Factors associated with diarrhoea in young children and incidence of symptomatic rotavirus infection in rural West Bengal, India

2014 ◽  
Vol 142 (9) ◽  
pp. 1848-1858 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. PANDA ◽  
A. K. DEB ◽  
M. CHAWLA-SARKAR ◽  
T. RAMAMURTHY ◽  
S. GANGULY ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
West Bengal ◽  
Vaccine Development ◽  
Multivariate Model ◽  
Health Concern ◽  
Severe Illness ◽  
Global Public Health ◽  
Public Health Concern ◽  
Factors Associated ◽  
Stool Specimens ◽  
Behavioural Factors

SUMMARYSocio-behavioural factors and pathogens associated with childhood diarrhoea are of global public health concern. Our survey in 696 children aged ⩽2 years in rural West Bengal detected rotavirus as sole pathogen in 8% (17/199) of diarrhoeic stool specimens. Other organisms were detected along with rotavirus in 11% of faecal specimens. A third of the children with rotavirus diarrhoea, according to Vesikari score, had severe illness. The top four rotavirus genotypes were G9P[4] (28%), G1P[8] (19%), G2P[4] (14%) and G8P[4] (8%). In the multivariate model, the practice of ‘drawing drinking water by dipping a pot in the storage vessel’ [adjusted odds ratio (aOR) 2·21, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1·03–4·74,P = 0·041], and ‘children aged ⩽6 months with non-exclusive breastfeeding’ (aOR 2·07, 95% CI 1·1–3·82,P = 0·024) had twice the odds of having diarrhoea. Incidence of rotavirus diarrhoea was 24/100 child-years in children aged >6–18 months, 19/100 child-years in children aged >18–24 months and 5/100 child-years in those aged ⩽6 months. Results have translational implications for future interventions including vaccine development.

Thoughts on comparative studies of dementia knowledge of older adults across cultural settings

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-6
Author(s):  
Fei Sun ◽  
Jaewon Lee
Keyword(s):  
Health Concern ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Global Public Health ◽  
Public Health Concern ◽  
Cultural Contexts ◽  
Factors Associated ◽  
Timely Access ◽  
Treatment Research ◽  
Shed Light ◽  
Dementia Education

As the world’s population ages, dementia has become a global public health concern (WHO, 2017). However, misconceptions of dementia remain, which pose discrimination and isolation to persons living with dementia (PWD) and prevent individuals from timely access to diagnosis and treatment. Research has shed light on factors associated with dementia knowledge among elders, but little has been known regarding an influence of social-cultural contexts on elder’s dementia acknowledge. Dr. Zhao and colleagues’ paper on dementia knowledge and its associates among Chinese background elders in Melbourne and Beijing generated inspirational findings in this regard. This commentary highlights major findings of Dr. Zhao et al.’s paper and discusses their implications for dementia education, as well as points out limitations that future research can address.

scholarly journals Vaccines against Meningococcal Diseases

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (10) ◽  
pp. 1521
Author(s):  
Mariagrazia Pizza ◽  
Rafik Bekkat-Berkani ◽  
Rino Rappuoli
Keyword(s):  
Conjugate Vaccine ◽  
Meningococcal Disease ◽  
Vaccine Development ◽  
Health Concern ◽  
Global Public Health ◽  
Public Health Concern ◽  
Conjugate Vaccines ◽  
Vaccination Programs ◽  
Meningitis Belt ◽  
Life Threatening

Neisseria meningitidis is the main cause of meningitis and sepsis, potentially life-threatening conditions. Thanks to advancements in vaccine development, vaccines are now available for five out of six meningococcal disease-causing serogroups (A, B, C, W, and Y). Vaccination programs with monovalent meningococcal serogroup C (MenC) conjugate vaccines in Europe have successfully decreased MenC disease and carriage. The use of a monovalent MenA conjugate vaccine in the African meningitis belt has led to a near elimination of MenA disease. Due to the emergence of non-vaccine serogroups, recommendations have gradually shifted, in many countries, from monovalent conjugate vaccines to quadrivalent MenACWY conjugate vaccines to provide broader protection. Recent real-world effectiveness of broad-coverage, protein-based MenB vaccines has been reassuring. Vaccines are also used to control meningococcal outbreaks. Despite major improvements, meningococcal disease remains a global public health concern. Further research into changing epidemiology is needed. Ongoing efforts are being made to develop next-generation, pentavalent vaccines including a MenACWYX conjugate vaccine and a MenACWY conjugate vaccine combined with MenB, which are expected to contribute to the global control of meningitis.

Demographic and behavioural factors associated with antimicrobial susceptibility to azithromycin and ceftriaxone in Neisseria gonorrhoeae

2020 ◽  
pp. 095646242095917
Author(s):  
Rose F Forster ◽  
Marian Smith ◽  
Gavin Cooper ◽  
Mike Brokenshire ◽  
Sally A Roberts ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Neisseria Gonorrhoeae ◽  
Antimicrobial Susceptibility ◽  
Demographic Data ◽  
Geometric Mean ◽  
Laboratory Data ◽  
Health Concern ◽  
Global Public Health ◽  
Factors Associated ◽  
Behavioural Factors ◽  
Sex With Men

Antimicrobial resistance of Neisseria gonorrhoeae (NG) is of global public health concern. The aim of this study was to explore demographic and behavioural factors associated with antimicrobial susceptibility of NG to ceftriaxone and azithromycin. Gonococcal isolates (n = 391) from clients attending the Auckland Sexual Health Service, New Zealand, from July 2014 – June 2015 (n = 206), and July 2017 – June 2018 (n = 185), were tested for susceptibility to ceftriaxone and azithromycin. Laboratory data were linked with behavioural and demographic data. Geometric mean azithromycin MICs increased across the two time periods (0.239 mg/L in 2014/15 to 0.347 mg/L in 2017/18, p < 0.001), and ceftriaxone MICs decreased (0.007 mg/L in 2014/15 to 0.005 mg/L in 2017/18, p < 0.001). Demographic and behavioural factors were not associated with differences in ceftriaxone MICs; however azithromycin MICs were higher in men who have sex with men (0.356 mg/L) compared with the heterosexual study population (0.192 mg/L, p < 0.001) and were lower in Pacific peoples (0.201 mg/L, p < 0.001) and Māori (0.244 mg/L, p = 0.05) compared with those of European ethnicity (0.321 mg/L). Our findings show that azithromycin MICs increased in our region between 2014 and 2018; associations were seen with sexual orientation and ethnicity.

scholarly journals Probiotics as a Possible Strategy for the Prevention and Treatment of Allergies. A Narrative Review

Foods ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
pp. 701
Author(s):  
Aroa Lopez-Santamarina ◽  
Esther Gonzalez Gonzalez ◽  
Alexandre Lamas ◽  
Alicia del Carmen Mondragon ◽  
Patricia Regal ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Allergic Diseases ◽  
Urban Environments ◽  
Probiotic Bacteria ◽  
Health Concern ◽  
Global Public Health ◽  
Cytokine Release ◽  
Public Health Concern ◽  
Beneficial Effects ◽  
Opportunistic Bacteria

Allergies are an increasing global public health concern, especially for children and people living in urban environments. Allergies impair the quality of life of those who suffer from them, and for this reason, alternatives for the treatment of allergic diseases or reduction in their symptoms are being sought. The main objective of this study was to compile the studies carried out on probiotics as a possible therapy for allergies. The most studied allergies on which probiotics have been shown to have a beneficial effect are rhinitis, asthma, and atopic dermatitis. Most studies have studied the administration of Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium spp. in children and have shown beneficial effects, such as a reduction in hyperreactivity and inflammation caused by allergens and a decrease in cytokine release, among other beneficial effects. In the case of children, no clear beneficial effects were found in several studies, and the potential risk from the use of some opportunistic bacteria, such as probiotics, seems controversial. In the studies that reported beneficial results, these effects were found to make allergy symptoms less aggressive, thus reducing morbidity in allergy sufferers. The different effects of the same probiotic bacteria on different patients seem to reinforce the idea that the efficacy of probiotics is dependent on the microbial species or strain, its derived metabolites and byproducts, and the gut microbiota eubiosis of the patient. This study is relevant in the context of allergic diseases, as it provides a broader understanding of new alternatives for the treatment of allergies, both in children, who are the main sufferers, and adults, showing that probiotics, in some cases, reduce the symptoms and severity of such diseases.

scholarly journals Antibodies and Vaccines Against Botulinum Toxins: Available Measures and Novel Approaches

Toxins ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (9) ◽  
pp. 528 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rasetti-Escargueil ◽  
Popoff
Keyword(s):  
Clostridium Botulinum ◽  
Botulinum Neurotoxin ◽  
Health Concern ◽  
Global Public Health ◽  
Public Health Concern ◽  
Positive Bacterium ◽  
Pathological Conditions ◽  
Future Challenges ◽  
Clostridial Species ◽  
Potential Use

Botulinum neurotoxin (BoNT) is produced by the anaerobic, Gram-positive bacterium Clostridium botulinum. As one of the most poisonous toxins known and a potential bioterrosism agent, BoNT is characterized by a complex mode of action comprising: internalization, translocation and proteolytic cleavage of a substrate, which inhibits synaptic exocytotic transmitter release at neuro-muscular nerve endings leading to peripheral neuroparalysis of the skeletal and autonomic nervous systems. There are seven major serologically distinct toxinotypes (A–G) of BoNT which act on different substrates. Human botulism is generally caused by BoNT/A, B and E. Due to its extreme lethality and potential use as biological weapon, botulism remains a global public health concern. Vaccination against BoNT, although an effective strategy, remains undesirable due to the growing expectation around therapeutic use of BoNTs in various pathological conditions. This review focuses on the current approaches for botulism control by immunotherapy, highlighting the future challenges while the molecular underpinnings among subtypes variants and BoNT sequences found in non-clostridial species remain to be elucidated.

scholarly journals Gambling Harm as a Global Public Health Concern: A Mixed Method Investigation of Trends in Wales

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bev John ◽  
Katy Holloway ◽  
Nyle Davies ◽  
Tom May ◽  
Marian Buhociu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Mixed Method ◽  
Health Concern ◽  
Global Public Health ◽  
Public Health Concern ◽  
Gambling Harm

Methods for identification of Candida auris, the yeast of global public health concern: A review

2019 ◽  
Vol 29 (2) ◽  
pp. 174-179 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Mahmoudi ◽  
S. Agha Kuchak Afshari ◽  
S. Aghaei Gharehbolagh ◽  
H. Mirhendi ◽  
K. Makimura
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Health Concern ◽  
Global Public Health ◽  
Public Health Concern ◽  
Candida Auris

scholarly journals Distinguishing adolescents who think about self-harm from those who engage in self-harm

2012 ◽  
Vol 200 (4) ◽  
pp. 330-335 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rory C. O'Connor ◽  
Susan Rasmussen ◽  
Keith Hawton
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Theoretical Model ◽  
Life Stress ◽  
Close Friend ◽  
Self Report ◽  
Health Concern ◽  
Public Health Concern ◽  
Factors Associated ◽  
Self Harm ◽  
Effective Assessment

BackgroundAdolescent self-harm is a major public health concern, yet little is known about the factors that distinguish adolescents who think about self-harm but do not act on these thoughts from those who act on such thoughts.AimsWithin a new theoretical model, the integrated motivational–volitional model, we investigated factors associated with adolescents having thoughts of self-harm (ideators)v.those associated with self-harm enaction (enactors).MethodObservational study of school pupils employing an anonymous self-report survey to compare three groups of adolescents: self-harm enactors (n= 628)v.self-harm ideators (n= 675)v.those without any self-harm history (n= 4219).ResultsEnactors differed from ideators on all of the volitional factors. Relative to ideators, enactors were more likely to have a family member/close friend who had self-harmed, more likely to think that their peers engaged in self-harm and they were more impulsive than the ideators. Enactors also reported more life stress than ideators. Conversely, the two self-harm groups did not differ on any of the variables associated with the development of self-harm thoughts.ConclusionsAs more adolescents think about self-harm than engage in it, a better understanding of the factors that govern behavioural enaction is crucial in the effective assessment of the risk of self-harm.

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