scholarly journals Limited Sustained Local Transmission of HIV-1 CRF01_AE in New South Wales, Australia

Viruses ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (5) ◽  
pp. 482 ◽  
Author(s):  
Francesca Di Giallonardo ◽  
Angie N. Pinto ◽  
Phillip Keen ◽  
Ansari Shaik ◽  
Alex Carrera ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Hiv Transmission ◽  
New South ◽  
New South Wales ◽  
Incidence Rates ◽  
Effective Control ◽  
South Wales ◽  
Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
Hiv 1 ◽  
Local Transmission

Australia’s response to the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) pandemic led to effective control of HIV transmission and one of the world’s lowest HIV incidence rates—0.14%. Although there has been a recent decline in new HIV diagnoses in New South Wales (NSW), the most populous state in Australia, there has been a concomitant increase with non-B subtype infections, particularly for the HIV-1 circulating recombinant form CRF01_AE. This aforementioned CRF01_AE sampled in NSW, were combined with those sampled globally to identify NSW-specific viral clades. The population growth of these clades was assessed in two-year period intervals from 2009 to 2017. Overall, 109 NSW-specific clades were identified, most comprising pairs of sequences; however, five large clades comprising ≥10 sequences were also found. Forty-four clades grew over time with one or two sequences added to each in different two-year periods. Importantly, while 10 of these clades have seemingly discontinued, the remaining 34 were still active in 2016/2017. Seven such clades each comprised ≥10 sequences, and are representative of individual sub-epidemics in NSW. Thus, although the majority of new CRF01_AE infections were associated with small clades that rarely establish ongoing chains of local transmission, individual sub-epidemics are present and should be closely monitored.

scholarly journals Lost in transition? Access to and uptake of adult health services and outcomes for young people with type 1 diabetes in regional New South Wales

2010 ◽  
Vol 193 (8) ◽  
pp. 444-449 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lin Perry ◽  
Katharine S Steinbeck ◽  
Janet S Dunbabin ◽  
Julia M Lowe
Keyword(s):  
Type 1 Diabetes ◽  
Young People ◽  
Health Services ◽  
New South ◽  
New South Wales ◽  
Adult Health ◽  
South Wales

Insecticides for the control of dieldrin-resistant banana weevil borer, Cosmopolites sordidus Germar

1977 ◽  
Vol 17 (86) ◽  
pp. 499 ◽  
Author(s):  
WE Wright
Keyword(s):  
Active Ingredient ◽  
New South ◽  
New South Wales ◽  
Field Trials ◽  
Effective Control ◽  
Cosmopolites Sordidus ◽  
Banana Weevil ◽  
South Wales ◽  
Surrounding Soil

Field trials were carried out in the Brunswick River district of New South Wales from 1971 to 1975 to evaluate insecticides against dieldrin-resistant banana weevil borer, Cosmopolites sordidus Germar. Effective control was obtained by spraying the bases of plants and surrounding soil to a radius of 30 cm in spring and autumn with pirimiphos-ethyl and chlorpyrifos emulsions at 2.24 kg active ingredient ha-1 (1.12g per plant) per application. Chlordecone dust, pirimiphos-ethyl granules and chlorpyrifos powder sprinkled by hand at 2.8 kg ha-1 a.i. (1.42 g per plant) per application also gave effective control and could be used where water is unavailable.

scholarly journals Eliminating HIV transmission in New South Wales: the critical role of testing

2014 ◽  
Vol 201 (5) ◽  
pp. 260-262 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marianne Gale ◽  
Joanne Holden ◽  
Christine Selvey ◽  
Kerry Chant ◽  
Bill Whittaker
Keyword(s):  
Hiv Transmission ◽  
New South ◽  
Critical Role ◽  
New South Wales ◽  
South Wales

The Rising Incidence of Childhood Type 1 Diabetes in New South Wales, Australia

2000 ◽  
Vol 13 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
M.E. Craig ◽  
N.J. Howard ◽  
M. Silink ◽  
A. Chan
Keyword(s):  
Type 1 Diabetes ◽  
New South ◽  
New South Wales ◽  
South Wales ◽  
Rising Incidence ◽  
Childhood Type 1 Diabetes ◽  
Childhood Type

Prevention of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infection Among Intravenous Drug Users in New South Wales, Australia: The Needles and Syringes Distribution Programme Through Retail Pharmacies

1988 ◽  
Vol 2 (4) ◽  
pp. 245-251 ◽  
Author(s):  
R Tsai ◽  
B Pharm ◽  
EH Goh ◽  
P Webeck ◽  
J Mullins
Keyword(s):  
Human Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
Hiv Infection ◽  
Drug Users ◽  
New South ◽  
New South Wales ◽  
Population Group ◽  
South Wales ◽  
Short Period ◽  
Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
Distribution Scheme

Prevalence of Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) infection among 12, 000 intravenous (i.v.) drug users in New South Wales (NSW) was estimated to be very low in 1985. However, a large increase of HIV infection in this population group could result within a short period. The NSW government amended existing legislation to permit the sale and possession of sterile needles and syringes. A programme to promote the sale of needles and syringes was launched jointly with the Pharmacy Guild of Australia (NSW Branch) in December 1986. Favourable changes in pharmacists' attitudes were noted four months later. The distribution scheme became an important component of the NSW prevention programme. There are 2, 039 retail pharmacies throughout NSW. The number of sterile needles and syringes sold through these outlets increased from 4, 200 in January 1987 to 51, 000 in November 1987 with a total of 422, 000 dispensed over this period. The percentage of Pharmacy Guild members involved in the programme increased from 0.5% to 22.5%, covering 38% of the state by November 1987. During 1987, HIV infection among i.v. drug users remained low. This suggests that the needles and syringes distribution programme contributed significantly towards limiting the spread of HIV infection among i.v. drug users.

Evolution of HIV-1 surveillance drug resistance mutations over ten years in New South Wales, Australia

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Angie Pinto ◽  
Alex Carrera ◽  
Hanan Salem ◽  
Kiran Thapa ◽  
Ansari Shaik ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Drug Resistance ◽  
New South ◽  
New South Wales ◽  
Resistance Mutations ◽  
Drug Resistance Mutations ◽  
South Wales ◽  
Hiv 1

scholarly journals Increased HIV Subtype Diversity Reflecting Demographic Changes in the HIV Epidemic in New South Wales, Australia

Viruses ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (12) ◽  
pp. 1402
Author(s):  
Francesca Di Giallonardo ◽  
Angie Pinto ◽  
Phillip Keen ◽  
Ansari Shaik ◽  
Alex Carrera ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
New South ◽  
New South Wales ◽  
Positive Association ◽  
Heterosexual Transmission ◽  
People Living With Hiv ◽  
Subtype C ◽  
Subtype B ◽  
South Wales ◽  
Hiv 1 ◽  
Over Time

Changes over time in HIV-1 subtype diversity within a population reflect changes in factors influencing the development of local epidemics. Here we report on the genetic diversity of 2364 reverse transcriptase sequences from people living with HIV-1 in New South Wales (NSW) notified between 2004 and 2018. These data represent >70% of all new HIV-1 notifications in the state over this period. Phylogenetic analysis was performed to identify subtype-specific transmission clusters. Subtype B and non-B infections differed across all demographics analysed (p < 0.001). We found a strong positive association for infections among females, individuals not born in Australia or reporting heterosexual transmission being of non-B origin. Further, we found an overall increase in non-B infections among men who have sex with men from 50 to 79% in the last 10 years. However, we also found differences between non-B subtypes; heterosexual transmission was positively associated with subtype C only. In addition, the majority of subtype B infections were associated with clusters, while the majority of non-B infections were singletons. However, we found seven non-B clusters (≥5 sequences) indicative of local ongoing transmission. In conclusion, we present how the HIV-1 epidemic has changed over time in NSW, becoming more heterogeneous with distinct subtype-specific demographic associations.

Socio-economic and biological impact of the feral pig in New South Wales: An overview and alternative management plan.

1987 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 96 ◽  
Author(s):  
PH O'Brien
Keyword(s):  
New South ◽  
New South Wales ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Buffer Zone ◽  
Management Plan ◽  
Effective Control ◽  
Multiple Use ◽  
Biological Impact ◽  
South Wales ◽  
Feral Pig

Feral pigs are widely distributed in Australia and have increased their range despite extensive control efforts. They pose a management dilemma because they are simultaneously an agricultural pest, endemic and exotic disease hazard, environmental liability, export commodity and recreational resource. These attributes and values vary with place, time and observer perceptions. In this paper, I briefly review the socio- economic and biological impact of the feral pig in New South Wales. An alternative multiple use management plan is presented, which minimizes costs and conflict by integrating the requirements for cost-effective control of agricultural damage and exotic disease with the commercial and recreational values of the feral pig. The proposal is based on: local ('buffer zone') control near susceptible enterprises; sustainable yield harvesting; regulated recreational hunting; and appropriate exotic disease contingency plans.

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