scholarly journals Negative Affect and Maladaptive Eating Behavior as a Regulation Strategy in Normal-Weight Individuals: A Narrative Review

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (24) ◽  
pp. 13704
Author(s):  
Anna Brytek-Matera
Keyword(s):  
Negative Affect ◽  
Eating Behavior ◽  
Affect Regulation ◽  
Emotional Eating ◽  
Normal Weight ◽  
Narrative Review ◽  
Full Text Review ◽  
Research Findings ◽  
Maladaptive Eating ◽  
The Relationship

Emotions have a powerful influence on eating behavior, and eating behavior can have a powerful effect on emotions. The objective of the present narrative review was to evaluate the relationship between negative affect and maladaptive eating behavior as a regulation strategy in normal-weight individuals. A search of the literature within PubMed®, MEDLINE® and PsycINFO was conducted using a combination of the following terms: “affect”, “negative affect”, “affect regulation” and “maladaptive eating behavior”. A total of 106 papers were identified for full text review and were included in the final set of literature. The manuscript presents an overview of the literature on negative affect and maladaptive eating behavior. It offers a brief overview of restrained, uncontrolled and emotional eating in normal-weight individuals and looks at maladaptive eating behavior used to regulate their affect. Based on the previous research findings, we argue that using more adaptive strategies for emotion regulation (cognitive reappraisal) might result in downregulating integral negative affect to food and in improving eating behavior.

Eating Behavior of Brazilian College Students: Influences of Lifestyle, Negative Affectivity, and Personal Characteristics

2020 ◽  
pp. 003151252098308
Author(s):  
Bianca G. Martins ◽  
Wanderson R. da Silva ◽  
João Marôco ◽  
Juliana A. D. B. Campos
Keyword(s):  
College Students ◽  
Eating Behavior ◽  
Emotional Eating ◽  
Eating Behaviors ◽  
Structural Model ◽  
Negative Affectivity ◽  
Personal Characteristics ◽  
Second Order ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The Relationship

In this study we proposed to estimate the impact of lifestyle, negative affectivity, and college students’ personal characteristics on eating behavior. We aimed to verify that negative affectivity moderates the relationship between lifestyle and eating behavior. We assessed eating behaviors of cognitive restraint (CR), uncontrolled eating (UE), and emotional eating (EE)) with the Three-Factor Eating Questionnaire-18. We assessed lifestyle with the Individual Lifestyle Profile, and we assessed negative affectivity with the Depression, Anxiety and Stress Scale-21. We constructed and tested (at p < .05) a hypothetical causal structural model that considered global (second-order) and specific (first-order) lifestyle components, negative affectivity and sample characteristics for each eating behavior dimension. Participants were 1,109 college students ( M age = 20.9, SD = 2.7 years; 65.7% females). We found significant impacts of lifestyle second-order components on negative affectivity (β = −0.57–0.19; p < 0.001–0.01) in all models. Physical and psychological lifestyle components impacted directly only on CR (β=−0.32–0.81; p < 0.001). Negative affectivity impacted UE and EE (β = 0.23–0.30; p < 0.001). For global models, we found no mediation pathways between lifestyle and CR or UE. For specific models, negative affectivity was a mediator between stress management and UE (β=−0.07; p < 0.001). Negative affectivity also mediated the relationship between thoughts of dropping an undergraduate course and UE and EE (β = 0.06–0.08; p < 0.001). Participant sex and weight impacted all eating behavior dimensions (β = 0.08–0.34; p < 0.001–0.01). Age was significant for UE and EE (β=−0,14– −0.09; p < 0.001–0.01). Economic stratum influenced only CR (β = 0.08; p = 0.01). In sum, participants’ lifestyle, negative emotions and personal characteristics were all relevant for eating behavior assessment.

scholarly journals The Relationship between Sense of Coherence, Stress, Body Image Satisfaction and Eating Behavior in Japanese and Austrian Students

Psych ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 504-515
Author(s):  
Kato ◽  
Greimel ◽  
Hu ◽  
Müller-Gartner ◽  
Salchinger ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Social Support ◽  
Eating Disorders ◽  
Body Image ◽  
Eating Behavior ◽  
Sense Of Coherence ◽  
Cultural Context ◽  
Emotional Eating ◽  
Body Image Satisfaction ◽  
External Eating ◽  
The Relationship

Background: Restrained, emotional, and external eating are related to obesity and eating disorders. A salutogenic model has confirmed sense of coherence (SOC) as a health resource that moderates stress and helps limit the occurrence of overweightness and eating disorders. This study aimed to examine the relationship between SOC, social support, stress, body image satisfaction (BIS) and eating behaviors in different cultural environments. Methods: A total of 371 Austrian (161 men, 210 women) and 398 Japanese (226 men, 172 women) university students participated. The SOC-13 scale, Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support, Dutch Eating Behavior Questionnaire, BMI-Based Silhouette Matching Test and an analogue single-stress item were used as measurements. Results: SOC negatively affected all three types of eating in Austrian students (men: β = −0.227 to −0.215; women: β = −0.262 to −0.214). In Japanese students, SOC negatively affected external eating in both sexes (men: β = −0.150; women: β = −0.198) and emotional eating (β = −0.187) in men. BIS indicated that the desire to become slim predicted restrained eating, women’s emotional eating, and men’s and Austrian women’s external eating. Stress was only predictive of emotional eating in Japanese men. Conclusions: This study found that SOC, BIS and stress might be valuable factors regulating eating behavior in a cultural context. However, the relationship between SOC, BIS, stress and eating behavior differs between cultures.

Single Case Study: Does EMDR Psychotherapy Work on Emotional Eating?

2015 ◽  
Vol 9 (4) ◽  
pp. 188-197 ◽  
Author(s):  
Katrine Halvgaard
Keyword(s):  
Eating Behavior ◽  
Affect Regulation ◽  
Emotional Eating ◽  
Single Case ◽  
Single Case Study ◽  
Childhood Experiences ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Positive Effect

This article presents the methods and results of a single case study treating the effects of “emotional eating” (EE). It provides a comprehensive review of the literature related to obesity and emotional eating; explains childhood experiences, which may contribute to its development; and describes how emotional eating can become a default behavior for affect regulation. The background for the research is the worldwide epidemic of overeating and obesity. The study was designed to examine whether treating the symptoms of EE with selected protocols and methods within eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) psychotherapy would have a positive effect, and the participant, a 55-year-old woman, was treated with an adjusted version of the desensitization of triggers and urge reprocessing (DeTUR) protocol, including resource installation, affect management, ego state work, and the standard EMDR protocol. The treatment consisted of 6 weekly meetings, each lasting 1.5 hours, and 2 follow-up meetings after 3 and 6 months. The measures, which were self-reported on a qualitative scale (0–10), included the experienced feeling of control in general (affect regulation) in specific eating behavior before and after the treatment, reduction of urge in triggering situations, number of situations with emotional eating per week, and body image before and after the treatment. The participant experienced an overall positive change in eating behavior, and the treatment could be one of the ways to reduce weight over time and to ensure better results in stabilizing weight after weight loss.

The impact of perceived stress on US millennials' external and emotional eating behavior

2020 ◽  
Vol 123 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bendegul Okumus ◽  
Ahmet Bulent Ozturk
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Eating Behavior ◽  
Perceived Stress ◽  
Emotional Eating ◽  
The United States ◽  
Equation Modeling ◽  
Nutritional Knowledge ◽  
Content Type ◽  
External Eating ◽  
The Relationship

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to identify the relationship between Millennials' perceived stress and their external and emotional eating behaviors. Furthermore, the moderating effect of nutritional knowledge on the relationship between perceived stress and emotional eating and perceived stress and external eating of US Millennials was tested.Design/methodology/approachData was collected from 649 Millennials between the ages of 18 and 35 in the United States, and structural equation modeling (SEM) was performed to test the study hypotheses.FindingsThis study extends the literature and provides further insights into the relationship between US Millennials' eating behavior and stress factors. Perceived stress positively influenced Millennials' emotional and external eating behavior, and nutritional knowledge significantly moderated the relationships between perceived stress and emotional eating and perceived stress and external eating.Research limitations/implicationsFirst, data was collected from Millennials living in the United States. Second, not all of the predictors, save one (perceived stress), were selected and hypothesized as predictors of Millennials' eating behavior. The paper provides the essential psychological elements of US Millennials' eating behavior.Originality/valueIf unbalanced eating and obesity are the result of negative psychological factors, the recommended diet models or physical exercise by themselves may be less effective at combating obesity and related health issues. This is because stress was found to be a highly significant reason for unbalanced eating, new and more practical stress coping strategies are needed to moderate unbalanced eating behavior.

scholarly journals Concurrent Validity of the Adult Eating Behavior Questionnaire in a Canadian Sample

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tamara R. Cohen ◽  
Lisa Kakinami ◽  
Hugues Plourde ◽  
Claudia Hunot-Alexander ◽  
Rebecca J. Beeken
Keyword(s):  
Construct Validity ◽  
Factor Structure ◽  
Eating Behavior ◽  
Emotional Eating ◽  
Eating Behaviors ◽  
Internal Reliability ◽  
Fit Statistics ◽  
Confirmatory Factor ◽  
Uncontrolled Eating ◽  
The Relationship

The current study aimed to test the factor structure of the Adult Eating Behavior Questionnaire (AEBQ), its construct validity against the Three-Factor Eating Questionnaire (TFEQ-R18) and its associations with body mass index (BMI) in Canadian adults (n = 534, 76% female). Confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) revealed that a seven-factor AEBQ model, with the Hunger subscale removed, had better fit statistics than the original eight-factor structure. Cronbach’s alpha was used to assess the internal reliability of each subscale and resulted with α &gt; 0.70 for all subscales except for Hunger (α = 0.68). Pearson’s correlations were used to inform the convergent and discriminant validation of AEBQ against the TFEQ-R18 and to examine the relationship between AEBQ and BMI. All AEBQ Food Approach subscales positively correlated with that of the TFEQ-R18 Emotional Eating and Uncontrolled Eating subscales. Similarly, BMI correlated positively with Food Approach subscales (except Hunger) and negatively with Food Avoidance subscales (except Food Fussiness). These results support the use of a seven-factor AEBQ for adults self-reporting eating behaviors, construct validity of the AEBQ against TFEB-R18, and provide further evidence for the association of these traits with BMI.

scholarly journals Orthorexia Nervosa and Healthy Orthorexia as New Eating Styles

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Juan Ramón Barrada
Keyword(s):  
Negative Affect ◽  
Positive Affect ◽  
Eating Behavior ◽  
Emotional Eating ◽  
Orthorexia Nervosa ◽  
Restrained Eating ◽  
Positive And Negative Affect ◽  
External Eating ◽  
New Variant ◽  
Eating Styles

It was recently proposed that healthy orthorexia (HeOr) and orthorexia nervosa (OrNe) should be differentiated. The aim of the present study was to analyze whether the two dimensions of orthorexia can be considered new eating styles or basically equivalent to restrained eating behavior. Two samples of university students (sample 1, n = 460; sample 2, n = 509) completed the Teruel Orthorexia Scale (TOS), the Dutch Eating Behavior Questionnaire (DEBQ), and the Positive and Negative Affect Schedule (PANAS). Factor analysis with the TOS and DEBQ items together revealed an adequate fit for the preexisting five-factor solution (TOS: OrNe and HeOr; DEBQ: Restrained Eating, Emotional Eating, and External Eating). This result points out that these factors are conceptually distinguishable. Moreover, we tested whether the different eating styles presented different patterns of correlations with gender, body mass index (BMI), and age, and whether OrNe and HeOr predicted Positive and Negative Affect after controlling for Restrained, Emotional, and External Eating. Whereas Restrained and Emotional Eating were higher for women and increased with BMI in both samples, HeOr and OrNe presented much lower associations with these variables. OrNe was positively related to Negative Affect and negatively to Positive Affect, whereas HeOr was positively related to Positive Affect. Again, this result supports the assumption that OrNe is a new variant of disordered eating, whereas HeOr could possibly be seen as a protective behavior.

“Stressed Spelled Backward Is Desserts”

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Denise de Ridder ◽  
Catharine Evers
Keyword(s):  
Positive Affect ◽  
Eating Behavior ◽  
Coping Strategy ◽  
Emotional Eating ◽  
Positive Emotions ◽  
Negative Emotions ◽  
Cultural Perspectives ◽  
Points Of View ◽  
The Relationship

This chapter discusses the relationship between affect and eating behavior from two points of view—how affect shapes eating behavior and how eating behavior generates affect—arguing that appreciating how affect influences eating behavior depends on understanding in what way eating generates affect. It first discusses biological and social-cultural perspectives on the pleasure of eating and posits that the inherently rewarding experience of eating is compromised by concerns about the health consequences of eating too much or by eating the wrong foods. The second part of this chapter explains in what way both negative and positive affect influences consumption and highlights the contrast between theoretical notions on the phenomenon of emotional eating and empirical findings. It elaborates on new avenues for investigating the association between affect and eating, including the role of positive emotions, emotions as justifications for overeating, and eating as a coping strategy for dealing with negative emotions.

Self-Control and Self-Efficacy for Affect Regulation as Moderators of the Negative Affect–Life Satisfaction Relationship

2011 ◽  
Vol 25 (2) ◽  
pp. 142-154 ◽  
Author(s):  
Owen Richard Lightsey ◽  
David Andrew Maxwell ◽  
Trisha Marie Nash ◽  
Eli Benjamin Rarey ◽  
Valerie Ann McKinney
Keyword(s):  
Life Satisfaction ◽  
Negative Affect ◽  
Affect Regulation ◽  
Self Efficacy ◽  
Theory And Practice ◽  
Self Control ◽  
Low Levels ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Lower Life Satisfaction ◽  
Satisfaction Relationship

Trait negative affect has a unique inverse relationship with life satisfaction across the life span. Because lower life satisfaction predicts mortality and higher suicidality, ascertaining malleable psychological factors that attenuate the effects of negative affect on life satisfaction is particularly important. The authors tested the hypothesis that self-efficacy for ability to regulate one’s negative emotions, and general self-control, would moderate the relationship between trait negative affect and life satisfaction. Among 191 college students, self-efficacy for ability to regulate anger moderated, but self-control did not moderate, the relationship between negative affect and life satisfaction. At high levels of self-efficacy, the relationship between negative affect and life satisfaction was nonsignificant. At mean and low levels of self-efficacy, negative affect was strongly and inversely related to life satisfaction. Implications for theory and practice are discussed.

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