Practical Significance of Lactose Intolerance in Children: Supplement

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1990 ◽  
Vol 86 (4) ◽  
pp. 643-644
Author(s):  
Keyword(s):  
Large Bowel ◽  
Lactose Intolerance ◽  
Clinical Signs ◽  
Signs And Symptoms ◽  
Enteric Bacteria ◽  
Practical Significance ◽  
Lactose Malabsorption ◽  
Clinical Signs And Symptoms ◽  
Almost All ◽  
Clinical Advances

Since the Committee on Nutrition issued its first statement on "The Practical Significance of Lactose Intolerance in Children" in 1978,1 there have been a few interesting clinical advances in our knowledge of the digestion of lactose. We suggest that the original statement be reviewed to provide a framework for the information presented here. Lactose is a disaccharide that is present in almost all mammalian milks. It is digested in the small bowel by the lactase located on the brush border of the enterocyte. On digestion, lactose is broken down into two components, glucose and galactose. If lactose is not digested or is digested minimally, the intact sugar moves into the large bowel where it is fermented by enteric bacteria. This fermentation produces acids, carbon dioxide, methane, and hydrogen, and usually results in borborygmi and abdominal discomfort. Lack of digestion of lactose results in an increased number of solute particles in the large bowel with a concomitant increase in osmotic pressure. It has been suggested that the diarrhea associated with lactose intolerance occurs when the capacity of the bacteria to metabolize carbohydrate in the colon has been exceeded.2 Consequently, there is a flow of fluid into the lumen of the bowel with a resultant watery, fermentative diarrhea. These clinical signs and symptoms represent lactose intolerance, a condition that results from malabsorption and lack of digestion of lactose. There are two useful clinical tests for lactose malabsorption. One test measures the increase in the concentration of glucose in blood following administration of a load of lactose (1 g/kg up to 50 g/kg, equivalent to a liter of milk).

Meningitis—What Is It?

2019 ◽  
pp. 1-22
Author(s):  
Janet R. Gilsdorf
Keyword(s):  
Cerebrospinal Fluid ◽  
Young Children ◽  
Clinical Signs ◽  
Signs And Symptoms ◽  
Pathologic Examination ◽  
Helen Keller ◽  
Clinical Signs And Symptoms ◽  
Almost All

Before the advent of antibiotics, meningitis was a dreadful infection by any standard; many of its victims were young children, and almost all died, succumbing to the disease from days to six weeks, or sometimes longer, after the onset of their illness. Incredibly, patients occasionally survived but were often left with varying degrees of neurologic damage. Before the first spinal tap, the diagnosis of meningitis was based on clinical signs and symptoms and could be confirmed only by pathologic examination of the brains of deceased patients during an autopsy. Since the advent of the spinal tap, the diagnosis of meningitis rests on examination of the cerebrospinal fluid. Treatment of meningitis depends on which bacteria cause the infection. Helen Keller may be a famous surviving victim of this disease.

scholarly journals A Review of Hantavirus Research in Indonesia: Prevalence in Humans and Rodents, and the Discovery of Serang Virus

Viruses ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (8) ◽  
pp. 698
Author(s):  
Lukman ◽  
Kosasih ◽  
Ibrahim ◽  
Pradana ◽  
Neal ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Bacterial Infections ◽  
Clinical Signs ◽  
Febrile Illness ◽  
Signs And Symptoms ◽  
Molecular Evidence ◽  
Rt Pcr ◽  
Seoul Virus ◽  
Seroprevalence Data ◽  
Clinical Signs And Symptoms ◽  
Almost All

Dengue and other common tropical infectious diseases of similar clinical presentation are endemic in Indonesia, which may lead to an underestimation of the prevalence of hantavirus (HTV) infection in the country. To better understand the current burden of HTV infection, this study aimed to both identify acute HTV infection among hospitalized patients with fever and to determine the overall seroprevalence of HTV. These results were further considered within the context of previously reported HTV infection in humans and animals in Indonesia by conducting a review of published literature. As part of an observational cohort study of acute febrile illness, this sub-study retrospectively analyzed blood specimens obtained during admission, during the 2–4-week convalescent period, and three months after admission. Convalescent specimens from patients with clinical signs and symptoms of HTV infection were first screened for HTV IgG. When positive, convalescent specimens and paired acute specimens were screened for HTV IgM, and paired acute specimens were tested for HTV by Reverse Transcription Polymerase Chain Reaction (RT-PCR). A literature review of HTV in Indonesia was conducted on manuscripts manually reviewed for relevance after identification from a search using the terms “hantavirus/Seoul virus” and “Indonesia”. From patients at eight hospitals in seven provincial capitals, HTV IgG seroprevalence was 11.6% (38/327), with the highest being in Denpasar (16.3%, 7/43) and the lowest being in Yogyakarta (3.4%, 1/31). Anti-HTV IgG was most prevalent in adults (13.5%, 33/244) and males (15.6%, 29/186). Acute HTV infections were identified in two subjects, both of whom had Seoul virus. In Indonesia, HTVs have been studied in humans and animals since 1984. Over the past 35 years, the reported seroprevalences in rodents ranged from 0% to 34%, and in humans from 0% to 13%. Fourteen acute infections have been reported, including one in a tourist returning to Germany, but only two have been confirmed by RT-PCR. Almost all rodent and human surveillance results demonstrated serological and molecular evidence of Seoul virus infection. However, in Semarang, anti-Puumala virus IgM has been detected in humans and Puumala RNA in one rodent. In Serang, a new virus named Serang virus was identified due to its differences from Seoul virus. In Maumere, HTV and Leptospira spp. were identified simultaneously in rodents. The burden of HTV infection in Indonesia is underestimated, and additional studies are needed to understand the true prevalence. Seroprevalence data reported here, previous observations of HTV co-infections in rodents, and the prevalence of rodent-borne bacterial infections in Indonesia suggest that the population may be routinely encountering HTVs. While Seoul virus appears to be the most prevalent HTV in the country, further studies are needed to understand which HTVs are circulating.

scholarly journals Effects of Prebiotic and Probiotic Supplementation on Lactase Deficiency and Lactose Intolerance: A Systematic Review of Controlled Trials

Nutrients ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (5) ◽  
pp. 1487 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rosaura Leis ◽  
María-José de Castro ◽  
Carmela de Lamas ◽  
Rosaura Picáns ◽  
María L. Couce
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Review ◽  
Lactose Intolerance ◽  
Clinical Signs ◽  
Signs And Symptoms ◽  
Cochrane Collaboration ◽  
Controlled Trials ◽  
Lactase Deficiency ◽  
Lactose Malabsorption ◽  
Microbiome Composition ◽  
Meta Analyses

Lactose intolerance (LI) is characterized by the presence of primarily gastrointestinal clinical signs resulting from colonic fermentation of lactose, the absorption of which is impaired due to a deficiency in the lactase enzyme. These clinical signs can be modified by several factors, including lactose dose, residual lactase expression, concurrent ingestion of other dietary components, gut-transit time, and enteric microbiome composition. In many of individuals with lactose malabsorption, clinical signs may be absent after consumption of normal amounts of milk or, in particular, dairy products (yogurt and cheese), which contain lactose partially digested by live bacteria. The intestinal microbiota can be modulated by biotic supplementation, which may alleviate the signs and symptoms of LI. This systematic review summarizes the available evidence on the influence of prebiotics and probiotics on lactase deficiency and LI. The literature search was conducted using the MEDLINE (via PUBMED) and SCOPUS databases following Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines, and included randomized controlled trials. For each study selected, the risk of bias was assessed following the Cochrane Collaboration methodology. Our findings showed varying degrees of efficacy but an overall positive relationship between probiotics and LI in relation to specific strains and concentrations. Limitations regarding the wide heterogeneity between the studies included in this review should be taken into account. Only one study examined the benefits of prebiotic supplementation and LI. So further clinical trials are needed in order to gather more evidence.

scholarly journals Dental Management in the Immunocompromised Children: A Review

2021 ◽  
pp. 154-160
Author(s):  
Abdulrahman Kamal Habash ◽  
Firas Walid Basoudan ◽  
Hassan Adnan Alwayel ◽  
Bassam Walid Alarfaj ◽  
Ali Naji Alwayel ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cancer Treatment ◽  
Secondary Infection ◽  
Correct Diagnosis ◽  
Clinical Signs ◽  
Signs And Symptoms ◽  
Unique Challenge ◽  
Oral Infections ◽  
Child Relationship ◽  
Clinical Signs And Symptoms ◽  
Almost All

Oral manifestations of oropharyngeal infections in immunocompromised individuals pose a unique challenge for medical and dental specialists, as clinical signs and symptoms could be minor, making correct diagnosis and treatment difficult. Effective infection control and oral symptom management are critical, and they can be done by the careful use of topical and systemic medicines, as well as proper oral hygiene. According to current guidelines, children should receive an oral examination before starting cancer treatment.  Before the commencement of cancer treatment–related oral issues, a pretreatment examination helps develop a dentist-child relationship. Intensive mouth care is critical because it reduces the chance of developing moderate/severe mucositis while also reducing the risk of septicemia and oral infections. Almost all of the therapy's oral side effects are caused by stomatotoxicity, either direct or indirect. The purpose of therapy for this patient group is to keep the oral mucosa healthy, avoid secondary infection, relieve pain, and maintain nutritional intake. In this narrative review we will be looking at evaluation, prevention and management of dental complications in immunosuppressed children.

scholarly journals Dementia and Major Neurocognitive Disorders: Some Lessons Learned One Century after the first Alois Alzheimer’s Clinical Notes

Geriatrics ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 5
Author(s):  
Donatella Rita Petretto ◽  
Gian Pietro Carrogu ◽  
Luca Gaviano ◽  
Lorenzo Pili ◽  
Roberto Pili
Keyword(s):  
Young Woman ◽  
Clinical Signs ◽  
Signs And Symptoms ◽  
Neurocognitive Disorders ◽  
Lessons Learned ◽  
Alzheimer Dementia ◽  
Clinical Notes ◽  
Alois Alzheimer ◽  
Clinical Signs And Symptoms

Over 100 years ago, Alois Alzheimer presented the clinical signs and symptoms of what has been later called “Alzheimer Dementia” in a young woman whose name was Augustine Deter [...]

scholarly journals Correction to: Levoketoconazole improves clinical signs and symptoms and patient-reported outcomes in patients with Cushing’s syndrome

Pituitary ◽  
2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eliza B. Geer ◽  
Roberto Salvatori ◽  
Atanaska Elenkova ◽  
Maria Fleseriu ◽  
Rosario Pivonello ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cushing’S Syndrome ◽  
Patient Reported Outcomes ◽  
Clinical Signs ◽  
Signs And Symptoms ◽  
Cushing's Syndrome ◽  
Original Version ◽  
Patient Reported ◽  
Author Group ◽  
Clinical Signs And Symptoms

The original version of the article unfortunately contained an error in the first name and the surname of one of the authors in the author group. The last author name was incorrectly published as ‘F. Pecori Giraldi’ and the corrected name is ‘Francesca Pecori Giraldi’ (First name: Francesca; Surname: Pecori Giraldi).

scholarly journals A 38-year demographic study of central and peripheral giant cell granulomas of the jaws

2016 ◽  
Vol 15 (2) ◽  
pp. 220-223 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shadi Saghafi ◽  
Reza Zare-Mahmoodabadi ◽  
Narges Ghazi ◽  
Mohammad Zargari
Keyword(s):  
Giant Cell ◽  
Medical Science ◽  
Age Distribution ◽  
Clinical Signs ◽  
Signs And Symptoms ◽  
Posterior Maxilla ◽  
Frequent Site ◽  
Male Patients ◽  
Clinical Signs And Symptoms ◽  
Anterior Mandible

Objective: The purpose of this study was to retrospectively analyze the demographic characteristics of patients with central giant cell granulomas (CGCGs) and peripheral giant cell granulomas (PGCGs) in Iranian population.Methods: The data were obtained from records of 1019 patients with CGCG and PGCG of the jaws referred to our department between 1972 and 2010. This 38-year retrospective study was based on existing data. Information regarding age distribution, gender, location of the lesion and clinical signs and symptoms was documented. Results: A total of 1019 patients were affected GCGLs including 435 CGCGs and 584 PGCGs during the study. The mean age was 28.91 ± 18.16. PGCGs and CGCGs had a peak of occurrence in the first and second decade of life respectively. A female predominance was shown in CGCG cases (57.70%), whereas PGCGs were more frequent in males (50.85%). Five hundred and ninety-eight cases of all giant cell lesions (58.7 %) occurred in the mandible. Posterior mandible was the most frequent site for both CGCG and PGCG cases. The second most common site for PGCG was posterior maxilla (21%), whereas anterior mandible was involved in CGCG (19.45%). The majority of patients were asymptomatic. Conclusions: In contrast to most of previous studies PGCGs occur more common in the first decade and also more frequently in male patients. Although the CGCGs share some histopathologic similarities with PGCGs, differences in demographic features may be observed in different populations which may help in the diagnosis and management of these lesions.Bangladesh Journal of Medical Science Vol.15(2) 2016 p.220-223

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