scholarly journals A Review of Hantavirus Research in Indonesia: Prevalence in Humans and Rodents, and the Discovery of Serang Virus

Viruses ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (8) ◽  
pp. 698
Author(s):  
Lukman ◽  
Kosasih ◽  
Ibrahim ◽  
Pradana ◽  
Neal ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Bacterial Infections ◽  
Clinical Signs ◽  
Febrile Illness ◽  
Signs And Symptoms ◽  
Molecular Evidence ◽  
Rt Pcr ◽  
Seoul Virus ◽  
Seroprevalence Data ◽  
Clinical Signs And Symptoms ◽  
Almost All

Dengue and other common tropical infectious diseases of similar clinical presentation are endemic in Indonesia, which may lead to an underestimation of the prevalence of hantavirus (HTV) infection in the country. To better understand the current burden of HTV infection, this study aimed to both identify acute HTV infection among hospitalized patients with fever and to determine the overall seroprevalence of HTV. These results were further considered within the context of previously reported HTV infection in humans and animals in Indonesia by conducting a review of published literature. As part of an observational cohort study of acute febrile illness, this sub-study retrospectively analyzed blood specimens obtained during admission, during the 2–4-week convalescent period, and three months after admission. Convalescent specimens from patients with clinical signs and symptoms of HTV infection were first screened for HTV IgG. When positive, convalescent specimens and paired acute specimens were screened for HTV IgM, and paired acute specimens were tested for HTV by Reverse Transcription Polymerase Chain Reaction (RT-PCR). A literature review of HTV in Indonesia was conducted on manuscripts manually reviewed for relevance after identification from a search using the terms “hantavirus/Seoul virus” and “Indonesia”. From patients at eight hospitals in seven provincial capitals, HTV IgG seroprevalence was 11.6% (38/327), with the highest being in Denpasar (16.3%, 7/43) and the lowest being in Yogyakarta (3.4%, 1/31). Anti-HTV IgG was most prevalent in adults (13.5%, 33/244) and males (15.6%, 29/186). Acute HTV infections were identified in two subjects, both of whom had Seoul virus. In Indonesia, HTVs have been studied in humans and animals since 1984. Over the past 35 years, the reported seroprevalences in rodents ranged from 0% to 34%, and in humans from 0% to 13%. Fourteen acute infections have been reported, including one in a tourist returning to Germany, but only two have been confirmed by RT-PCR. Almost all rodent and human surveillance results demonstrated serological and molecular evidence of Seoul virus infection. However, in Semarang, anti-Puumala virus IgM has been detected in humans and Puumala RNA in one rodent. In Serang, a new virus named Serang virus was identified due to its differences from Seoul virus. In Maumere, HTV and Leptospira spp. were identified simultaneously in rodents. The burden of HTV infection in Indonesia is underestimated, and additional studies are needed to understand the true prevalence. Seroprevalence data reported here, previous observations of HTV co-infections in rodents, and the prevalence of rodent-borne bacterial infections in Indonesia suggest that the population may be routinely encountering HTVs. While Seoul virus appears to be the most prevalent HTV in the country, further studies are needed to understand which HTVs are circulating.

Meningitis—What Is It?

2019 ◽  
pp. 1-22
Author(s):  
Janet R. Gilsdorf
Keyword(s):  
Cerebrospinal Fluid ◽  
Young Children ◽  
Clinical Signs ◽  
Signs And Symptoms ◽  
Pathologic Examination ◽  
Helen Keller ◽  
Clinical Signs And Symptoms ◽  
Almost All

Before the advent of antibiotics, meningitis was a dreadful infection by any standard; many of its victims were young children, and almost all died, succumbing to the disease from days to six weeks, or sometimes longer, after the onset of their illness. Incredibly, patients occasionally survived but were often left with varying degrees of neurologic damage. Before the first spinal tap, the diagnosis of meningitis was based on clinical signs and symptoms and could be confirmed only by pathologic examination of the brains of deceased patients during an autopsy. Since the advent of the spinal tap, the diagnosis of meningitis rests on examination of the cerebrospinal fluid. Treatment of meningitis depends on which bacteria cause the infection. Helen Keller may be a famous surviving victim of this disease.

scholarly journals Assessment of the utility of Yale observation scale as a predictor of bacteremia in children aged 3 months to 36 months

2019 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 559
Author(s):  
P. Sudhakar ◽  
P. Ajitha
Keyword(s):  
Bacterial Infections ◽  
Clinical Signs ◽  
Signs And Symptoms ◽  
Roc Curves ◽  
Operating Characteristics ◽  
Good Tool ◽  
Early Management ◽  
Observation Scale ◽  
Clinical Signs And Symptoms ◽  
Yale Observation Scale

Background: The Yale observation scale (YOS) is an illness severity helps to diagnose bacteremia based on simple noninvasive clinical signs and symptoms. The aim of the present study was to assess the utility of YOS as a predictor of bacterial infection in febrile children aged 3 to 36 months.Methods: This prospective observational study was conducted on 200 children aged 3 to 36 months presenting with fever, at the Institute of Child Health and Hospital for Children during the period from April 2016 to September 2016. Rectal temperature was taken for all children. Clinical examination was done as required based on the YOS and scores were given accordingly at the time of initial presentation of the child before invasive investigations. All the observation was assessed statistically and receiver operating characteristics (ROC) curve was performed to analyze the sensitivity of the YOS.Results: Highly significant correlation (p=0.0001) was found to exist between the age of the child, duration of the fever, higher body temperature >104, WBC count, ANC and improved condition of patient with higher YOS. ROC curves showed that the sensitivity and specificity of YOS at the best cut off value of 14.5 was found to be 97% and 79.6% respectively.Conclusions: YOS is very good tool for predicting bacteremia in young febrile children based on simple non-invasive clinical signs and symptoms. The findings ruled out by YOS aids in the immediate and early management of bacterial infections before the arrival of the results of the biochemical diagnostic tests.

scholarly journals Viral and bacterial infection elicit distinct changes in plasma lipids in febrile children

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xinzhu Wang ◽  
Ruud Nijman ◽  
Stephane Camuzeaux ◽  
Caroline Sands ◽  
Heather Jackson ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Bacterial Infection ◽  
Viral Infection ◽  
Bacterial Infections ◽  
Plasma Lipids ◽  
Clinical Signs ◽  
Signs And Symptoms ◽  
Cholesterol Sulfate ◽  
Inappropriate Use ◽  
Clinical Signs And Symptoms ◽  
The Uk

AbstractFever is the most common reason that children present to Emergency Departments in the UK. Clinical signs and symptoms suggestive of bacterial infection are often non-specific, and there is no definitive test for the accurate diagnosis of infection. As a result, many children are prescribed antibiotics often unnecessarily, while others with life-threatening bacterial infections can remain untreated. The ‘omics’ approaches to identifying biomarkers from the host-response to bacterial infection are promising. In this study, lipidomic analysis was carried out with plasma samples obtained from febrile children with confirmed bacterial infection (n=20) and confirmed viral infection (n=20). We show for the first time that bacterial and viral infection elicit distinct changes in the host lipidome. Glycerophosphoinositol, sphingomyelin, lysophosphotidylcholine and cholesterol sulfate were increased in the confirmed virus infected group, while fatty acids, glycerophosphocholine, glycerophosphoserine, lactosylceramide and bilirubin were increased in cases with confirmed bacterial infection. A combination of three lipids achieved the area under the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve of 0.918 (95% CI 0.835 to 1). This pilot study demonstrates the potential of metabolic biomarkers to assist clinicians in distinguishing bacterial from viral infection in febrile children, to facilitate effective clinical management and to the limit inappropriate use of antibiotics.

scholarly journals Parechovirus and enteroviruses among young infants with sepsis in Iran

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Manoochehr Makvandi ◽  
Ali Teimoori ◽  
Roya Pirmoradi ◽  
Chiman Karami ◽  
Ahmad Shamsizadeh ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Phylogenetic Tree ◽  
Untranslated Region ◽  
Clinical Signs ◽  
Signs And Symptoms ◽  
Genotype 1 ◽  
Rt Pcr ◽  
Young Infants ◽  
Clinical Signs And Symptoms ◽  
Blood Specimens

Background and Objectives: Human parechoviruses (HPeV) and Human enteroviruses (EV) frequently cause a sepsis-like illness in young infants (younger than three months). Therefore, this study was conducted to determine the frequency of HPeV and EV among the young infants with clinical signs and symptoms of sepsis in Ahvaz city, Iran. Materials and Methods: The blood specimens were collected from 100 (younger than 90 days hospitalized infants) including 54 (56.25%) males and 46 (43.75%) females with clinical signs and symptoms of sepsis-like disease. The RNA was extracted and tested for detection of VP1 region of HPeV and 5 UTR (Untranslated Region) of EV by RT-PCR. The sequences of positive of HPeV were further analyzed to determine HPeV genotyping. Results: 5/100 (5%) of patients including 2/46 (2%) females and 3/54 (3%) males tested positive for HPeV (P=0.85). The analysis of 5 positive VP1 region of HPeV revealed the genotype 1. The analysis of sequencing and phylogenetic tree revealed that the isolated HPeVs were genotype 1. While 38/100 (38%) specimens including 16 (16%) females and 22 (22%) males were tested positive for EV (P=0.68). Conclusion: The frequency of HPeV genotype 1 was 5% among the young infants with sepsis. While frequency of EV was 38% among the young infants with sepsis. This study showed HPeV genotype 1 and EV are dominant in this region.

Practical Significance of Lactose Intolerance in Children: Supplement

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1990 ◽  
Vol 86 (4) ◽  
pp. 643-644
Author(s):  
Keyword(s):  
Large Bowel ◽  
Lactose Intolerance ◽  
Clinical Signs ◽  
Signs And Symptoms ◽  
Enteric Bacteria ◽  
Practical Significance ◽  
Lactose Malabsorption ◽  
Clinical Signs And Symptoms ◽  
Almost All ◽  
Clinical Advances

Since the Committee on Nutrition issued its first statement on "The Practical Significance of Lactose Intolerance in Children" in 1978,1 there have been a few interesting clinical advances in our knowledge of the digestion of lactose. We suggest that the original statement be reviewed to provide a framework for the information presented here. Lactose is a disaccharide that is present in almost all mammalian milks. It is digested in the small bowel by the lactase located on the brush border of the enterocyte. On digestion, lactose is broken down into two components, glucose and galactose. If lactose is not digested or is digested minimally, the intact sugar moves into the large bowel where it is fermented by enteric bacteria. This fermentation produces acids, carbon dioxide, methane, and hydrogen, and usually results in borborygmi and abdominal discomfort. Lack of digestion of lactose results in an increased number of solute particles in the large bowel with a concomitant increase in osmotic pressure. It has been suggested that the diarrhea associated with lactose intolerance occurs when the capacity of the bacteria to metabolize carbohydrate in the colon has been exceeded.2 Consequently, there is a flow of fluid into the lumen of the bowel with a resultant watery, fermentative diarrhea. These clinical signs and symptoms represent lactose intolerance, a condition that results from malabsorption and lack of digestion of lactose. There are two useful clinical tests for lactose malabsorption. One test measures the increase in the concentration of glucose in blood following administration of a load of lactose (1 g/kg up to 50 g/kg, equivalent to a liter of milk).

scholarly journals Dental Management in the Immunocompromised Children: A Review

2021 ◽  
pp. 154-160
Author(s):  
Abdulrahman Kamal Habash ◽  
Firas Walid Basoudan ◽  
Hassan Adnan Alwayel ◽  
Bassam Walid Alarfaj ◽  
Ali Naji Alwayel ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cancer Treatment ◽  
Secondary Infection ◽  
Correct Diagnosis ◽  
Clinical Signs ◽  
Signs And Symptoms ◽  
Unique Challenge ◽  
Oral Infections ◽  
Child Relationship ◽  
Clinical Signs And Symptoms ◽  
Almost All

Oral manifestations of oropharyngeal infections in immunocompromised individuals pose a unique challenge for medical and dental specialists, as clinical signs and symptoms could be minor, making correct diagnosis and treatment difficult. Effective infection control and oral symptom management are critical, and they can be done by the careful use of topical and systemic medicines, as well as proper oral hygiene. According to current guidelines, children should receive an oral examination before starting cancer treatment.  Before the commencement of cancer treatment–related oral issues, a pretreatment examination helps develop a dentist-child relationship. Intensive mouth care is critical because it reduces the chance of developing moderate/severe mucositis while also reducing the risk of septicemia and oral infections. Almost all of the therapy's oral side effects are caused by stomatotoxicity, either direct or indirect. The purpose of therapy for this patient group is to keep the oral mucosa healthy, avoid secondary infection, relieve pain, and maintain nutritional intake. In this narrative review we will be looking at evaluation, prevention and management of dental complications in immunosuppressed children.

scholarly journals PERANAN PROKALSITONIN PADA PNEUMONIA KOMUNITAS

2017 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 33
Author(s):  
Mirza Purwitasari ◽  
Erlina Burhan ◽  
Priyanti Z. Soepandi
Keyword(s):  
Bacterial Infections ◽  
Respiratory Infections ◽  
Protein A ◽  
Clinical Signs ◽  
Public Health Problem ◽  
Clinical Information ◽  
Signs And Symptoms ◽  
Inflammatory Biomarker ◽  
Therapeutic Decisions ◽  
Clinical Signs And Symptoms

Abstrak : Keterbatasan dalam mendiagnosis infeksi respirasi dari klinis, gejala penyakit dan pemeriksaan mikrobiologis, keberadaan biomarker dapat dijadikan informasi tambahan dalam meningkatkan diagnosis dan prognosis yang membantu dalam keputusan pemberian terapi. Penggunaan prokalsitonin dapat membantu diagnosis membedakan dari infeksi yang disebabkan oleh virus, menilai derajat risiko pasien dan keputusan pemberian, penghentian dan durasi antibiotik yang optimal. Pneumonia komunitas masih menjadi masalah kesehatan. Prokalsitonin pada akhir-akhir ini menjadi perhatian prognosis pada pneumonia komunitas. , baik yang diakibatkan oleh bakter iatau pun bukan. Prokalsitonin juga mempunyai kemampuan yang lebih baik dari pada C-reaktif protein sebagai biomarker petanda inflamasi dan mempunyai hubungan yang signifikan dengan skor sistem yang menilai klinis dan angka kematian. Kata kunci: Pneumonia komunitas, prokalsitoninAbstract : In light of the limitations of clinical signs and symptoms and traditional microbiologic diagnostic for respiratory infections, blood biomarkers that correlate with the presence and extent of bacterial infections may provide additional useful information to improve diagnostic and prognostic efforts and help with therapeutic decisions in individual patients. A growing body of evidence support the use of procalcitonin (PCT) to differentiate bacterial from viral respiratory diagnoses, to help risk stratify patients, and to guide antibiotic therapy decisions about initial need for, and optimal duration of, therapy.Communityacquired peneumonia (CAP) is a significant clinical and public health problem. Recently, attention has been paid to the potential for procalcitonin (PCT) both to differentiate the diagnosis and to indicate the prognosis of pneumonia. Procalsitonin has the ability to supplement clinical information to determine whether or not the cause of the inection is likely to be bacterial. In addition, PCT seems to be superior to the most prevalent inflammatory biomarker C-reactive protein a

scholarly journals Risk assessment and laboratory investigation of respiratory illness in travellers returning to Singapore 2012–2015: experience from the MERS-CoV Surveillance Programme

2016 ◽  
Vol 145 (2) ◽  
pp. 285-288 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. K. WIN ◽  
A. CHOW ◽  
H. J. HO ◽  
S. Y. TAY ◽  
Y. S. LEO
Keyword(s):  
Tertiary Care ◽  
Clinical Signs ◽  
Signs And Symptoms ◽  
Respiratory Illness ◽  
Hospitalized Patients ◽  
Care Hospital ◽  
Rt Pcr ◽  
Potential Benefits ◽  
Severe Respiratory Infection ◽  
Clinical Signs And Symptoms

SUMMARYSince the emergence of Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV), Singapore has enhanced its national surveillance system to detect the potential importation of this novel pathogen. Using the guidelines from the Singapore Ministry of Health, a suspect case was defined as a person with clinical signs and symptoms suggestive of pneumonia or severe respiratory infection with breathlessness, and with an epidemiological link to countries where MERS-CoV cases had been reported within the preceding 14 days. This report describes a retrospective review of 851 suspected MERS-CoV cases assessed at the adult tertiary-care hospital in Singapore between September 2012 and December 2015. In total, 262 patients (31%) were hospitalized. All had MERS-CoV infection ruled out by RT–PCR or clinical assessment. Two hundred and thirty (88%) of the hospitalized patients were also investigated for influenza virus by RT–PCR. Of these, 62 (27%) tested positive for seasonal influenza. None of the patients with positive influenza results had been vaccinated in the year prior to hospital admission. Ninety-three (36%) out of the 262 hospitalized patients had clinical and/or radiological evidence of pneumonia. This study demonstrates the potential benefits of pre-travel vaccination against influenza and pneumococcal disease.

scholarly journals Dementia and Major Neurocognitive Disorders: Some Lessons Learned One Century after the first Alois Alzheimer’s Clinical Notes

Geriatrics ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 5
Author(s):  
Donatella Rita Petretto ◽  
Gian Pietro Carrogu ◽  
Luca Gaviano ◽  
Lorenzo Pili ◽  
Roberto Pili
Keyword(s):  
Young Woman ◽  
Clinical Signs ◽  
Signs And Symptoms ◽  
Neurocognitive Disorders ◽  
Lessons Learned ◽  
Alzheimer Dementia ◽  
Clinical Notes ◽  
Alois Alzheimer ◽  
Clinical Signs And Symptoms

Over 100 years ago, Alois Alzheimer presented the clinical signs and symptoms of what has been later called “Alzheimer Dementia” in a young woman whose name was Augustine Deter [...]

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