What Solar–Terrestrial Link Researchers Should Know about Interplanetary Drivers

One of the most promising methods of research in solar–terrestrial physics is the comparison of the responses of the magnetosphere–ionosphere–atmosphere system to various types of interplanetary disturbances (so-called “interplanetary drivers”). Numerous studies have shown that different types of drivers result in different reactions of the system for identical variations in the interplanetary magnetic field. In particular, the sheaths—compression regions before fast interplanetary CMEs (ICMEs)—have higher efficiency in terms of the generation of magnetic storms than ICMEs. The growing popularity of this method of research is accompanied by the growth of incorrect methodological approaches in such studies. These errors can be divided into four main classes: (i) using incorrect data with the identification of driver types published in other studies; (ii) using incorrect methods to identify the types of drivers and, as a result, misclassify the causes of magnetospheric-ionospheric disturbances; (iii) ignoring a frequent case with a complex, composite, nature of the driver (the presence of a sequence of several simple drivers) and matching the system response with only one of the drivers; for example, a magnetic storm is often generated by a sheath in front of ICME, although the authors consider these events to be a so-called “CME-induced” storm, rather than a “sheath-induced” storm; (iv) ignoring the compression regions before the fast CME in the case when there is no interplanetary shock (IS) in front of the compression region (“sheath without IS” or the so-called “lost driver”), although this type of driver generates about 10% of moderate and large magnetic storms. Possible ways of solving this problem are discussed.

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A critical look at studying the interplanetary drivers of the magnetospheric disturbances

10.5194/egusphere-egu2020-4064 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Yuri Yermolaev ◽

Irina Lodkina ◽

Lidia Dremukhina ◽

Michael Yermolaev ◽

Alexander Khokhlachev

Keyword(s):

Magnetic Field ◽

Solar Wind ◽

Large Scale ◽

Geomagnetic Storms ◽

Interplanetary Shock ◽

Complex Nature ◽

Physics Of The Magnetosphere ◽

Large Classes ◽

Compression Region ◽

Different Types

Although the main types of solar wind (the so-called interplanetary drivers), which may contain the southward component of the interplanetary magnetic field (Bz <0) and cause disturbances in the magnetosphere, have long been known, it has only recently been discovered that different types of drivers cause a different reaction of the magnetosphere for identical field variations (Borovsky and Denton,2006, Yermolaev et al., 2013). This discovery led to a significant increase in the number of investigations studying the response of the magnetosphere-ionosphere system to various drivers. At the same time, the number of incorrect approaches in this direction of research has increased. These errors can be attributed to 4 large classes. (1) First class includes works whose authors uncritically reacted to previously published works and use incorrect results to identify types of drivers. (2) Some authors independently incorrectly identified driver types. (3) Very often, authors associate the perturbation of the magnetosphere-ionosphere system caused by a complex driver (a sequence of single drivers) with one of the drivers, ignoring the complex nature. For example, a magnetic storm is often caused by a compression region Sheath in front of an interplanetary CME (ICME), but the authors consider the ICME to be a cause of disturbance, not Sheath. (4) Finally, there is a &#8220;lost driver&#8221; of magnetospheric disturbances: some authors simply do not consider the Sheath compression region before ICME if there is no interplanetary shock (IS) before Sheath, although this type of driver, &#8220;Sheath without IS&#8221;, generates about 10% of moderate and strong geomagnetic storms (Yermolaev et al., 2017, 2020). These errors lead to numerous mistakes and incorrect conclusions. The work is supported by the RFFI grant 19-02-00177&#1072;.&#160;References Borovsky, J. E., and M. H. Denton (2006), Differences between CME&#8208;driven storms and CIR&#8208;driven storms, J. Geophys. Res., 111, A07S08, doi:10.1029/2005JA011447Yermolaev, Y. I., N. S. Nikolaeva, I. G. Lodkina, and M. Y. Yermolaev (2012), Geoeffectiveness and efficiency of CIR, sheath, and ICME in generation of magnetic storms, J. Geophys. Res., 117, A00L07, doi:10.1029/2011JA017139 Yermolaev, Y.I., Lodkina, I.G., Nikolaeva, N.S. et al. (2017), Some problems of identifying types of large-scale solar wind and their role in the physics of the magnetosphere, Cosmic Res. 55: 178. https://doi.org/10.1134/S0010952517030029Yermolaev, Y.I., Lodkina, I.G., et al. (2020), Some problems of identifying types of large-scale solar wind and their role in the physics of the magnetosphere. 4. Lost driver, Cosmic Res. 59, in press&#160;

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Influence of different types of ionospheric disturbances on GPS signals at polar latitudes

10.5194/angeo-2020-93 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Vladimir B. Belakhovsky ◽

Yaqi Jin ◽

Wojciech J. Miloch

Keyword(s):

Interplanetary Shock ◽

Electron Content ◽

Ionospheric Disturbances ◽

Polar Cap ◽

Particle Precipitation ◽

Total Electron ◽

Different Types ◽

Interplanetary Shock Wave ◽

Using Data ◽

Auroral Particle Precipitation

Abstract. The comparative research of the influence of different types of auroral particle precipitation and polar cap patches (PCP) on the GPS signals disturbances in the polar ionosphere was done. For this purpose, we use the GPS scintillation receivers at Ny-Ålesund and Skibotn, operated by the University of Oslo. The presence of the auroral particle precipitation and polar cap patches was determined by using data from the EISCAT 42 m radar on Svalbard. The optical aurora observations in 557.7 nm, 630.0 nm spectrum lines on Svalbard were used as well for the detection of ionospheric disturbances. The cusp identification was done with using SuperDARN (Hankasalmi) data. We consider about 150 events when the simultaneous EISCAT 42 m and GPS data were available for the 2010–2017 years, in paper we present in detail only typical examples describing the overall picture. It was considered the dayside/cusp precipitation, substorm precipitations, daytime and nighttime PCP, precipitation associated with the interplanetary shock wave arrival. Cusp phase scintillations are lower than dayside PCP scintillations. We demonstrate that substorm-associated precipitations (even without PCP) can lead to a strong GPS phase (σϕ) scintillations up to ~2 radians which is much stronger than those usually produced by other types of the considered ionosphere disturbances. At the same PCPs can lead to stronger ROT (rate of total electron content) variations. So our observations suggest that the substorms and PCPs, being different types of the high-latitude disturbances, lead to the development of different types and scales of ionospheric irregularities.

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Influence of different types of ionospheric disturbances on GPS signals at polar latitudes

Annales Geophysicae ◽

10.5194/angeo-39-687-2021 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 39 (4) ◽

pp. 687-700

Author(s):

Vladimir B. Belakhovsky ◽

Yaqi Jin ◽

Wojciech J. Miloch

Keyword(s):

Interplanetary Shock ◽

Electron Content ◽

Ionospheric Disturbances ◽

Polar Cap ◽

Particle Precipitation ◽

Total Electron ◽

Different Types ◽

Interplanetary Shock Wave ◽

Field Disturbance ◽

Auroral Particle Precipitation

Abstract. The comparative research of the influence of different types of auroral particle precipitation and polar cap patches (PCPs) on the global positioning system (GPS) signals disturbances in the polar ionosphere was done. For this purpose, we use the GPS scintillation receivers at Ny-Ålesund and Skibotn, operated by the University of Oslo. The presence of the auroral particle precipitation and polar cap patches was determined by using data from the EISCAT 42m radar on Svalbard. The optical aurora observations in 557.7 and 630.0 nm spectrum lines on Svalbard were used as well for the detection of ionospheric disturbances. The cusp identification was done with using SuperDARN (Hankasalmi) data. We consider events when the simultaneous EISCAT 42m and GPS data were available for the years 2010–2017, and in this paper we present, in detail, typical examples describing the overall picture, and we present the statistics for 120 events. We considered the dayside/cusp precipitation, substorm precipitation, daytime and nighttime PCPs, and precipitation associated with the interplanetary shock wave arrival. We demonstrate that substorm-associated precipitation (even without PCPs) can lead to a strong GPS phase (σϕ) scintillations up to ∼ 1.5–3 radians, which is much stronger than those usually produced by other types of considered ionosphere disturbances. The value of the substorm-phase scintillations in general correlate with the value of the geomagnetic field disturbance. But sometimes even a small geomagnetic substorm, when combined with the PCPs, produces quite strong phase scintillations. Cusp phase scintillations are lower than dayside PCPs scintillations. PCPs can lead to stronger ROT (rate of total electron content) variations than other types of ionosphere disturbances. So our observations suggest that the substorms and PCPs, being different types of the high-latitude disturbances, lead to the development of different types and scales of ionospheric irregularities.

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RELATIONSHIP OF THE ASY-H INDEX WITH INTERPLANETARY MEDIUM PARAMETERS AND AURORAL ACTIVITY IN MAGNETIC STORM MAIN PHASES DURING CIR AND ICME EVENTS

Solnechno-Zemnaya Fizika ◽

10.12737/szf-61202004 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 6 (1) ◽

pp. 43-50

Author(s):

Roman Boroev ◽

Mikhail Vasiliev

Keyword(s):

Magnetic Storm ◽

Interplanetary Medium ◽

Magnetic Storms ◽

Main Phase ◽

Storm Main Phase ◽

H Index ◽

Auroral Activity ◽

Different Types ◽

Relationship Of ◽

The Relationship

In this study, we examine the relationship of the ASY-H index characterizing the partial ring current intensity with interplanetary medium parameters and auroral activity during the main phase of magnetic storms, induced by the solar wind (SW) of different types. Over the period 1979–2017, 107 magnetic storms driven by CIR and ICME (MC + Ejecta) events have been selected. We consider magnetic storms with Dstmin≤ – 50 nT. The average ASY-H index (ASYaver) during the magnetic storm main phase is shown to increase with increasing SW electric field and southward IMF Bz regardless of SW type. There is no relationship between ASYaver and SW velocity. For the CIR and ICME events, the average AE (AEaver) and Kp (Kp aver) indices have been found to correlate with ASYaver. The highest correlation coefficient between AEaver and ASYaver (r = 0.74) is observed for the magnetic storms generated by CIR events. A closer relationship between Kp aver and ASYaver (r = 0.64) is observed for the magnetic storms induced by ICME events. The ASYaver variations correlate with Dstmin. The relationship between ASYaver and the rate of storm development is weak.

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Airglow Observations and the Interpretation of Ionospheric Disturbances Associated with Magnetic Storms

The Radiating Atmosphere - Astrophysics and Space Science Library ◽

10.1007/978-94-010-3090-8_11 ◽

1971 ◽

pp. 105-115 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

L. Thomas

Keyword(s):

Magnetic Storms ◽

Ionospheric Disturbances

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Evolutionary Models of the Cenozoic Basins of Central-Western Mediterranean Area: A Review of Methodological Approaches

Geosciences ◽

10.3390/geosciences10090366 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 10 (9) ◽

pp. 366 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Francesco Guerrera ◽

Manuel Martín-Martín ◽

Mario Tramontana

Keyword(s):

Multidisciplinary Approach ◽

Evolutionary Model ◽

Digital Processing ◽

Mediterranean Area ◽

Western Mediterranean ◽

Open Problems ◽

Different Types ◽

Methodological Approaches ◽

Plate Kinematics ◽

Modern Technologies

In the last 40 years, several models based on very different methodological approaches have been proposed to interpret the complex geodynamic evolution of the central-western Mediterranean area and, in particular, of the Cenozoic basins. The persistence of numerous interpretations and still-open problems resulted in the proliferation of very different models. The reconstructions presented are highly influenced by difficulties often encountered in considering constraints introduced by models built by means of completely different methodological approaches. For example, major difficulties can arise in integrating data from individual classical disciplines (i.e., geology, stratigraphy, geophysics, tectonics, magmatology and plate kinematics) with those resulting from the use of modern technologies (i.e., digital processing, uses of software, field observations using drones, etc.) and generally aimed to support specific topics. These considerations lead researchers to believe that a multidisciplinary approach would always be auspicious for these studies, because a greater control of the reconstruction of geologic and geodynamic events, and, therefore, for resulting models, would be ensured. After some considerations about different types of literature models based on specific investigation methodologies, the updating of a recently presented evolutionary model is proposed by attempting to integrate as much data as possible about the Cenozoic basins of the central-western Mediterranean area.

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The Behavior of VLF/LF Variations Associated with Geomagnetic Activity, Earthquakes, and the Quiet Condition Using a Neural Network Approach

Entropy ◽

10.3390/e20090691 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 20 (9) ◽

pp. 691 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Irina Popova ◽

Alexandr Rozhnoi ◽

Maria Solovieva ◽

Danila Chebrov ◽

Masashi Hayakawa

Keyword(s):

Neural Network ◽

Radio Wave ◽

Seismic Activity ◽

Low Frequency ◽

Magnetic Storms ◽

Network Approach ◽

Neural Network Approach ◽

The Neural Network ◽

Different Types ◽

Parameters Of Seismicity

The neural network approach is proposed for studying very-low- and low-frequency (VLF and LF) subionospheric radio wave variations in the time vicinities of magnetic storms and earthquakes, with the purpose of recognizing anomalies of different types. We also examined the days with quiet geomagnetic conditions in the absence of seismic activity, in order to distinguish between the disturbed signals and the quiet ones. To this end, we trained the neural network (NN) on the examples of the representative database. The database included both the VLF/LF data that was measured during four-year monitoring at the station in Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky, and the parameters of seismicity in the Kuril-Kamchatka and Japan regions. It was shown that the neural network can distinguish between the disturbed and undisturbed signals. Furthermore, the prognostic behavior of the VLF/LF variations indicative of magnetic and seismic activity has a different appearance in the time vicinity of the earthquakes and magnetic storms.

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Evolutionary ecology of water animals: concept, subject, experience for application in the analysis of breeding systems

Marine Biological Journal ◽

10.21072/mbj.2018.03.2.01 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 3 (2) ◽

pp. 3-32

Author(s):

Yu. V. Slynko

Keyword(s):

Evolutionary Ecology ◽

Developmental Trajectories ◽

Molecular Genetic ◽

Main Idea ◽

Aquatic Organisms ◽

Breeding Systems ◽

System Response ◽

The Subject ◽

Basic Concepts ◽

Methodological Approaches

The basic concepts in the field of evolutionary ecology are presented. A brief historiography of the question is given, the prerequisites for the emergence of this section of biology are given. The definitions of the subject of the study of the discipline in question, as well as brief characteristics of the objects of study, basic concepts and methodological approaches are given. It is pointed out that evolutionary ecology is a section of evolutionary teaching focused on the study of the adaptation and evolution of communities of species, faunas and biogeocenoses. It is emphasized that the subjects of evolutionary ecology studying are species and their populations as well as communities, cenoses and ecosystems. The main idea of the work is reduced to an attempt to implement the epistemological synthesis of two basic methodological approaches: the ecosystem and population approaches. Two preferential methodological approaches in the field of evolutionary ecology are considered: firstly, it is genetic one, namely, population genetic (based on the dynamics of frequencies of polymorphic genes), molecular genetic (dynamics of pairs of nucleotides) and evolutionary genetic (phylogeography and molecular phylogeny); secondly, it is epigenetic one, in particular, the analysis of the developmental trajectories of morphological structures. The principal characteristics of the evolutionary ecology peculiarities of aquatic animals are postulated. An attempt has been made to justify the fact that the evolutionary ecology of aquatic organisms as a whole is of greater interest for studying the processes of adaptation and evolution than terrestrial. In the aquatic environment, all the factors of abiotics, the type of reproduction and the nature of isolation acquire a somewhat greater significance for evolution. The main items of the subject are provided with research materials, which served as the basis for developing their own ideas about evolutionary ecology. The work is significantly concentrated on the problems of evolutionary and ecological importance of interspecific hybridization, in particular on the effective co-adaptation of the genomes of the crossed species. The combination of heterogeneous genomes among remote hybrids can make the evolution of genomes go along to additional and multipolar orientation, which allows to consider hybrids as a living model for studying the problem of coordinating the work of different genomes in ontogenesis, especially during a critical period of early development. It is assumed that the success of hybridization is provided by the forming of a genetic program of a system response to structural transformations of the genome. The main result of our research in this field has not only been the discovery of a fundamentally new system of vertebrates reproduction, but also the evolutionary-ecological consequences of natural remote hybridization.

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Ionospheric disturbances over East Asia during intense December magnetic storms of 2006 and 2015: similarities and differences

Solar-Terrestrial Physics ◽

10.12737/stp-43201805 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 4 (3) ◽

pp. 28-42 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Нина Золотухина ◽

Nina Zolotukhina ◽

Владимир Куркин ◽

Vladimir Kurkin ◽

Неля Полех ◽

...

Keyword(s):

East Asia ◽

Critical Frequency ◽

Geomagnetic Storms ◽

Initial Conditions ◽

Ionospheric Disturbance ◽

Magnetic Storms ◽

Electron Content ◽

Ionospheric Disturbances ◽

Early Recovery ◽

Total Electron

Using data from ionosondes, located in East Asia, and total electron content maps, we have made a comparative analysis of ionospheric disturbances associated with the intense geomagnetic storms of December 14–16, 2006 and December 19–22, 2015. These storms had almost equal peak intensities (Dstmin=–162 and –155 nT), but different durations of the main phases (2.5 and 19 hr). At the beginning of both the storms, the region under study was located in the vicinity of the midnight meridian. Ionospheric responses to magnetic storms differed in: i) an increase in the F2-layer critical frequency at subauroral latitudes, caused by an increase in auroral precipitation, during the initial phase of the former storm and the absence of this effect in the latter; (ii) a sharp drop in the critical frequency in the evening hours of the main phase of the latter storm, caused by a shift of the main ionospheric trough to lower latitudes, and the absence of this effect during the former storm; (iii) generation of a short-term positive disturbance observed at subauroral latitudes only in the early recovery phase of the former storm after the negative ionospheric disturbance. During both the storms at middle latitudes there were positive disturbances and wave-like fluctuations of the critical frequency which increased in the vicinity of the dawn meridian. The main causes of the differences between the ionospheric storms are shown to be the differences between the initial conditions of the magnetosphere–ionosphere system and durations of the main phases of magnetic storms.

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Mapping the methodologies of the craft sciences in Finland, Sweden and Norway

Craft Research ◽

10.1386/crre_00025_1 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 11 (2) ◽

pp. 177-209 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Sirpa Kokko ◽

Gunnar Almevik ◽

Harald C. Bentz Høgseth ◽

Pirita Seitamaa-Hakkarainen

Keyword(s):

Cultural Heritage ◽

Multidisciplinary Approach ◽

Academic Research ◽

Academic Disciplines ◽

Academic Communities ◽

Types Of Knowledge ◽

Academic System ◽

Different Types ◽

Methodological Approaches ◽

Research And Education

The craft sciences have emerged as a field of academic research in Finland, Sweden and Norway since the early 1990s. In Finland, craft research has examined various aspects of crafts using a multidisciplinary approach, adapting a range of methods from other academic disciplines according to the research topic. Another source has been the schools of domestic sciences in which craft research has been a recognized field. In Sweden and Norway, craft research has developed strongly in architectural conservation and cultural heritage with a focus on traditional craftsmanship and the performative elements of intangible cultural heritage. This article offers an overview of the developments and progress of the field of craft sciences in these countries, including its methodological approaches, with a focus on Ph.D. theses. Through mapping recurrent methodological approaches, the following categories were derived: craft reconstruction, craft interpretations, craft elicitation, craft amplification and craft socialization. The aim of the classification, and the model derived from it, is to help researchers and students understand better how different types of knowledge relate to different research methods and apply them within their own research. The purpose of the research is to create a common infrastructure for research and education in order to connect and strengthen the dispersed academic communities of craft research and to establish craft science as a formally recognized discipline within the academic system.

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