Analytical & Experimental Analysis of Lightning Stokes Performance & Protection by MOV Based Simulation Model: A 33 KV Transmission Line Case Study

Researchers are working on techniques to mitigate failure rates as low as possible to avoid potential harm, sustain high power efficiency for this a considerable number of estimation studies were already performed and several designs of methodologies were being suggested. The transmission line performs the role of the arteries which maintain the process of transporting electricity in the transmission line. That is why it is important to maintain and manage the costs of these tracks. Surge arrestor and shield wire application are often techniques chosen for defensive strategy in a very technique. By pushing travelling waves towards the electrical equipment mounted on the transmission line, the effects of lightning stoke on the transmission line may cause severe damage to the electrical equipment. In this review, this research study provides a review-based overview of the mechanism of occurrence of lightning along with its impact on the transmission line and the defence methods used to prevent such effects. A MATLAB / SIMULINK 2020a simulation modeling-based analysis for the incidence of lightning on the 33 kV transmission line system is observed in this regard, and a Metal-Oxide surge arrestor-based lightning fault clearance safety scheme is also suggested and discussed.

Hybrid Control for Power System Based on STATCOM and UPFC with Two 3-level 48-pulse under Different Conditions

This research presents the proposed model, to control the power flow in the transmission power system by applying Unified Power Flow Controller (UPFC), STATCOM and two 3-level 48-puls converter. This hybrid has been used to improve performance and reduce the maximum over shoot which is obtained from proposed model when the fault is occurring or suddenly system changes. The behavior of the system is analyzed under different three cases. The first case, the model is applied to plus load at bus 3. The second case, the model is operating at normal work and the third case, the three phase fault is occurred at bus4. In this research, the performance of system is studied under applied all cases of the current, voltage and power for the system. The numerical results of the proposed model are introduced to show the maximum over shoot and RMS values after applied proposed control at three different cases to prove the suggested model gave a good performance especially, during three phases fault and after fault clearance.

Low-Cost Wireless Speed Control and Fault Mitigation of Three-Phase Induction Motor

This chapter presents a design proposal for low-cost speed control and electrical fault mitigation of three-phase induction motors. The proposed system can control and monitor TIMs (three-phase induction motors) from far-flung areas. Here authors have proposed a relay-free system for fast fault clearance. IoT technology and low-cost microcontrollers have helped in achieving a system that is more reliable, economical, user friendly, and fast. It can be controlled by mobile application at the comfort of home. Data related to fault occurrence can be stored and analyzed for preventive maintenance. V/f scalar control method is used for speed control of TIM and able to control it in a wide range. Electrical faults such as over-current, over-temperature, over-voltage, and under-voltage are considered in this chapter. Simulation of the proposed design is done using Proteus 8 software. ESP32 is used to runs a web server that connects the mobile app with simulation.

Fault Clearance in Nine-Bus system using Custom Power Devices

The power transfer capability of a system determines the power quality and the reliability of the power system. The transmission side of the power system is of different configuration. This paper involves the modeling of a three-phase multi-machine system with nine bus configurations. The system is subjected to different fault conditions. The system is modeled with the help of MATLAB- Simulink. The power quality of the system is analyzed. The system active and the reactive power can be compensated by the FACTS devices. The FACTS devices are power compensating devices that play a vital role in increasing the power quality of the system. The three-phase multi-machine system is integrated with the FACTS devices like STATCOM and UPFC and different parameters where analyzed

Adaptive Overhead Transmission Lines Auto-Reclosing Based on Hilbert–Huang Transform

This paper presents a reliable and fast index to detect the instant of arc extinction for adaptive single-pole automatic reclosing (ASPAR). The proposed method is a simple technique for ASPAR on shunt compensated transmission lines using the Hilbert–Huang Transform (HHT). The HHT method is a combination of the empirical mode decomposition (EMD) and the Hilbert transform (HT). The first intrinsic mode function (IMF1) decomposed by EMD, which contains high frequencies of the faulty phase voltage, was used to calculate the proposed index. HT calculates the first IMF spectrum in the time-frequency domain. The presented index is the sum of all frequency contents below 55 Hz, which remains very low until the fault clearance. The proposed method uses a global threshold level and therefore no adjustment is needed for different transmission systems. This method is effective for various system configurations including different fault locations, line loading, and various shunt reactor configurations, designs, compensation rates, and placement. The performance of the method was verified using 324 test cases simulated in electromagnetic transient program (EMTP) related to a 345 kV transmission line. For all the test cases, the algorithm successfully operated with an average reclosing time delay of 32 ms.

Transformer Differential Protection

Overcurrent and earth fault protective equipment employing time grading and directional detection cannot provide correct discrimination on all power networks and in many cases clearing times for some faults would not be acceptable. Differential protection is an alternative overcurrent protective scheme, which is used to protect individual sections of networks or pieces of equipment, such as transformers, generators, e.t.c. Thus, where protection co-ordination is difficult using time delayed over current and earth fault protection, or where fast fault clearance is critical, then differential protection may be used. Kirchhoff’s first law, which states that the sum of the currents flowing to a node must be equal to the sum of the currents flowing out from it is the basic principle of the differential protection scheme. It detects the difference between the current entering a section and that leaving it. Under normal operating conditions, the current leaving the protected unit would be equal to that entering it at every instant. If the current flowing into the protected unit is the same as the current leaving, then the fault is not in the protected unit and the protective equipment or relay should not operate. If there is a difference in either the phase or magnitude between input and output, then the fault is in the protected unit and the protection should operate. This paper investigates how power transformers can be protected using the current-differential protection schemes.