scholarly journals Role of Viruses in the Pathogenesis of Multiple Sclerosis

Viruses ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (6) ◽  
pp. 643 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rachael E. Tarlinton ◽  
Ekaterina Martynova ◽  
Albert A. Rizvanov ◽  
Svetlana Khaiboullina ◽  
Subhash Verma
Keyword(s):  
Multiple Sclerosis ◽  
Human Herpesvirus ◽  
Endogenous Retroviruses ◽  
Human Endogenous Retroviruses ◽  
Varicella Zoster ◽  
Barr Virus ◽  
Immune System Activation ◽  
High Prevalence ◽  
Epstein Barr ◽  
And Gender

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an immune inflammatory disease, where the underlying etiological cause remains elusive. Multiple triggering factors have been suggested, including environmental, genetic and gender components. However, underlying infectious triggers to the disease are also suspected. There is an increasing abundance of evidence supporting a viral etiology to MS, including the efficacy of interferon therapy and over-detection of viral antibodies and nucleic acids when compared with healthy patients. Several viruses have been proposed as potential triggering agents, including Epstein–Barr virus, human herpesvirus 6, varicella–zoster virus, cytomegalovirus, John Cunningham virus and human endogenous retroviruses. These viruses are all near ubiquitous and have a high prevalence in adult populations (or in the case of the retroviruses are actually part of the genome). They can establish lifelong infections with periods of reactivation, which may be linked to the relapsing nature of MS. In this review, the evidence for a role for viral infection in MS will be discussed with an emphasis on immune system activation related to MS disease pathogenesis.

scholarly journals Association of infections with multiple sclerosis in Gulf Cooperation Council countries: a review

2019 ◽  
Vol 48 (4) ◽  
pp. 030006051988415
Author(s):  
O Al Wutayd
Keyword(s):  
Multiple Sclerosis ◽  
Arabian Gulf ◽  
Human Herpesvirus ◽  
Epidemiological Studies ◽  
Gulf Cooperation Council ◽  
Gulf Region ◽  
Varicella Zoster ◽  
Barr Virus ◽  
Serological Studies ◽  
Epstein Barr

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an autoimmune disease that affects the central nervous system, causing inflammation, demyelination, and neurodegeneration. Infection can play a role in its etiology. Herein, a review is presented of studies that have reported an association between infection and MS risk in countries of the Arabian Gulf region. Searches of the PubMed, Google Scholar, and Science Direct databases were carried out using various search terms, and relevant studies published through January 2019 on the epidemiology of MS in Gulf Cooperation Council countries identified. MS has been found to be associated with measles in Saudi Arabia and Epstein–Barr virus in Kuwait whereas no association has been identified between risk of MS and varicella-zoster virus, mumps, or human herpesvirus-6. However, few epidemiological studies on this topic have been conducted in countries of the Gulf region. Longitudinal and serological studies to establish robust evidence between infection and risk of MS are highly recommended, and a regional MS registry is needed.

scholarly journals Expression and Activation by Epstein Barr Virus of Human Endogenous Retroviruses-W in Blood Cells and Astrocytes: Inference for Multiple Sclerosis

PLoS ONE ◽  
2012 ◽  
Vol 7 (9) ◽  
pp. e44991 ◽  
Author(s):  
Giuseppe Mameli ◽  
Luciana Poddighe ◽  
Alessandra Mei ◽  
Elena Uleri ◽  
Stefano Sotgiu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Multiple Sclerosis ◽  
Blood Cells ◽  
Epstein Barr Virus ◽  
Endogenous Retroviruses ◽  
Human Endogenous Retroviruses ◽  
Barr Virus ◽  
Epstein Barr

scholarly journals HERV and Epstein-Barr Virus: Another Piece to Multiple Sclerosis Puzzle

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Letícia Caroline Breis ◽  
Marco Antônio Machado Schlindwein ◽  
Marcus Vinicius Magno Gonçalves
Keyword(s):  
Multiple Sclerosis ◽  
Epstein Barr Virus ◽  
Endogenous Retroviruses ◽  
Human Endogenous Retroviruses ◽  
Barr Virus ◽  
Epstein Barr ◽  
Ms Pathogenesis

Multiple Sclerosis (MS) has a well established link with Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) and a growing association with human endogenous retroviruses (HERVs). In this review, we described how these two pieces may interact in MS pathogenesis

Herpesviridae Seropositivity in Patients with Multiple Sclerosis: First Polish Study

2018 ◽  
Vol 80 (5-6) ◽  
pp. 229-235 ◽  
Author(s):  
Agata Czarnowska ◽  
Katarzyna Kapica-Topczewska ◽  
Olga Zajkowska ◽  
Renata Świerzbińska ◽  
Monika Chorąży ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Multiple Sclerosis ◽  
Human Herpesvirus ◽  
Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Varicella Zoster ◽  
Barr Virus ◽  
North Eastern ◽  
Epstein Barr ◽  
Simplex Virus ◽  
The Impact

Background: Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic autoimmune disease of the central nervous system that leads to inflammation, demyelination and neurodegeneration. Viral aetiology has been suspected to be an MS trigger for a long time, and herpesviruses (HSs) are among the potential pathogens involved. Objectives: The present investigation aims to detect the presence of antibodies against the herpes simplex virus (HSV), varicella-zoster virus, Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), human cytomegalovirus (CMV) and human herpesvirus 6 (HHV6) in the serum of MS patients and control individuals in north-eastern Poland. Method: Plasma was collected from 141 MS patients and 44 blood donors who served as the control group. These individuals were assessed for the presence of antibodies using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Results: The statistical analysis showed a higher probability of EBV (p = 0.037, OR 4.359) and HHV6 (p = 0.020, OR 3.343) antibody presence in patients with MS compared to that in the control group. In the MS patient group, the prevalence of CMV IgG antibodies was significantly higher in females (p = 0.025). Patients who tested positive for anti-EBV IgG were diagnosed 7.9 years earlier than patients who tested negative for anti-EBV IgG (p = 0.048). Conclusions: The study showed that MS patients in north-eastern Poland were more likely to be seropositive for EBV and HHV6 than healthy individuals. Further work should be undertaken in other regions of Poland and other European countries with particular attention paid to testing seropositivity in all HSs, particularly in the MS patient population, to evaluate the impact of HSs on MS patients in different environments.

Herpesviruses and human endogenous retroviral sequences in the cerebrospinal fluid of multiple sclerosis patients

2008 ◽  
Vol 14 (5) ◽  
pp. 595-601 ◽  
Author(s):  
R Álvarez-Lafuente ◽  
M García-Montojo ◽  
V De Las Heras ◽  
MI Domínguez-Mozo ◽  
M Bartolome ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Multiple Sclerosis ◽  
Cerebrospinal Fluid ◽  
Neurological Diseases ◽  
Human Herpesvirus ◽  
Endogenous Retroviruses ◽  
Varicella Zoster ◽  
Barr Virus ◽  
Dna And Rna ◽  
Simplex Virus ◽  
Multiple Sclerosis Patients

Objective To analyze the possible role of human herpesvirus (HHVs) and human endogenous retroviruses (HERVs) infection in multiple sclerosis (MS) pathogenesis. Methods A total of 92 cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) samples were collected: 48 from MS patients at the first clinically evident demyelinating event, 23 from patients with other inflammatory neurological diseases (OINDs) and 21 from patients with other non-inflammatory neurological diseases (ONINDs). Total DNA and RNA were isolated, and the prevalences and viral loads of herpes simplex virus (HSV), varicella-zoster virus (VZV), Epstein–Barr virus (EBV), cytomegalovirus (CMV), HHV-6, HERV-H and HERV-W in the CSF of MS patients and controls were evaluated using a quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction assay. Results (i) For HSV, 1/48 (2.1%, 86 copies/ml of CSF) MS patients and 1/23 (4.3%, 115.2 copies/ml of CSF) OIND patients (a myelitis case) had HSV sequences in the CSF; (ii) for EBV, only 1/48 (2.1%, 72 copies/ml of CSF) MS patients was positive for EBV; (iii) for HHV-6, only 5/48 (10.4%) MS patients had HHV-6 genomes in their CSF (128.1 copies/ml of CSF); (iv) we did not find any positive cases for VZV, CMV, HERV-H and HERV-W among MS patients or controls; (v) no cases of co-infections were found; (vi) the whole prevalence of HHVs was 7/48 (14.6%) for MS patients and 1/44 (2.3%) for controls ( p = 0.038). Conclusion The findings described here show that HHV infection is more frequent in the CSF of MS patients than in patients with other neurological diseases; however, only HHV-6 seems to be involved in the pathogenesis of MS in a subset of patients.

scholarly journals The aliens inside us: HERV-W endogenous retroviruses and multiple sclerosis

2018 ◽  
Vol 24 (1) ◽  
pp. 42-47 ◽  
Author(s):  
Antonina Dolei
Keyword(s):  
Multiple Sclerosis ◽  
Infectious Mononucleosis ◽  
Epstein Barr Virus ◽  
Endogenous Retroviruses ◽  
Human Endogenous Retroviruses ◽  
Barr Virus ◽  
Phase Ii Clinical Trials ◽  
Epstein Barr

Two human endogenous retroviruses of the HERV-W family are proposed as multiple sclerosis (MS) co-factors: MS-associated retrovirus (MSRV) and ERVWE1, whose env proteins showed several potentially neuropathogenic features, in vitro and in animal models. Phase II clinical trials against HERV-Wenv are ongoing. HERV-W/MSRV was repeatedly found in MS patients, in striking parallel with MS stages, active/remission phases, and therapy outcome. The HERV-Wenv protein is highly expressed in active MS plaques. Early MSRV presence in spinal fluids predicted worst MS progression 10 years in advance. Effective anti-MS therapies strongly reduced MSRV/Syncytin-1/HERV-W expression. The Epstein–Barr virus (EBV) activates HERV-W/MSRV in vitro and in vivo, in patients with infectious mononucleosis and controls with high anti-EBNA1-IgG titers. Thus, the two main EBV/MS links (infectious mononucleosis and high anti-EBNA1-IgG titers) are paralleled by activation of HERV-W/MSRV. It is hypothesized that EBV may act as initial trigger of future MS, years later, by activating MSRV, which would act as direct neuropathogenic effector, before and during MS.

Epstein–Barr virus

2020 ◽  
pp. 754-763
Author(s):  
Alan B. Rickinson ◽  
M.A. Epstein
Keyword(s):  
Multiple Sclerosis ◽  
Primary Infection ◽  
Epstein Barr Virus ◽  
Human Herpesvirus ◽  
Carrier State ◽  
Previous Exposure ◽  
Barr Virus ◽  
Epidemiologic Evidence ◽  
Double Stranded Dna ◽  
Epstein Barr

Epstein–Barr virus is a human herpesvirus with a linear double-stranded DNA genome that is carried asymptomatically by most people. Symptomless primary infection is usual in childhood, establishing a lifelong carrier state where the virus persists as a latent infection of circulating B cells. The virus replicates recurrently in oropharyngeal epithelial cells, with consequent shedding of virus in saliva transmitting infection. Controversially, Epstein–Barr virus has been linked with certain autoimmune diseases. In particular, there is strong serologic and epidemiologic evidence to suggest that previous exposure to Epstein–Barr virus markedly increases the risk of developing multiple sclerosis. Although the Epstein–Barr virus/multiple sclerosis connection is receiving much attention, the mechanism that might underpin such an association remains uncertain.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document