scholarly journals Circularity for Electric and Electronic Equipment (EEE), the Edge and Distributed Ledger (Edge&DL) Model

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (17) ◽  
pp. 9924
Author(s):  
Terje Andersen ◽  
Bjørn Jæger
Keyword(s):  
End Of Life ◽  
Extended Period ◽  
Electrical Equipment ◽  
Electronic Equipment ◽  
Product Management ◽  
Electronic Products ◽  
Distributed Ledger ◽  
Product Responsibility

In the transition to a circular focus on electric and electronic products, manufacturers play a key role as the originators of both the products and the information about the products. While the waste electric and electronic equipment (WEEE) directive’s contemporary focus is on handling the product as waste after its end of life, the circular economy focuses on retaining the product’s value with a restorative system. The polluter-pays principle requires producers of pollution to bear the costs of handling the pollution, leading to the extended producer responsibility (EPR) principle. This requires manufacturers to change their focus from their current passive role of out-sourcing end-of-life treatment to taking explicit responsibility for product management over an extended period of time. This paper investigates how a manufacturer can assume its responsibility to achieve circularity for its products. Based on our findings, three fundamental circularity principles, the circular electric and electronic equipment (CEEE) principles, for manufactures of electronic and electrical equipment are defined: (1) Serialize product identifiers, (2) data controlled by their authoritative source at the edge, and (3) independent actors’ access to edge data via a distributer ledger are the foundation of the Edge and Distributed Ledger (Edge&DL) model. We demonstrate the model through a case study of how to achieve circularity for lighting equipment. The CEEE principles and the demonstrated model contribute to building new circularity systems for electronic and electric products that let manufacturers undertake their extended product responsibility.

scholarly journals Analytical & Experimental Analysis of Lightning Stokes Performance & Protection by MOV Based Simulation Model: A 33 KV Transmission Line Case Study

2021 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 41-46
Author(s):  
Arsal Mehmood ◽  
Huzaifa Hassan ◽  
Faraz Ahmed Baig ◽  
Suhail Ahmed Shaikh
Keyword(s):  
Transmission Line ◽  
Power Efficiency ◽  
Travelling Waves ◽  
Electrical Equipment ◽  
Defensive Strategy ◽  
Line System ◽  
Potential Harm ◽  
Fault Clearance

Researchers are working on techniques to mitigate failure rates as low as possible to avoid potential harm, sustain high power efficiency for this a considerable number of estimation studies were already performed and several designs of methodologies were being suggested. The transmission line performs the role of the arteries which maintain the process of transporting electricity in the transmission line. That is why it is important to maintain and manage the costs of these tracks.  Surge arrestor and shield wire application are often techniques chosen for defensive strategy in a very technique. By pushing travelling waves towards the electrical equipment mounted on the transmission line, the effects of lightning stoke on the transmission line may cause severe damage to the electrical equipment. In this review, this research study provides a review-based overview of the mechanism of occurrence of lightning along with its impact on the transmission line and the defence methods used to prevent such effects. A MATLAB / SIMULINK 2020a simulation modeling-based analysis for the incidence of lightning on the 33 kV transmission line system is observed in this regard, and a Metal-Oxide surge arrestor-based lightning fault clearance safety scheme is also suggested and discussed.

scholarly journals Modeling of Failure Probability for Reliability and Component Reuse of Electric and Electronic Equipment

Energies ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (11) ◽  
pp. 2843
Author(s):  
Massimo Conti ◽  
Simone Orcioni
Keyword(s):  
End Of Life ◽  
Failure Probability ◽  
Circular Economy ◽  
Industrial Production ◽  
Electrical Equipment ◽  
Electronic Systems ◽  
International Electrotechnical Commission ◽  
Fault Models ◽  
Component Reuse ◽  
Electronic Products

Recently, the concept of “circular economy”, the design for end-of-life, the problem of reduction of waste of electronic and electrical equipment are becoming more and more important. The design of electronic systems for end-of-life considers the possibility of their repair, reuse and recycle, in order to reduce waste. This work proposes a new accurate model of failure probability density, that includes the failure probability of a used component in new equipment. The model has been tested, in conjunction with the International Electrotechnical Commission and Telcordia standard, in real industrial production. Eight years of historical faults have been analyzed and used to derive the fault models of the components. The model and analysis have been used for the analysis of real electronic products. The reuse of components could make an improvement to the reliability of the equipment.

scholarly journals Notes from the hospital bedside: reflections on researcher roles and responsibilities at the end of life in dementia

2017 ◽  
Vol 18 (3) ◽  
pp. 201-211
Author(s):  
Caroline Margaret Swarbrick ◽  
Elizabeth Sampson ◽  
John Keady
Keyword(s):  
Lived Experience ◽  
End Of Life ◽  
Ethics Committees ◽  
Individual Case ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Roles And Responsibilities ◽  
Informal Carers ◽  
Person With Dementia

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to explore some of the ethical and practical dilemmas faced by an experienced researcher in undertaking research with a person with dementia (whom we have called Amy). Amy died shortly after a period of observation had ended and the family subsequently consented to the data being shared. Design/methodology/approach This individual case study presentation was nested within a larger study conducted in England and Scotland between 2013 and 2014. The overall aim of the main study was to investigate how healthcare professionals and informal carers recognised, assessed and managed pain in patients living with dementia in a range of acute settings. Findings The presented case study of Amy raises three critical reflection points: (i) Researcher providing care, i.e. the place and positioning of compassion in research observation; (ii) What do the stories mean? i.e. the reframing of Amy's words, gestures and behaviours as (end of) life review, potentially highlights unresolved personal conflicts and reflections on loss; and (iii) Communication is embodied, i.e. the need to move beyond the recording of words to represent lived experience and into more multi-sensory methods of data capture. Originality/value Researcher guidance and training about end of life observations in dementia is presently absent in the literature and this case study stimulates debate in a much overlooked area, including the role of ethics committees.

scholarly journals Consumer’s Circular Behaviors in Relation to the Purchase, Extension of Life, and End of Life Management of Electrical and Electronic Products: A Review

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (24) ◽  
pp. 10443
Author(s):  
Filippo Corsini ◽  
Natalia Marzia Gusmerotti ◽  
Marco Frey
Keyword(s):  
End Of Life ◽  
Circular Economy ◽  
Review Paper ◽  
Electronic Equipment ◽  
Electronic Products ◽  
Life Management ◽  
Weee Recycling ◽  
The World ◽  
Open Issue ◽  
Useful Life

Nowadays, management of electrical and electronic equipment (EEE) and the related waste electrical and electronic equipment (WEEE) is a growing concern around the world and clearly an open issue to tackle in order to move towards a more circular economy. The goal of this review paper is to analyze and summarize research conducted exploring behaviors connected with purchases, extension of useful life, and management of end of life of electrical and electronic equipment. The results highlight several research exploring the determinants of WEEE recycling behavior, also in relation with different practices (e.g., online recycling); on the other hand other typologies of behaviors are less analyzed in the literature (e.g., purchase of used EEE products, donation of EEE products, participation in WEEE takeback activities established by firm operating in this sector, etc.). Moreover, the results suggest that the theoretical model adopted in many studies reveals its usefulness to predict the determinist of such circular consumer’s behavior in relation to the purchase, extension of life, and end of life management of electrical and electronic products; however, in many cases, additional variables are needed to fully explain the behavior.

scholarly journals Circular Economy in Mexico’s Electronic and Cell Phone Industry: Recent Evidence of Consumer Behavior

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (21) ◽  
pp. 7744
Author(s):  
Daniela Cordova-Pizarro ◽  
Ismael Aguilar-Barajas ◽  
Ciro A. Rodriguez ◽  
David Romero
Keyword(s):  
Consumer Behavior ◽  
Circular Economy ◽  
Cell Phone ◽  
Electronics Industry ◽  
Limited Participation ◽  
Electronic Products ◽  
Climate Action ◽  
Climate Crisis

Circular Economy (CE) models are increasingly referenced in international fora and on many countries’ climate action agendas. This emphasis is associated with the international environmental and climate crisis. The case of the electronics industry remains particularly relevant, given its background in the use of CE models and its potential to enhance their use. This work focuses on consumer behavior regarding electronics products in Mexico. This is a largely under-researched topic not only in Mexico but also in Latin America. This study demonstrates that, by trying to extend the lifespan of their electronic products, consumers have awareness of product circularity. However, there is a lack of incentives to capitalize on this consumer interest, compounded by the limited participation of manufacturers and distributors. It is concluded that with a well-designed public policy, the electronics industry (including the mobile phone sector) in Mexico can move toward a CE model more rapidly. A stronger initiative for CE by design should be part of these policies, not only in Mexico but also internationally. The role of better eco-labelling in promoting consumers’ environmental awareness is essential. The lessons of this case study might be of interest to other countries as well.

End-of-life resource recovery from emerging electronic products – A case study of robotic vacuum cleaners

2016 ◽  
Vol 137 ◽  
pp. 652-666 ◽  
Author(s):  
Keshav Parajuly ◽  
Komal Habib ◽  
Ciprian Cimpan ◽  
Gang Liu ◽  
Henrik Wenzel
Keyword(s):  
End Of Life ◽  
Resource Recovery ◽  
Electronic Products

scholarly journals Designing on the Basis of Recycling-Metallurgy Possibilities: Material-Specific Rules and Standards for “Anti-Dissipative” Products

Resources ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 5
Author(s):  
Konrad Schoch ◽  
Christa Liedtke ◽  
Katrin Bienge
Keyword(s):  
End Of Life ◽  
Circular Economy ◽  
Periodic Table ◽  
Electronic Equipment ◽  
Promising Tool ◽  
Political Response ◽  
Recycling Technology ◽  
Specific Rule ◽  
Design Perspective

The demand for metals from the entire periodic table is currently increasing due to the ongoing digitalization. However, their use within electrical and electronic equipment (EEE) poses problems as they cannot be recovered sufficiently in the end-of-life (EoL) phase. In this paper, we address the unleashed dissipation of metals caused by the design of EEE for which no globally established recycling technology exists. We describe the European Union’s (EU) plan to strive for a circular economy (CE) as a political response to tackle this challenge. However, there is a lack of feedback from a design perspective. It is still unknown what the implications for products would be if politics were to take the path of a CE at the level of metals. To provide clarification in this respect, a case study for indium is presented and linked to its corresponding recycling-metallurgy of zinc and lead. As a result, a first material-specific rule on the design of so-called “anti-dissipative” products is derived, which actually supports designing EEE with recycling in mind and represents an already achieved CE on the material level. In addition, the design of electrotechnical standardization is being introduced. As a promising tool, it addresses the multi-dimensional problems of recovering metals from urban ores and assists in the challenge of enhancing recycling rates. Extending the focus to other recycling-metallurgy besides zinc and lead in further research would enable the scope for material-specific rules to be widened.

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