scholarly journals The Influence of NaCl and Glucose Content on Growth and Ochratoxin A Production by Aspergillus ochraceus, Aspergillus carbonarius and Penicillium nordicum

Toxins ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (8) ◽  
pp. 515
Author(s):  
Yan Wang ◽  
Hao Yan ◽  
Jing Neng ◽  
Jian Gao ◽  
Bolei Yang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Ochratoxin A ◽  
Salt Content ◽  
Meat Products ◽  
Fungal Growth ◽  
Aspergillus Ochraceus ◽  
Aspergillus Carbonarius ◽  
Mycelium Growth ◽  
Glucose Content ◽  
High Sugar ◽  
Penicillium Nordicum

Ochratoxin A (OTA) is a nephrotoxic mycotoxin, which deserves particular attention for its widespread contamination of a variety of food and feed. Aspergillus ochraceus, Aspergillus carbonarius, and Penicillium nordicum are an important source of OTA in three different kinds of food commodities, including cereals, grape and dried fruit products, and dry-cured meat products. Deeper knowledge of OTA production and mycelium growth related to the high-sugar or NaCl-rich environments was gained in this manuscript. A. ochraceus and P. nordicum were likely to have greater growth rates in medium supplied with certain concentrations of NaCl (0–80 g/L), and the colony diameter was the largest at the salt content of 40 g/L. P. nordicum was more suitable to grow in NaCl-riched medium, the OTA production was increased to 316 ppb from 77 ppb when 20 g/L NaCl was added. The capability of OTA production was inhibited when salt content was 40 g/L and 60 g/L in A. ochraceus and P. nordicum, respectively. As the glucose content increased to 250 g/L, the capacity of mycelium growth and sporulation was increased significantly in A. ochraceus and A. carbonarius. A. carbonarius was more suitable to grow in high-sugar grape products. OTA production was significantly promoted with an added 100 g/L glucose in A. carbonarius. OTA production was inhibited when glucose content was 150 g/L and in 200 g/L in A. ochraceus and A. carbonarius, respectively. NaCl and glucose have an effect on fungal growth and OTA production, and the activation of biosynthetic genes of OtaA. These results would allow designing new strategies to prevent OTA accumulation on sugar or NaCl-riched foodstuffs and achieve the objective to manufacture cereals, dried vine fruits and dry-cured ham, free of OTA.

scholarly journals Quantitative Proteomic Profiling of Fungal Growth, Development, and Ochratoxin A Production in Aspergillus ochraceus on High- and Low-NaCl Cultures

Toxins ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 51
Author(s):  
Yan Wang ◽  
Yue Guan ◽  
Wei Lin ◽  
Hao Yan ◽  
Jing Neng ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Ochratoxin A ◽  
Growth And Development ◽  
Salt Content ◽  
Membrane Integrity ◽  
Meat Products ◽  
Fungal Growth ◽  
High Salt ◽  
Aspergillus Ochraceus ◽  
High Salt Content ◽  
Cured Meat

Dry-cured meat products are worldwide food with high-salt content, and filamentous fungi are beneficial to the maturation process. However, some salt-tolerant strains of Aspergillus and Penicillium produce ochratoxin A (OTA) on these products and thus threaten food safety. In our study, proteomic analysis was performed to reveal the mechanism of adaptability to high-salt environment by Aspergillus ochraceus. Twenty g/L and 70 g/L NaCl substrates were used to provide medium- and high-NaCl content environments, respectively. The NaCl addition could induce fungal growth, but only 20 g/L NaCl addition could induce spore production while 70 g/L repressed it. Proteomics analysis identified 2646 proteins in A. ochraceus fc-1, of which 237 and 251 were differentially expressed with 20 g/L and 70 g/L NaCl addition, respectively. Potential factors affecting fungal growth and development were identified by GO and KEGG analyses of biological process, cellular component, and molecular function terms. The results revealed that ergosterol synthesis pathway was significantly upregulated with 20 g/L and 70 g/L NaCl addition. However, fungal growth and development including OTA production were complex processes associated with many factors including nutrient uptake, cell membrane integrity, cell cycle, energy metabolism, intracellular redox homeostasis, protein synthesis and processing, autophagy, and secondary metabolism. Reactive oxygen species may be an important window to understand the mechanism that medium-salt content was conducive to intracellular signal transduction while high-salt content caused oxidative stress. The findings would help to improve the processes and storage conditions of dry-cured meat products.

Water Activity and Temperature Effects on Fungal Growth and Ochratoxin A Production by Ochratoxigenic Aspergillus carbonarius Isolated from Tunisian Grapes

2010 ◽  
Vol 75 (2) ◽  
pp. M89-M97 ◽  
Author(s):  
Salma Lasram ◽  
Souheib Oueslati ◽  
Ana Valero ◽  
Sonia Marin ◽  
Abdelwahed Ghorbel ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Ochratoxin A ◽  
Water Activity ◽  
Temperature Effects ◽  
Fungal Growth ◽  
Aspergillus Carbonarius

Current Importance of Ochratoxin A–Producing Aspergillus spp.

2001 ◽  
Vol 64 (6) ◽  
pp. 903-906 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. L. ABARCA ◽  
F. ACCENSI ◽  
M. R. BRAGULAT ◽  
F. J. CABAÑES
Keyword(s):  
Ochratoxin A ◽  
Animal Health ◽  
Grape Juice ◽  
Poultry Meat ◽  
Aspergillus Ochraceus ◽  
Aspergillus Carbonarius ◽  
Penicillium Verrucosum ◽  
Closely Related Species ◽  
High Incidence ◽  
Food Commodities

Ochratoxin A (OA) is receiving attention worldwide because of the hazard it poses to human and animal health. OA contamination of commodities, such as cereals or pork and poultry meat, is well recognized. Nevertheless, there is an increasing number of articles reporting OA contamination in other food commodities, such as coffee, beer, wine, grape juice, and milk, in the last few years. This continuous and increasing exposure to OA that humans experience is reflected in the high incidence of OA in both human blood and milk in several countries. OA was believed to be produced only by Aspergillus ochraceus and closely related species of section Circumdati and by Penicillium verrucosum; however, in the genus Aspergillus, the production of OA has been recently reported by species outside the section Circumdati. Thus, it has been clearly established as a metabolite of different species of the section Nigri, such as Aspergillus niger and Aspergillus carbonarius. OA production ability by Aspergillus spp. is more widespread than previously thought; therefore, there is the possibility that unexpected species can be new sources of this mycotoxin in their natural substrates.

Effect of five fungicides on growth and ochratoxin A production by two Aspergillus carbonarius and Aspergillus niger isolated from Moroccan grapes

2014 ◽  
Vol 4 (3) ◽  
pp. 118-126
Author(s):  
Souad Zouhair ◽  
Souad Qjidaa Qjidaa ◽  
Atar Selouane ◽  
Driss Bouya ◽  
Cony Decock ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Ochratoxin A ◽  
Fungal Growth ◽  
Inhibitory Effect ◽  
Aspergillus Carbonarius ◽  
Total Inhibition ◽  
Germination And Growth ◽  
Dose Dependent Increase ◽  
Dose Dependent

Five fungicides azoxystrobin (ortiva), benomyl (benlate), hexaconazole (hexa), pyrimethanil (scala) and thiabendazole (tectocal) were tested sepa-rately in vitro for their ability to inhibit the growth of two ochratoxigenic strains of A. niger and A. carbonarius previously isolated from grapes. All fungicides effectively reduced the growth rate of A. carbonarius and A. niger from 34 to 100% at the recommended dose (RD). Thiabendazole caused total inhibition of spore germination and growth of the two strains, regardless of the doses assayed. Benomyl completely inhibited growth of A. niger whereas for A. carbonarius, concentrations above 0.02xRD were required to prevent the growth. The inhibitory effect of hexaconazole, azoxystrobin and pyrime-thanil was dose-dependent. At sub-lethal concentrations of three fungicides, a dose-dependent increase in in ochratoxin A biosynthesis by two strains was observed. The use of fungicide should be checked for its ability to inhibit fungal growth as well as for their effect in terms of mycotoxins biosynthesis.

Effect of Fungicides on Growth and Ochratoxin A Production by Aspergillus carbonarius from Brazilian Wine Grapes

2016 ◽  
Vol 79 (9) ◽  
pp. 1508-1516 ◽  
Author(s):  
MICHELLE F. TERRA ◽  
NATHASHA de A. LIRA ◽  
FABIANA R. F. PASSAMANI ◽  
WILDER DOUGLAS SANTIAGO ◽  
MARIA das GRAÇAS CARDOSO ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Ochratoxin A ◽  
Fungal Growth ◽  
Aspergillus Carbonarius ◽  
Low Doses ◽  
Effective Strategy ◽  
Wine Grapes ◽  
Chemical Fungicides ◽  
Better Than ◽  
Main Factor

ABSTRACT Prevention in the field of mycotoxin-producing fungi is the most effective strategy for controlling the presence of mycotoxins in foods. Chemical fungicides are widely used to protect crops, so their implications on mycotoxin production need to be considered. Therefore, the aim of this study was to evaluate the effect in vitro and on grapes of five fungicides commonly used on grape cultures in Brazil on Aspergillus carbonarius growth and ochratoxin A (OTA) production. At the doses recommended by manufacturers, most fungicides significantly reduced A. carbonarius growth and OTA production in vitro, whereas this effect was influenced by the type of fungicide, dose, and temperature. Temperature was the main factor that influenced the effectiveness of fungicides. In general, at 15°C, fungicides showed the greatest reduction on fungal growth and OTA production. Fungicide effect on grapes was different to that on a semisynthetic grape medium. All fungicide doses were not effective at controlling A. carbonarius in grapes. Thus, the direct effect of fungicides on grapes must be studied to obtain a better approximation of field conditions. The results indicate that the use of fungicides at the doses recommended by manufacturers is better than the application at low doses. This study showed that at the lowest doses, where fungal growth is not inhibited, fungicides positively stimulate OTA production.

scholarly journals Predictive Modeling and Validation on Growth, Production of Asexual Spores and Ochratoxin A of Aspergillus Ochraceus Group under Abiotic Climatic Variables

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (6) ◽  
pp. 1321
Author(s):  
Ahmed Abdel-Hadi ◽  
Bader Alshehri ◽  
Mohammed Waly ◽  
Mohammed Aboamer ◽  
Saeed Banawas ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Ochratoxin A ◽  
Polynomial Regression ◽  
Fungal Growth ◽  
Climatic Variables ◽  
Aspergillus Ochraceus ◽  
Activity Levels ◽  
Third Order ◽  
The Third ◽  
Group A ◽  
Growth Production

This study aimed to generate predictive models for growth, sporulation, and ochratoxin A (OTA) production under abiotic climatic variables, including temperatures (15–35 °C) and water activity levels (0.99–0.90 aw) by Aspergillus ochraceus group. The data were divided into three sets: one for training, one for testing, and the third one for model validation. Optimum growth occurred at 0.95 aw and 25 °C and 0.95 aw and 30 °C for A. westerdijkiae and A. steynii, respectively. Significantly improved A. westerdijkiae and A. steynii spore production occurred at 0.95 aw and 20 °C and 0.90 aw and 35 °C, respectively. A. steynii and A. westerdijkiae produced the majority of OTA at 35 °C and 0.95 aw and 25–30 °C at 0.95–0.99 aw, respectively. The accuracy of the third-order polynomial regression model reached 96% in growth cases, 94.7% in sporulation cases, and 90.9% in OTA production cases; the regression coefficients (R2) ranged from 0.8819 to 0.9978 for the Aspergillus ochraceus group. A reliable agreement was reached between the predicted and observed growth, sporulation, and OTA production. The effects of abiotic climatic variables on growth, sporulation, and OTA production of A. ochraceus group have been effectively defined, and the models generated were responsible for adequately predicted and validated models against data from other strains within A. ochraceus group that had been published in the literature under the current treatments. These models could be successfully implemented to predict fungal growth and OTA contamination on food matrices for these strains under these conditions.

scholarly journals Effects of temperature and incubation time on growth and ochratoxin A biosynthesis by Aspergillus carbonarius and Aspergillus ochraceus in grain-based media

2016 ◽  
Vol 10 (32) ◽  
pp. 1306-1314 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cristina de Souza Sirlei ◽  
Maria Pereira Vanessa ◽  
Reinis Franca Passamani Fabiana ◽  
Angelo Cirillo Marcelo ◽  
Luz da Cunha Rodrigo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Ochratoxin A ◽  
Incubation Time ◽  
Aspergillus Ochraceus ◽  
Aspergillus Carbonarius ◽  
Effects Of Temperature
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