scholarly journals Common Oral Medications Lead to Prophage Induction in Bacterial Isolates from the Human Gut

Viruses ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (3) ◽  
pp. 455
Author(s):  
Steven G. Sutcliffe ◽  
Michael Shamash ◽  
Alexander P. Hynes ◽  
Corinne F. Maurice
Keyword(s):  
Antimicrobial Activity ◽  
Growth Inhibition ◽  
Lytic Replication ◽  
Clostridium Beijerinckii ◽  
Bacterial Isolates ◽  
Human Gut ◽  
Bacterial Host ◽  
Prophage Induction ◽  
Species Specific

Many bacteria carry bacteriophages (bacterial viruses) integrated in their genomes in the form of prophages, which replicate passively alongside their bacterial host. Environmental conditions can lead to prophage induction; the switching from prophage replication to lytic replication, that results in new bacteriophage progeny and the lysis of the bacterial host. Despite their abundance in the gut, little is known about what could be inducing these prophages. We show that several medications, at concentrations predicted in the gut, lead to prophage induction of bacterial isolates from the human gut. We tested five medication classes (non-steroidal anti-inflammatory, chemotherapy, mild analgesic, cardiac, and antibiotic) for antimicrobial activity against eight prophage-carrying human gut bacterial representative isolates in vitro. Seven out of eight bacteria showed signs of growth inhibition in response to at least one medication. All medications led to growth inhibition of at least one bacterial isolate. Prophage induction was confirmed in half of the treatments showing antimicrobial activity. Unlike antibiotics, host-targeted medications led to a species-specific induction of Clostridium beijerinckii, Bacteroides caccae, and to a lesser extent Bacteroides eggerthii. These results show how common medication consumption can lead to phage-mediated effects, which in turn would alter the human gut microbiome through increased prophage induction.

scholarly journals In Vitro Antimicrobial Activity of a New Cephalosporin, Ceftaroline, and Determination of Quality Control Ranges for MIC Testing

2008 ◽  
Vol 53 (3) ◽  
pp. 1271-1274 ◽  
Author(s):  
Steven D. Brown ◽  
Maria M. Traczewski
Keyword(s):  
Antimicrobial Activity ◽  
Quality Control ◽  
Disk Diffusion ◽  
Bacterial Isolates ◽  
In Vitro Antimicrobial Activity ◽  
Reference Strains ◽  
Phenotypic Groups

ABSTRACT The spectrum of activity of ceftaroline was evaluated against 1,247 bacterial isolates representing 44 different species or phenotypic groups. For the majority of species, the activity of ceftaroline was comparable or superior to that of ceftriaxone. MIC and/or disk diffusion quality control ranges of ceftaroline were determined for five standard ATCC reference strains.

scholarly journals Evaluation of antimicrobial activity of ceftaroline against Clostridium difficile and propensity to induce C. difficile infection in an in vitro human gut model

2013 ◽  
Vol 68 (8) ◽  
pp. 1842-1849 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. D. Baines ◽  
C. H. Chilton ◽  
G. S. Crowther ◽  
S. L. Todhunter ◽  
J. Freeman ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Antimicrobial Activity ◽  
Clostridium Difficile ◽  
Human Gut

scholarly journals In Vitro Antimicrobial Activity of an Experimental Dentifrice Based on Ricinus Communis

2014 ◽  
Vol 25 (3) ◽  
pp. 191-196 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vanessa Maria Fagundes Leite ◽  
Juliana Barchelli Pinheiro ◽  
Marina Xavier Pisani ◽  
Evandro Watanabe ◽  
Raphael Freitas de Souza ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Antimicrobial Activity ◽  
Growth Inhibition ◽  
Bacterial Growth ◽  
Ricinus Communis ◽  
Candida Spp ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Reflected Light ◽  
Bacterial Growth Inhibition ◽  
Post Hoc

This study evaluated the antimicrobial activity of a Ricinus communis-based experimental dentifrice for denture hygiene against the following standard strains: Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Streptococcus mutans, Enterococcus faecalis, Candida albicans and Candida glabrata. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) assay was performed with R. communis in pure oil at 2.5%. Only E. coli was not inhibited by R. communis, but the MIC (0.0781%) was effective against the other microorganisms. From these results it was determined the R. communis concentrations for experimental dentifrices, 1, 2, 5 and 10%, which were evaluated by the test-well diffusion in agar. The commercial dentifrices Colgate, Trihydral and Corega Brite were tested for comparative purposes. The diameter of the zones of bacterial growth inhibition produced around the wells was measured (in mm) with a rule under reflected light. Data were analyzed statistically by analysis of variance and Tukey's post-hoc test (α=0.05). Neither the commercial nor the experimental dentifrices were effective against E. coli. The experimental dentifrices containing R. communis at 2, 5 and 10% presented action against S. mutans, S. aureaus and E. faecallis. The experimental dentifrices showed no antimicrobial activity against Candida spp. and E. coli in any of the tested concentrations. Trihydral was the most effective. Comparing the experimental dentifrices, the product with 10% R. communis produced the largest zones of bacterial growth inhibition and had similar antimicrobial activity to the commercial dentifrices, except against S. aureus.

scholarly journals In vitro antimicrobial activity of calcium hydroxide pastes and their vehicles against selected microorganisms

2002 ◽  
Vol 13 (3) ◽  
pp. 155-161 ◽  
Author(s):  
Brenda Paula Figueiredo de Almeida Gomes ◽  
Caio Cezar Randi Ferraz ◽  
Morgana Eli Vianna ◽  
Pedro Luiz Rosalen ◽  
Alexandre Augusto Zaia ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Antimicrobial Activity ◽  
Stainless Steel ◽  
Growth Inhibition ◽  
Calcium Hydroxide ◽  
Agar Medium ◽  
Diffusion Method ◽  
Root Canals ◽  
Zones Of Inhibition ◽  
Agar Diffusion Method

The aim of this study was to investigate in vitro the antimicrobial activity of calcium hydroxide in combination with several vehicles against some microorganisms commonly isolated from root canals. Antimicrobial activity was determined by the agar diffusion method. Stainless-steel cylinders were placed on each inoculated agar medium. The test medicaments and their controls were placed inside the cylinders. The zones of growth inhibition were measured and recorded after incubation for each plate and the results were analyzed statistically (ANOVA). The in vitro antimicrobial effects of the medications were ranked from strongest to weakest as follows: Ca(OH)2 + CMCP + glycerine, Ca(OH)2 + CMCP, Ca(OH)2 + glycerine, Ca(OH)2 + anesthetic, Ca(OH)2 + saline, Ca(OH)2 + H2O, Ca(OH)2 + polyethyleneglycol. The pastes with oily vehicles showed significantly larger mean zones of inhibition compared to those with aqueous or viscous vehicles. It was concluded that diffusion and antimicrobial activity of calcium hydroxide were affected by the type of vehicle used.

scholarly journals Antimicrobial activity of calcium hydroxide associated with a new vehicle (Triethanolamine)

2016 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
pp. 43
Author(s):  
Jaci Simi Junior ◽  
Ricardo Machado ◽  
Rafael Stiz ◽  
Cristiane Figueiredo ◽  
Luiz Pascoal Vansan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Antimicrobial Activity ◽  
Growth Inhibition ◽  
Olive Oil ◽  
Calcium Hydroxide ◽  
Root Canal ◽  
Culture Medium ◽  
Significance Level ◽  
Petri Dishes ◽  
Antimicrobial Effectiveness

<p><strong>Objective:</strong> The aim of this study was to evaluate the antimicrobial effectiveness of calcium hydroxide associated with a two conventional (anesthetic liquid and olive oil) and a new vehicle (Triethanolamine). <strong>Material and methods:</strong> Initially, microorganisms were collected from four upper incisors presenting unsatisfactory root canal treatments and persistent apical periodontitis from the same patient using sterile absorbent paper cones placed inside the root canal following initial access and root filling removal. Next, they were grown in a BHI culture medium for 24 h. Afterwards, they were placed in 10 Petri dishes with 3 holes, where different formulations of the medications studied were placed. After 48 and 72 h, readings were taken of the growth inhibition halos. <strong>Results:</strong> After using Kruskal-Wallis test with significance level of 1% (α = 0.01) it was observed that, calcium hydroxide associated with Triethanolamine, produced results similar to those produced by the anesthetic liquid. Both combinations were superior to the association with olive oil. <strong>Conclusion:</strong> Considering the results of this <em>in vitro</em> study, it is possible to consider that Triethanolamine can be a viable alternative to be used as a vehicle associated with the calcium hydroxide.</p><p><strong>Keywords:</strong> Vehicles; Calcium hydroxide; Endodontics.</p>

scholarly journals In vitro Antimicrobial Activity of Ethanolic Leaf Extracts of Hibiscus Asper Hook. F. and Hibiscus Sabdariffa L. on some Pathogenic Bacteria

2021 ◽  
Vol 2 (3) ◽  
pp. 1-12
Author(s):  
Joseph Olowo Arogbodo ◽  
Oyetayo Bolanle Faluyi ◽  
Festus Omotere Igbe
Keyword(s):  
Antimicrobial Activity ◽  
Pathogenic Bacteria ◽  
Leaf Extract ◽  
Hibiscus Sabdariffa ◽  
Bacterial Isolates ◽  
Leaf Extracts ◽  
In Vitro Antimicrobial Activity ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Ethanolic Leaf Extract

Purpose: The study aims to assess the antimicrobial activity of ethanolic leaf extracts of Hibiscus asper and Hibiscus sabdariffa against eight bacterial isolates. Materials and Methods:  An in vitro Antimicrobial activity of ethanolic leaf extract of the two plants against eight nosocomical and pathogenic bacteria viz; Pseudomonas aeruginosa (PAE), Proteus vulgaris (PVU), Klebsiella aerogenes (KAE), Staphylococcus aureus (SAU), Bacillus cereus (BCE), Escherichia coli (ECO), Moraxella catarrhalis (MCA) and Salmonella typhi (STY) was carried out using agar well diffusion assay with the concentration range of 3.13 – 100 mg/mL. Results: H. asper and H. sabdariffa showed significant difference (p< 0.05) in antimicrobial activity against BCE over the rest of the isolates. Inhibition zone diameters exhibited by the isolates to ethanolic leaf extract of H. asper was in descending order of BCE (15.00 ± 1.00a) >ECO (11.67 ± 0.58b) >SAU (7.67 ± 0.58c) >PAE (6.67 ± 0.58d) >STY (5.67 ± 0.58e) while that of H. sabdariffa was in the order BCE (15.33 ± 1.15a) > MCA (11.33 ± 1.15b) > SAU (11.00 ± 1.00bc) > KAE (9.67 ± 0.58c) > PAE (8.00 ± 1.00d) >PVU (7.67 ± 0.57e). PVU, KAE and MCA were resistant to the extract of H. asper while only STY was resistant to that of H. sabdariffa. Conclusion: H. sabdariffa extract demonstrated higher antimicrobial activity against the selected bacterial isolates than H. asper. However, the two extracts minimum inhibition concentrations (MICs) ranged from 25 mg/mL to 12.5 mg/mL. This is worthy of further exploration by pharmacological industries in the formulation of potent broad spectrum antibiotics for combating the present health challenge due to antimicrobial resistance.

scholarly journals Effects of in vitro metabolism of a broccoli leachate, glucosinolates and S-methylcysteine sulphoxide on the human faecal microbiome

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lee Kellingray ◽  
Gwénaëlle Le Gall ◽  
Joanne F. Doleman ◽  
Arjan Narbad ◽  
Richard F. Mithen
Keyword(s):  
Health Benefits ◽  
Short Chain Fatty Acids ◽  
Bacterial Isolates ◽  
Important Food ◽  
Human Gut ◽  
Important Food Source ◽  
And Function ◽  
Faecal Microbiome

Abstract Purpose Brassica are an important food source worldwide and are characterised by the presence of compounds called glucosinolates. Studies indicate that the glucosinolate derived bioactive metabolite sulphoraphane can elicit chemoprotective benefits on human cells. Glucosinolates can be metabolised in vivo by members of the human gut microbiome, although the prevalence of this activity is unclear. Brassica and Allium plants also contain S-methylcysteine sulphoxide (SMCSO), that may provide additional health benefits but its metabolism by gut bacteria is not fully understood. Methods We examined the effects of a broccoli leachate (BL) on the composition and function of human faecal microbiomes of five different participants under in vitro conditions. Bacterial isolates from these communities were then tested for their ability to metabolise glucosinolates and SMCSO. Results Microbial communities cultured in vitro in BL media were observed to have enhanced growth of lactic acid bacteria, such as lactobacilli, with a corresponding increase in the levels of lactate and short-chain fatty acids. Members of Escherichia isolated from these faecal communities were found to bioconvert glucosinolates and SMCSO to their reduced analogues. Conclusion This study uses a broccoli leachate to investigate the bacterial-mediated bioconversion of glucosinolates and SMCSO, which may lead to further products with additional health benefits to the host. We believe that this is the first study that shows the reduction of the dietary compound S-methylcysteine sulphoxide by bacteria isolated from human faeces.

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