scholarly journals Scaling Relationships between Leaf Shape and Area of 12 Rosaceae Species

Symmetry ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (10) ◽  
pp. 1255 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiaojing Yu ◽  
Cang Hui ◽  
Hardev S. Sandhu ◽  
Zhiyi Lin ◽  
Peijian Shi
Keyword(s):  
Surface Area ◽  
Leaf Surface ◽  
Leaf Shape ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Leaf Width ◽  
Scaling Exponent ◽  
Rosaceae Species ◽  
Scaling Relationship ◽  
Leaf Surface Area ◽  
Leaf Dry Weight

Leaf surface area (A) and leaf shape have been demonstrated to be closely correlated with photosynthetic rates. The scaling relationship between leaf biomass (both dry weight and fresh weight) and A has been widely studied. However, few studies have focused on the scaling relationship between leaf shape and A. Here, using more than 3600 leaves from 12 Rosaceae species, we examined the relationships of the leaf-shape indices including the left to right side leaf surface area ratio (AR), the ratio of leaf perimeter to leaf surface area (RPA), and the ratio of leaf width to length (RWL) versus A. We also tested whether there is a scaling relationship between leaf dry weight and A, and between PRA and A. There was no significant correlation between AR and A for each of the 12 species. Leaf area was also found to be independent of RWL because leaf width remained proportional to leaf length across the 12 species. However, there was a negative correlation between RPA and A. The scaling relationship between RPA and A held for each species, and the estimated scaling exponent of RPA versus A approached −1/2; the scaling relationship between leaf dry weight and A also held for each species, and 11 out of the 12 estimated scaling exponents of leaf dry weight versus A were greater than unity. Our results indicated that leaf surface area has a strong scaling relationship with leaf perimeter and also with leaf dry weight but has no relationship with leaf symmetry or RWL. Additionally, our results showed that leaf dry weight per unit area, which is usually associated with the photosynthetic capacity of plants, increases with an increasing A because the scaling exponent of leaf dry weight versus A is greater than unity. This suggests that a large leaf surface area requires more dry mass input to support the physical structure of the leaf.

scholarly journals Can Leaf Shape be Represented by the Ratio of Leaf Width to Length? Evidence from Nine Species of Magnolia and Michelia (Magnoliaceae)

Forests ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 41
Author(s):  
Peijian Shi ◽  
Kexin Yu ◽  
Ülo Niinemets ◽  
Johan Gielis
Keyword(s):  
Surface Area ◽  
Leaf Surface ◽  
Leaf Shape ◽  
Leaf Length ◽  
Fresh Mass ◽  
Leaf Width ◽  
Sufficient Information ◽  
Co2 Uptake ◽  
Scaling Exponent ◽  
Leaf Surface Area

Leaf shape is closely related to economics of leaf support and leaf functions, including light interception, water use, and CO2 uptake, so correct quantification of leaf shape is helpful for studies of leaf structure/function relationships. There are some extant indices for quantifying leaf shape, including the leaf width/length ratio (W/L), leaf shape fractal dimension (FD), leaf dissection index, leaf roundness index, standardized bilateral symmetrical index, etc. W/L ratio is the simplest to calculate, and recent studies have shown the importance of the W/L ratio in explaining the scaling exponent of leaf dry mass vs. leaf surface area and that of leaf surface area vs. leaf length. Nevertheless, whether the W/L ratio could reflect sufficient geometrical information of leaf shape has been not tested. The FD might be the most accurate measure for the complexity of leaf shape because it can characterize the extent of the self-similarity and other planar geometrical features of leaf shape. However, it is unknown how strongly different indices of leaf shape complexity correlate with each other, especially whether W/L ratio and FD are highly correlated. In this study, the leaves of nine Magnoliaceae species (>140 leaves for each species) were chosen for the study. We calculated the FD value for each leaf using the box-counting approach, and measured leaf fresh mass, surface area, perimeter, length, and width. We found that FD is significantly correlated to the W/L ratio and leaf length. However, the correlation between FD and the W/L ratio was far stronger than that between FD and leaf length for each of the nine species. There were no strong correlations between FD and other leaf characteristics, including leaf area, ratio of leaf perimeter to area, fresh mass, ratio of leaf fresh mass to area, and leaf roundness index. Given the strong correlation between FD and W/L, we suggest that the simpler index, W/L ratio, can provide sufficient information of leaf shape for similarly-shaped leaves. Future studies are needed to characterize the relationships among FD and W/L in leaves with strongly varying shape, e.g., in highly dissected leaves.

scholarly journals Drought Avoidance in Katsura by Drought-induced Leaf Abscission and Rapid Refoliation

HortScience ◽  
1999 ◽  
Vol 34 (5) ◽  
pp. 871-874 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael S. Dosmann ◽  
William R. Graves ◽  
Jeffery K. Iles
Keyword(s):  
Surface Area ◽  
Leaf Surface ◽  
Weight Ratio ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Leaf Abscission ◽  
Control Treatment ◽  
Drought Treatment ◽  
Temporary Reduction ◽  
Leaf Surface Area ◽  
Leaf Dry Weight

The limited use of the katsura tree (Cercidiphyllum japonicum Sieb. & Zucc.) in the landscape may be due to its reputed, but uncharacterized, intolerance of drought. We examined the responses of katsura trees subjected to episodes of drought. Container-grown trees in a greenhouse were subjected to one of three irrigation treatments, each composed of four irrigation phases. Control plants were maintained under well-hydrated conditions in each phase. Plants in the multiple-drought treatment were subjected to two drought phases, each followed by a hydration phase. Plants in the single-drought treatment were exposed to an initial drought phase followed by three hydration phases. Trees avoided drought stress by drought-induced leaf abscission. Plants in the multiple- and single-drought treatments underwent a 63% and 34% reduction in leaf dry weight and a 60% and 31% reduction in leaf surface area, respectively. After leaf abscission, trees in the single-drought treatment recovered 112% of the lost leaf dry weight within 24 days. Leaf abscission and subsequent refoliation resulted in a temporary reduction in the leaf surface area: root dry weight ratio. After relief from drought, net assimilation rate and relative growth rate were maintained at least at the rates associated with plants in the control treatment. We conclude that katsura is a drought avoider that abscises leaves to reduce transpirational water loss. Although plants are capable of refoliation after water becomes available, to maintain the greatest ornamental value in the landscape, siting of katsura should be limited to areas not prone to drought.

scholarly journals Influence of leaf shape on the scaling of leaf surface area and length in bamboo plants

Trees ◽  
2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pei-Jian Shi ◽  
Yi-Rong Li ◽  
Ülo Niinemets ◽  
Edward Olson ◽  
Julian Schrader
Keyword(s):  
Leaf Area ◽  
Surface Area ◽  
Leaf Surface ◽  
Leaf Shape ◽  
Regression Line ◽  
Interspecific Differences ◽  
Bamboo Leaves ◽  
Scaling Relationship ◽  
Leaf Surface Area ◽  
Relationship Of

Abstract Key message Using more than 10,000 bamboo leaves, we found that the scaling between leaf surface area and length follows a uniform power law relationship mainly relying on the degree of variation in leaf shape (reflected by the ratio of leaf width to length). Abstract A recent study based on leaf data of different plant taxa showed that the scaling of leaf surface area (A) with linear leaf dimensions was best described by the Montgomery equation (ME) that describes A as the product of leaf length (L) and width (W). Following from ME, a proportional relationship between A and the square of L has been proposed, but the validity of this simplified equation strongly depends on leaf shape (W/L ratio). Here, we show that the simplified equation can be applied to a group of closely related plants sharing a similar W/L ratio with low degree of uncertainty. We measured A, L and W of more than 10,000 leaves from 101 graminoid taxa (subfamily Bambusoideae) having similar elongated leaf shapes. We found that ME applies to the leaves of all bamboo taxa investigated. The power law equation that was used to describe a scaling relationship of A vs. L also predicted leaf area with high accuracy, but the variability measured as the root-mean-square error (RMSE) was greater than that using ME, indicating that leaf width also plays an important role in predicting leaf area. However, the dependence of the prediction accuracy of A on W is intimately associated with the extent of the variation in W/L ratio. There was a strong positive correlation (r = 0.95 for the 101 bamboo taxa) between RMSE and the coefficient of variation in W/L ratio. Thereby, our results show that leaf area of bamboo plants can be calculated by the product of L and W with a proportionality coefficient ranging from 0.625 to 0.762, i.e., the leaf area of bamboo leaves approximately equals 70% of a rectangular area formed by L and W. The pooled data of ln(A) vs. ln(WL) of 101 bamboo taxa were located on or very close to the regression line without being affected by interspecific differences. However, interspecific differences in W/L ratio largely affected the scaling relationship of A vs. L, which led to large deviations of the data of ln(A) vs. ln(L) from the regression line. This implies that the square relationship between A and L does not apply to all species even if those are very closely related taxa.

The Relation Between Leaf Production and Wood Weight in First-Year Root Sprouts of Two Populus Clones

1972 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 98-104 ◽  
Author(s):  
Philip R. Larson ◽  
J. G. Isebrands
Keyword(s):  
Leaf Area ◽  
Leaf Surface ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
First Year ◽  
Leaf Production ◽  
Leaf Surface Area ◽  
Highly Correlated ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Non Destructive ◽  
Leaf Dry Weight

The relationship between leaf production and wood production in two clones of Populus grown for 1 year under intensive culture was investigated. Wood weight at any one stem position was highly correlated with the cumulative leaf area above that position. About one-half the total stem weight was bark, but the bark/wood ratio decreased with increasing leaf area. Wood specific gravity in creased from stem top to stem base, with mid-stem values of about 0.35. Leaf surface area and leaf dry weight were highly correlated with leaf lamina length; the latter therefore provides an easily measured, non-destructive estimate of photosynthesizing leaf surface. Marked clonal differences existed in all parameters measured.

scholarly journals Leaf Fresh Weight Versus Dry Weight: Which is Better for Describing the Scaling Relationship between Leaf Biomass and Leaf Area for Broad-Leaved Plants?

Forests ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
pp. 256 ◽  
Author(s):  
Weiwei Huang ◽  
David Ratkowsky ◽  
Cang Hui ◽  
Ping Wang ◽  
Jialu Su ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Water Mass ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Dry Mass ◽  
Leaf Biomass ◽  
Scaling Exponent ◽  
Fresh Weight ◽  
Leaf Dry Mass ◽  
Scaling Relationship ◽  
Leaf Dry Weight ◽  
Broad Leaved Species

Leaf dry mass per unit area (LMA) is considered to represent the photosynthetic capacity, which actually implies a hypothesis that foliar water mass (leaf fresh weight minus leaf dry weight) is proportional to leaf dry weight during leaf growth. However, relevant studies demonstrated that foliar water mass disproportionately increases with increasing leaf dry weight. Although scaling relationships of leaf dry weight vs. leaf area for many plants were investigated, few studies compared the scaling relationship based on leaf dry weight with that based on leaf fresh weight. In this study, we used the data of three families (Lauraceae, Oleaceae, and Poaceae, subfamily Bambusoideae) with five broad-leaved species for each family to examine whether using different measures for leaf biomass (i.e., dry weight and fresh weight) can result in different fitted results for the scaling relationship between leaf biomass and area. Reduced major axis regression was used to fit the log-transformed data of leaf biomass and area, and the bootstrap percentile method was used to test the significance of the difference between the estimate of the scaling exponent of leaf dry weight vs. area and that of leaf fresh weight vs. area. We found that there were five species across three families (Phoebe sheareri (Hemsl.) Gamble, Forsythia viridissima Lindl., Osmanthus fragrans Lour., Chimonobambusa sichuanensis (T.P. Yi) T.H. Wen, and Hibanobambusa tranquillans f. shiroshima H. Okamura) whose estimates of the scaling exponent of leaf dry weight to area and that of leaf fresh weight to area were not significantly different, whereas, for the remaining ten species, both estimates were significantly different. For the species in the same family whose leaf shape is narrow (i.e., a low ratio of leaf width to length) the estimates of two scaling exponents are prone to having a significant difference. There is also an allometric relationship between leaf dry weight and fresh weight, which means that foliar water mass disproportionately increases with increased leaf dry weight. In addition, the goodness of fit for the scaling relationship of leaf fresh weight vs. area is better than that for leaf dry weight vs. area, which suggests that leaf fresh mass might be more able to reflect the physiological functions of leaves associated with photosynthesis and respiration than leaf dry mass. The above conclusions are based on 15 broad-leaved species, although we believe that those conclusions may be potentially extended to other plants with broad and flat leaves.

scholarly journals Leaf Bilateral Symmetry and the Scaling of the Perimeter vs. the Surface Area in 15 Vine Species

Forests ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 246 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peijian Shi ◽  
Ülo Niinemets ◽  
Cang Hui ◽  
Karl J. Niklas ◽  
Xiaojing Yu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Surface Area ◽  
Leaf Shape ◽  
Bilateral Symmetry ◽  
Scaling Relationship ◽  
Leaf Surface Area ◽  
Strong Scaling ◽  
Left And Right ◽  
Shape Complexity ◽  
High Degree ◽  
Dissection Index

The leaves of vines exhibit a high degree of variability in shape, from simple oval to highly dissected palmatifid leaves. However, little is known about the extent of leaf bilateral symmetry in vines, how leaf perimeter scales with leaf surface area, and how this relationship depends on leaf shape. We studied 15 species of vines and calculated (i) the areal ratio (AR) of both sides of the lamina per leaf, (ii) the standardized symmetry index (SI) to estimate the deviation from leaf bilateral symmetry, and (iii) the dissection index (DI) to measure leaf-shape complexity. In addition, we examined whether there is a scaling relationship between leaf perimeter and area for each species. A total of 14 out of 15 species had no significant differences in average ln(AR), and mean ln(AR) approximated zero, indicating that the areas of the two lamina sides tended to be equal. Nevertheless, SI values among the 15 species had significant differences. A statistically strong scaling relationship between leaf perimeter and area was observed for each species, and the scaling exponents of 12 out of 15 species fell in the range of 0.49−0.55. These data show that vines tend to generate a similar number of left- and right-skewed leaves, which might contribute to optimizing light interception. Weaker scaling relationships between leaf perimeter and area were associated with a greater DI and a greater variation in DI. Thus, DI provides a useful measure of the degree of the complexity of leaf outline.

scholarly journals Determination of leaf characteristics in different medlar genotypes using the ImageJ program

2020 ◽  
Vol 47 (No. 2) ◽  
pp. 117-121
Author(s):  
Sina Cosmulescu ◽  
Flavia Scrieciu ◽  
Manuela Manda
Keyword(s):  
Surface Area ◽  
Leaf Surface ◽  
Leaf Shape ◽  
Genetic Material ◽  
Leaf Length ◽  
Leaf Surface Area ◽  
Length Width ◽  
Imagej Software ◽  
Non Destructive

The size and shape of leaves can vary significantly between different genotypes within the same species and they implicitly influence plant growth and therefore productivity. The aim of this study was to compare the length, width, and surface area of leaf in nine medlar genotypes (Mespilus germanica L.) through image segmentation procedure using ImageJ software. The data indicate large variations for leaf surface area characteristics from one genotype to another, 2.12 fold for leaf surface area (22.95–48.8 cm²), 1.38 times for leaf length (8.8–12.18 cm) and 1.6 times for leaf width (3.5–5.60 cm). Leaf shape and leaf surface area vary between different genotypes analysed, and the method used can represent a good, non-destructive model of quick and reliable estimation of the medlar leaves surface area. The information obtained can be used in physiology studies, regardless of genetic material.

scholarly journals The nutmeg seedlings growth under pot culture with biofertilizers inoculation

2021 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-10
Author(s):  
Reginawanti Hindersah ◽  
Agusthinus Marthin Kalay ◽  
Henry Kesaulya ◽  
Cucu Suherman
Keyword(s):  
Surface Area ◽  
Plant Height ◽  
Leaf Surface ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Foliar Spray ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Low Fertility ◽  
Soil Application ◽  
Leaf Surface Area ◽  
Phosphate Solubilizing

Abstract Nutmeg is important for national and community revenue mainly in Maluku Province where nutmeg seedlings are grown in low-fertility soil without fertilizer. A greenhouse experiment was performed to evaluate the response of nutmeg seedlings following the application of two different biofertilizer concortia. The experimental design was completely randomized block design, which tested the combination treatments of two rates and the application methods of biofertilizer concortium. The rates of “bacillus biofertilizer” was 0.15 and 0.3%, while the rates of “mixed biofertilizer” was 0.5 and 1.0%. Both biofertilizer were inoculated by foliar spray and soil application. The results verified that at 24 weeks after inoculation, biofertilizers increased the seedling growth traits which included plant height, shoot dry weight, leaf surface area, root number, and root dry weight over the control. Soil application by 1% of “mixed biofertilizer” consists of nitrogen-fixing bacteria and phosphate-solubilizing microbes resulted in better seedlings performance. However, the highest plant height was demonstrated by seedlings treated with 0.3% “bacillus biofertilizer” composed of phosphate solubilizing Bacillus. Biofertilizer inoculation also enhanced soil microbes and leaf surface area but did not change the root-to-shoot ratio of the seedlings. The results showed that biofertilizer inoculation improves the growth of nutmeg seedlings.

scholarly journals The formation of the leaf surface area and biomass of the miscanthus giganteus plants depending on the sewage sludge rate

2021 ◽  
Vol 280 ◽  
pp. 06009
Author(s):  
Vasyl Lopushniak ◽  
Нalyna Hrytsuliak ◽  
Mykhailo Gumentyk ◽  
Mykola Kharytonov ◽  
Bazena Barchak ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sewage Sludge ◽  
Surface Area ◽  
Leaf Surface ◽  
Net Photosynthesis ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Dry Mass ◽  
Podzolic Soils ◽  
Miscanthus Giganteus ◽  
Leaf Surface Area

The case study to determine the peculiarities of Miscanthus giganteus aboveground biomass formation depending on sewage sludge and composts rate carried out in the Precarpathian region of Ivano- Frankivsk province on sod-podzolic soils. The largest area of the leaf surface of miscanthus is formed in the trials where fresh sewage sludge was applied in the rate of 20 - 40 t/ha. The leaf surface area increases from 19 up to 24.0 cm2/plant, and the yield of raw mass of plants at the level of 23.5 - 25.1 t/ha due to increasing rates of sewage sludge application. The highest indicators of net photosynthesis productivity were found in the period of intensive growth, which amounted to 7.78 g/m²/day and in the maturation period of 7.56 g/m²/day in the trial SS - 40 t/ha + N10P14K58. The amount of dry mass of miscanthus plants significantly depends on the height of the shoot and the leaf surface area of the plants. The use of compost based on sewage sludge and straw in a ratio of 3: 1 at a rate of 30 t/ha contributes to the dry weight of miscanthus plants at the level of 15 t/ha.

scholarly journals Cultural Treatment and Cutting Type Affects Growth of ‘Heritage’ Birch Rooted Cuttings

1985 ◽  
Vol 3 (3) ◽  
pp. 142-146
Author(s):  
Daniel K. Struve
Keyword(s):  
Surface Area ◽  
Leaf Surface ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Rooted Cuttings ◽  
Relative Growth Rates ◽  
Leaf Surface Area ◽  
Long Shoots ◽  
Net Assimilation ◽  
Total Dry Weight ◽  
Short Shoots

Rooted cuttings of Betula nigra ‘Heritage’ originating from short shoots were either staked and lateral shoots pruned to a 3 node length or were unstaked and unpruned. One hundred and twenty-five days following propagation, the pruned and staked plants had higher net assimilation rates and lower leaf area ratios than unstaked and unpruned plants. No differences in relative growth rates, total dry weight, root/shoot ratios or shoot length were observed between control and treated plants. Pruned and staked plants had, relative to unstaked and unpruned, less leaf surface area composed of fewer but larger leaves which produced more grams of dry weight per cm2 leaf surface area per day. Pruning and staking maximized economically important dry matter production without reducing total dry weight. Plants originating from long shoots had greater root, shoot and total dry weights, and required less staking to produce upright growth than plants originating from short shoots. By exploiting the beneficial topophysis growth of long shoots, nursery productivity can be increased.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document