scholarly journals Antibodies and Vaccines Against Botulinum Toxins: Available Measures and Novel Approaches

Toxins ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (9) ◽  
pp. 528 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rasetti-Escargueil ◽  
Popoff
Keyword(s):  
Clostridium Botulinum ◽  
Botulinum Neurotoxin ◽  
Health Concern ◽  
Global Public Health ◽  
Public Health Concern ◽  
Positive Bacterium ◽  
Pathological Conditions ◽  
Future Challenges ◽  
Clostridial Species ◽  
Potential Use

Botulinum neurotoxin (BoNT) is produced by the anaerobic, Gram-positive bacterium Clostridium botulinum. As one of the most poisonous toxins known and a potential bioterrosism agent, BoNT is characterized by a complex mode of action comprising: internalization, translocation and proteolytic cleavage of a substrate, which inhibits synaptic exocytotic transmitter release at neuro-muscular nerve endings leading to peripheral neuroparalysis of the skeletal and autonomic nervous systems. There are seven major serologically distinct toxinotypes (A–G) of BoNT which act on different substrates. Human botulism is generally caused by BoNT/A, B and E. Due to its extreme lethality and potential use as biological weapon, botulism remains a global public health concern. Vaccination against BoNT, although an effective strategy, remains undesirable due to the growing expectation around therapeutic use of BoNTs in various pathological conditions. This review focuses on the current approaches for botulism control by immunotherapy, highlighting the future challenges while the molecular underpinnings among subtypes variants and BoNT sequences found in non-clostridial species remain to be elucidated.

scholarly journals Probiotics as a Possible Strategy for the Prevention and Treatment of Allergies. A Narrative Review

Foods ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
pp. 701
Author(s):  
Aroa Lopez-Santamarina ◽  
Esther Gonzalez Gonzalez ◽  
Alexandre Lamas ◽  
Alicia del Carmen Mondragon ◽  
Patricia Regal ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Allergic Diseases ◽  
Urban Environments ◽  
Probiotic Bacteria ◽  
Health Concern ◽  
Global Public Health ◽  
Cytokine Release ◽  
Public Health Concern ◽  
Beneficial Effects ◽  
Opportunistic Bacteria

Allergies are an increasing global public health concern, especially for children and people living in urban environments. Allergies impair the quality of life of those who suffer from them, and for this reason, alternatives for the treatment of allergic diseases or reduction in their symptoms are being sought. The main objective of this study was to compile the studies carried out on probiotics as a possible therapy for allergies. The most studied allergies on which probiotics have been shown to have a beneficial effect are rhinitis, asthma, and atopic dermatitis. Most studies have studied the administration of Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium spp. in children and have shown beneficial effects, such as a reduction in hyperreactivity and inflammation caused by allergens and a decrease in cytokine release, among other beneficial effects. In the case of children, no clear beneficial effects were found in several studies, and the potential risk from the use of some opportunistic bacteria, such as probiotics, seems controversial. In the studies that reported beneficial results, these effects were found to make allergy symptoms less aggressive, thus reducing morbidity in allergy sufferers. The different effects of the same probiotic bacteria on different patients seem to reinforce the idea that the efficacy of probiotics is dependent on the microbial species or strain, its derived metabolites and byproducts, and the gut microbiota eubiosis of the patient. This study is relevant in the context of allergic diseases, as it provides a broader understanding of new alternatives for the treatment of allergies, both in children, who are the main sufferers, and adults, showing that probiotics, in some cases, reduce the symptoms and severity of such diseases.

scholarly journals Gambling Harm as a Global Public Health Concern: A Mixed Method Investigation of Trends in Wales

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bev John ◽  
Katy Holloway ◽  
Nyle Davies ◽  
Tom May ◽  
Marian Buhociu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Mixed Method ◽  
Health Concern ◽  
Global Public Health ◽  
Public Health Concern ◽  
Gambling Harm

Methods for identification of Candida auris, the yeast of global public health concern: A review

2019 ◽  
Vol 29 (2) ◽  
pp. 174-179 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Mahmoudi ◽  
S. Agha Kuchak Afshari ◽  
S. Aghaei Gharehbolagh ◽  
H. Mirhendi ◽  
K. Makimura
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Health Concern ◽  
Global Public Health ◽  
Public Health Concern ◽  
Candida Auris

Urban health in megacities of developing countries

2012 ◽  
Vol 20 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Mobarak Hossain Khan
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Urban Health ◽  
Urban Governance ◽  
Health Concern ◽  
Limited Resources ◽  
Environment Pollution ◽  
Global Public Health ◽  
Public Health Concern ◽  
Change Environment ◽  
Impacts Of Climate Change

SummaryUrban health in rapidly urbanizing megacities of developing countries is a global public health concern due to growing slums in vulnerable areas, huge impacts of climate change, environment pollution, unhealthy lifestyles, high inequity, limited resources, and growing violence. Increasing cooperation and partnership among relevant disciplines such as urban planners, health professionals, community workers and politicians including improved urban governance are necessary to ameliorate risk factors and improve megacity health.

Factors associated with diarrhoea in young children and incidence of symptomatic rotavirus infection in rural West Bengal, India

2014 ◽  
Vol 142 (9) ◽  
pp. 1848-1858 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. PANDA ◽  
A. K. DEB ◽  
M. CHAWLA-SARKAR ◽  
T. RAMAMURTHY ◽  
S. GANGULY ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
West Bengal ◽  
Vaccine Development ◽  
Multivariate Model ◽  
Health Concern ◽  
Severe Illness ◽  
Global Public Health ◽  
Public Health Concern ◽  
Factors Associated ◽  
Stool Specimens ◽  
Behavioural Factors

SUMMARYSocio-behavioural factors and pathogens associated with childhood diarrhoea are of global public health concern. Our survey in 696 children aged ⩽2 years in rural West Bengal detected rotavirus as sole pathogen in 8% (17/199) of diarrhoeic stool specimens. Other organisms were detected along with rotavirus in 11% of faecal specimens. A third of the children with rotavirus diarrhoea, according to Vesikari score, had severe illness. The top four rotavirus genotypes were G9P[4] (28%), G1P[8] (19%), G2P[4] (14%) and G8P[4] (8%). In the multivariate model, the practice of ‘drawing drinking water by dipping a pot in the storage vessel’ [adjusted odds ratio (aOR) 2·21, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1·03–4·74,P = 0·041], and ‘children aged ⩽6 months with non-exclusive breastfeeding’ (aOR 2·07, 95% CI 1·1–3·82,P = 0·024) had twice the odds of having diarrhoea. Incidence of rotavirus diarrhoea was 24/100 child-years in children aged >6–18 months, 19/100 child-years in children aged >18–24 months and 5/100 child-years in those aged ⩽6 months. Results have translational implications for future interventions including vaccine development.

scholarly journals Zika Virus: New Clinical Syndromes and Its Emergence in the Western Hemisphere

2016 ◽  
Vol 90 (10) ◽  
pp. 4864-4875 ◽  
Author(s):  
Helen M. Lazear ◽  
Michael S. Diamond
Keyword(s):  
Zika Virus ◽  
Antiviral Agents ◽  
Western Hemisphere ◽  
Health Concern ◽  
Global Public Health ◽  
Public Health Concern ◽  
Zikv Infection ◽  
Clinical Complications ◽  
Clinical Syndromes ◽  
Potential Interactions

Zika virus (ZIKV) had remained a relatively obscure flavivirus until a recent series of outbreaks accompanied by unexpectedly severe clinical complications brought this virus into the spotlight as causing an infection of global public health concern. In this review, we discuss the history and epidemiology of ZIKV infection, recent outbreaks in Oceania and the emergence of ZIKV in the Western Hemisphere, newly ascribed complications of ZIKV infection, including Guillain-Barré syndrome and microcephaly, potential interactions between ZIKV and dengue virus, and the prospects for the development of antiviral agents and vaccines.

scholarly journals Child Homicide: A Global Public Health Concern

PLoS Medicine ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 13 (4) ◽  
pp. e1002004 ◽  
Author(s):  
Delan Devakumar ◽  
David Osrin
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Health Concern ◽  
Child Homicide ◽  
Global Public Health ◽  
Public Health Concern
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