development of other infrastructures in those deprived areas and others.Practical implicationsThe problem confronting access to electricity in Nigeria has three components. The first is the significance of those deprived access to electricity in the rural areas and the physical resources needed to connect them to the national grid. The second is the political willingness of the government to have equitable distribution of public goods evenly between rural and urban areas especially on electricity access which will go a long way in reducing poverty in Nigeria. The third is lack of robust national development plans and strategy to tackle the problems facing electricity access in Nigeria.Social implicationsAs the rate of socioeconomic status/development increases, access to electricity is anticipated to rise up in Nigeria.Originality/valueThe findings can be used by the policy makers to address problems facing access to electricity in Nigeria.

scholarly journals Socioeconomic Status Impacts Outcomes Following Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction Status

2018 ◽  
Vol 6 (7_suppl4) ◽  
pp. 2325967118S0010
Author(s):  
Akash R. Patel ◽  
Ryan Smith ◽  
Kavish Gupta ◽  
Curtis Vandenberg
Keyword(s):  
Socioeconomic Status ◽  
Graft Failure ◽  
Ligament Reconstruction ◽  
Cruciate Ligament ◽  
Knee Injuries ◽  
Commercial Insurance ◽  
Insurance Group ◽  
Operative Complications ◽  
The Government ◽  
Anterior Cruciate

Objectives: Delays in pediatric and adolescent anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction (ACLR) are associated with increased prevalence of concomitant knee injuries and worse post-operative outcomes. However, few studies have described the factors that may contribute to these delays and adverse events. This study seeks to determine the impact socioeconomic status has on outcomes following ACLR. Methods: Patients who underwent primary ACLR at a pediatric hospital between 2009 and 2015 were retrospectively reviewed. Variables included clinical outcomes and post-operative complications, as well as chronologic, demographic, and socioeconomic factors. Post-operative complication variables included graft failure, return to operating room, stiffness, and infection. Socioeconomic status was measured using health insurance type (commercial vs. government) and city block group level median household income levels derived from 2009-2015 U.S. Census Bureau data. Patients were excluded if they had multiligamentous knee injuries, prior ACLR, presented more than 365 days after injury, or had missing medical record data. Results: Overall, 127 patients (69 male, 58 female) were included in data analysis. The mean age at time of surgery was 15.0 ± 2.3 years (range = 9 to 21 years). There were 68 patients in the commercial insurance group and 59 patients in the government insurance group. Patients in the commercial insurance group had an average household median income of $87,767 (SD = $38,325) compared to $51,366 (SD = $25,330) in the government insurance group, p = < 0.0001. Patients in the government insurance group demonstrated greater delays in time from injury to first appointment (p = 0.0003), injury to MRI (p = 0.021), injury to surgery (p = < 0.0001), first appointment to surgery (p = 0.0036), and injury to return to play, p = 0.044 (Table 1). At time of surgery, 81% (48/59) of patients in the government insurance group presented with concomitant meniscal injuries compared 65% (44/68) of patients in the commercial insurance group, p = 0.034 (Odds Ratio = 2.38). Post-operatively, 22% (13/58) of patients in the government insurance group experienced decreased knee range of motion (“stiffness”) compared to 9% (6/68) in the commercial insurance group, p = 0.033 (Odds Ratio = 2.99). No significant differences were found between insurance types for rates of concomitant chondral injuries, graft failure, re-operation, or post-operative infection. Conclusion: Pediatric patients with government health insurance may experience delays in receiving definitive knee injury management and be at risk for complications and diminished outcomes. These delays are likely multifactorial, and may be attributed to decreased access to care, familial resources, and social support. Of note, our findings suggest a significant discrepancy in time to treatment as well as rates of concomitant knee injuries and post-operative complications between government and commercial insurance types. [Table: see text]

scholarly journals Biopolitics, borders, and refugee camps: exercising sovereign power over nonmembers of the state†

2017 ◽  
Vol 45 (1) ◽  
pp. 41-60 ◽  
Author(s):  
Olga Zeveleva
Keyword(s):  
National Identity ◽  
Asylum Seekers ◽  
The State ◽  
State Of Exception ◽  
Refugee Camps ◽  
Sovereign Power ◽  
The Government ◽  
Treat All ◽  
Refugees And Asylum Seekers ◽  
The Relationship

This article addresses the relationship between the concepts of national identity and biopolitics by examining a border-transit camp for repatriates, refugees, and asylum seekers in Germany. Current studies of detention spaces for migrants have drawn heavily on Agamben's reflection on the “camp” and “homo sacer,” where the camp is analyzed as a space in a permanent state of exception, in which the government exercises sovereign power over the refugee as the ultimate biopolitical subject. But what groups of people can end up at a camp, and does the government treat all groups in the same way? This article examines the German camp for repatriates, refugees, and asylum seekers as a space where the state's borders are demarcated and controlled through practices of bureaucratic and narrative differentiation among various groups of people. The author uses the concept of detention space to draw a theoretical link between national identity and biopolitics, and demonstrates how the sovereign's practices of control and differentiation at the camp construct German national identity through defining “nonmembers” of the state. The study draws on ethnographic fieldwork at the Friedland border transit camp and on a discourse analysis of texts produced at the camp or for the camp.

Order and Stability in Social Transition: Neoconservative Political Thought in Post-China

1997 ◽  
Vol 151 ◽  
pp. 593-613 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chen Feng
Keyword(s):  
Economic Freedom ◽  
Political Stability ◽  
Social Transition ◽  
Political Leaders ◽  
Political Liberalization ◽  
Socioeconomic Changes ◽  
Chinese Intellectual ◽  
The Government ◽  
Chinese Intellectuals

With the end of the Deng Xiaoping era, China is struggling to define its future. Ongoing socioeconomic changes, impelled by Deng's reform since 1979, pose an unprecedented challenge to the post-Deng political leaders in terms of how to govern an increasingly open and economically prosperous but tension-ridden and potentially unstable society. This question also concerns many Chinese intellectuals and has actually become a new locus of intellectual political thinking. Contrary to the conventional wisdom that expanded economic freedom would foster the demands of political liberalization, the view prevailing in current Chinese intellectual circles is that of so-called neoconservatism.1 This term is loosely used to label a body of arguments calling for political stability, central authority, tight social control, role of ideology and nationalism.2 Such calls are also made by the government, but neoconservatism distinguishes itself from the official statements by defending the current political order from somehow different approaches and with very different rhetoric.

Refugee special economic zones

2018 ◽  
Vol 7 (3) ◽  
pp. 290-303
Author(s):  
Lotta Moberg ◽  
Sebastian Reil
Keyword(s):  
Political Economy ◽  
Refugee Camps ◽  
Special Economic Zones ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Tax Rate ◽  
Social Challenges ◽  
Institutional Entrepreneurs ◽  
Host Government ◽  
The Government ◽  
Economic Zones

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to show how special economic zones (SEZs) can be applied to refugee camps. Zones are powerful tools for investors to act like institutional entrepreneurs, who promote institutional reform by pursuing exemptions from government constraints and taxes or by advocating for reform. Refugee SEZs (R-SEZs) would similarly allow for institutional entrepreneurs to promote broader immigration reform. Design/methodology/approach The authors apply a political economy framework to R-SEZs that explores the factors that make them feasible. A mathematical model is applied to explicitly define the conditions under which the zones could succeed in benefiting refugees, investors and the host economy alike. Findings Under certain conditions, appropriate tax rates can be applied to R-SEZs that make them feasible. Feasibility is determined by being beneficial for the host country while also attracting investors. The zones are feasible if they attract enough foreign investors as opposed to domestic investors. Other factors contributing to zone success are higher wages outside the zone, lower wages inside it, higher cost to the government of non-employed refugees, lower relocation cost for businesses and a higher tax rate outside the zone. Practical implications This policy would aim to provide job opportunities to refugees, profit opportunities to investors and lower net costs for the host government. R-SEZs should be considered by policy makers in countries hosting refugee camps. Just like the old model of SEZs, they can benefit workers while also enhancing the government’s budget. Social implications R-SEZs have the potential to alleviate the refugee crisis the world is facing, which is arguably one of the largest social challenges of our time. Originality/value This paper is the first to outline the political economy conditions for SEZs applied to refugee camps.

scholarly journals Impacts of Climate Change on Fish Production among Rural Fishing Households in Delta State, Nigeria

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (4) ◽  
pp. 402-407
Author(s):  
Emaziye, P.O
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
School Level ◽  
Analysis Model ◽  
Climatic Effects ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Multi Stage ◽  
Climatic Impacts ◽  
The Government ◽  
Donor Agencies ◽  
Chi Square Analysis

The major aim of the study was to examine the climatic impacts on rural fishing households. Data were obtained with the aid of structured questionnaires and analysed using descriptive statistics and the chi-square analysis model. Multi-stage sampling techniques were adopted in the purposive selection of 45 rural fishing households. Most respondents were aged with large household size and male-headed households. Respondents were mostly married to a secondary school level of education. Respondents were dominated with low annual income indicating poverty which resulted from climatic effects. Flooding was severe that destroyed the rural fishing business resulting in critical climatic impacts. Short term relief measures should be given by the government and donor agencies to easy to agonies of rural fishing households. Keywords: Climate change, fish, impacts, households production.

scholarly journals Unpacking Negative Externalities of Social Capital in the Sustainability of Smallholder Rural Irrigation Farming: The Case of Rozva Irrigation Scheme in Bikita District, Zimbabwe

2021 ◽  
Vol 04 (12) ◽  
Author(s):  
Mthuthukisi Ncube ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Social Capital ◽  
Rural Communities ◽  
New Technology ◽  
Negative Externalities ◽  
Irrigation Scheme ◽  
Farming Communities ◽  
Development Goals ◽  
The Government ◽  
Donor Agencies ◽  
Smallholder Irrigation

The article examines the negative externalities of social capital in the sustainability of smallholder irrigation farming. Smallholder irrigation farming has become one of the main sources of rural livelihood in Zimbabwe given the deficiencies in rainfall triggered by climate change among other factors. The establishment of smallholder irrigation schemes, refurbishment of irrigation infrastructure, introduction of new technology and the subsidization of farm inputs are several initiatives taken by the government of Zimbabwe, Non-Governmental organisations and the private sector to improving agricultural productivity among smallholder irrigation schemes. Despite these efforts, smallholder irrigation farming has remained unsustainable. Resultantly, most rural communities in Zimbabwe continue to face hunger and poverty, two overarching sustainable development goals (SDGs 1 & 2) one and two. This study examined the negative externalities of social capital on efforts to improve productivity and sustainability of Rozva smallholder irrigation scheme. The article argues that linking social capital, which includes partnerships between Rozva irrigation farmers and donor agencies, has created dependency syndrome that is inimical to the sustainability of the irrigation scheme. The article concludes some social connections detrimental to the sustainability of the scheme tend to create divisions among farmers. The article argues there is need for awareness on negative externalities of social capital and reduce these effects on the sustainability of the smallholder irrigation to realise social capital benefits among irrigation farming communities in Zimbabwe.

scholarly journals Physician Assessment of Social Determinants of Health: A Necessary Component in Improving Care of Patients

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (S1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Emaan Chaudry
Keyword(s):  
Socioeconomic Status ◽  
Social Determinants Of Health ◽  
Social History ◽  
Low Socioeconomic Status ◽  
Social Determinants ◽  
Determinants Of Health ◽  
Sexual History ◽  
History Of ◽  
Asking Questions ◽  
The Government

The importance of building a therapeutic relationship between a physician and a patient is taught early on in a medical student's training, specifically through the practice of obtaining a patient history. This process consists of gathering information in four main categories: the history of the present illness, personal social history, past medical history, and family history. Each piece of information obtained within these categories is vital in ensuring a patient receives appropriate and effective care. Specifically, a social history consists of asking about a patient's relationship status, support system, home environment, interests, exercise, nutritional habits, substance use, and sexual history. To complete a successful and full social history, one should try to address the social determinants of health. As per the Government of Canada’s website, social determinants of health “refer to a specific group of social and economic factors within the broader determinants of health. These relate to an individual’s place in society such as income, education or employment” [1]. Consequently, a critical component of a complete social history interview should be investigating a patients socioeconomic status. Low socioeconomic status (LSES) has been found to play a role in incidence and susceptibility to a variety of health conditions. As such, I believe that screening for and asking questions pertaining to the socioeconomic status of a patient should be considered a vital and essential component of every patient assessment.

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