scholarly journals Systems Immunology: Revealing Influenza Immunological Imprint

Viruses ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (5) ◽  
pp. 948
Author(s):  
Adriana Tomic ◽  
Andrew J. Pollard ◽  
Mark M. Davis
Keyword(s):  
Neutralizing Antibodies ◽  
Protective Immunity ◽  
Influenza Infection ◽  
Key Factors ◽  
Adaptive Immune ◽  
Immune Correlates ◽  
Systems Immunology ◽  
Recent Developments ◽  
Technological Developments

Understanding protective influenza immunity and identifying immune correlates of protection poses a major challenge and requires an appreciation of the immune system in all of its complexity. While adaptive immune responses such as neutralizing antibodies and influenza-specific T lymphocytes are contributing to the control of influenza virus, key factors of long-term protection are not well defined. Using systems immunology, an approach that combines experimental and computational methods, we can capture the systems-level state of protective immunity and reveal the essential pathways that are involved. New approaches and technological developments in systems immunology offer an opportunity to examine roles and interrelationships of clinical, biological, and genetic factors in the control of influenza infection and have the potential to lead to novel discoveries about influenza immunity that are essential for the development of more effective vaccines to prevent future pandemics. Here, we review recent developments in systems immunology that help to reveal key factors mediating protective immunity.

scholarly journals Distinct Contributions of Vaccine-Induced Immunoglobulin G1 (IgG1) and IgG2a Antibodies to Protective Immunity against Influenza

2006 ◽  
Vol 13 (9) ◽  
pp. 981-990 ◽  
Author(s):  
Victor C. Huber ◽  
Raelene M. McKeon ◽  
Martha N. Brackin ◽  
Laura A. Miller ◽  
Rachael Keating ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Influenza Virus ◽  
Neutralizing Antibodies ◽  
Protective Immunity ◽  
Influenza Infection ◽  
Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay ◽  
Replicon Particle ◽  
Antibody Isotypes ◽  
The Individual

ABSTRACT Vaccination represents the most effective form of protection against influenza infection. While neutralizing antibodies are typically measured as a correlate of vaccine-induced protective immunity against influenza, nonneutralizing antibodies may contribute to protection or amelioration of disease. The goal of this study was to dissect the individual contributions of the immunoglobulin G1 (IgG1) and IgG2a antibody isotypes to vaccine-induced immunity against influenza virus. To accomplish this, we utilized an influenza vaccine regimen that selectively enhanced IgG1 or IgG2a antibodies by using either DNA or viral replicon particle (VRP) vectors expressing influenza virus hemagglutinin (HA) (HA-DNA or HA-VRP, respectively). After HA-DNA vaccination, neutralizing antibodies were detected by both in vitro (microneutralization) and in vivo (lung viral titer) methods and were associated with increased IgG1 expression by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Vaccination with HA-VRP did not strongly stimulate either neutralizing or IgG1 antibodies but did induce IgG2a antibodies. Expression of IgG2a antibodies in this context correlated with clearance of virus and increased protection against lethal influenza challenge. Increased induction of both antibody isotypes as measured by ELISA was a better correlate for vaccine efficacy than neutralization alone. This study details separate but important roles for both IgG1 and IgG2a expression in vaccination against influenza and argues for the development of vaccine regimens that stimulate and measure expression of both antibody isotypes.

scholarly journals Single-shot rAAV5-based Vaccine Provides Long-term Protective Immunity against SARS-CoV-2 and Its Variants

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Guochao Liao ◽  
Xingxing Fan ◽  
Hungyan Lau ◽  
Zhongqiu Liu ◽  
Chinyu Li ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Dna Sequences ◽  
Neutralizing Antibodies ◽  
Protective Immunity ◽  
Challenge Test ◽  
Single Shot ◽  
Strong Immune Response ◽  
Virus Challenge ◽  
Limited Effectiveness ◽  
One Year

SummaryThe COVID-19 pandemic and the SARS-CoV-2 with its variants have posed unprecedented challenges worldwide. Existing vaccines have limited effectiveness against the SARS-CoV-2 variants. Therefore, novel vaccines to match current mutated viral lineages with long-term protective immunity are urgently in demand. In the current study, we for the first time designed a recombinant Adeno-Associated Virus 5 (rAAV5)-based vaccine named as rAAV-COVID-19 vaccine (Covacinplus) by using RBD-plus of spike protein with both the single-stranded and the self-complementary AAV5 delivering vectors (ssAAV5 and scAAAV5), which provides excellent protection from SARS-CoV-2 infection. A single dose vaccination induced the strong immune response against SARS-CoV-2. The induced neutralizing antibodies (NAs) titers were maintained at a high peak level of over 1:1024 even after more than one year of injection and accompanied with functional T-cells responses in mice. Importantly, both ssAAV- and scAAV-based RBD-plus vaccines exhibited high levels of serum NAs against current circulating variants including variants Alpha, Beta, Gamma and Delta. SARS-CoV-2 virus challenge test showed that ssAAV5-RBD-plus vaccine protected both young and old age mice from SARS-CoV-2 infection in the upper and the lower respiratory tracts. Moreover, whole genome sequencing demonstrated that AAV vector DNA sequences were not found in the genome of the vaccinated mice after one year vaccination, demonstrating excellent safety of the vaccine. Taken together, this study suggests that rAAV5-based vaccine is powerful against SARS-CoV-2 and its variants with long-term protective immunity and excellent safety, which has great potential for development into prophylactic vaccination in human to end this global pandemic.

scholarly journals Will SARS-CoV-2 Infection Elicit Long-Lasting Protective or Sterilising Immunity? Implications for Vaccine Strategies (2020)

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 ◽  
Author(s):  
David S. Kim ◽  
Sarah Rowland-Jones ◽  
Ester Gea-Mallorquí
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Protective Immunity ◽  
Vaccine Development ◽  
Adaptive Immune Response ◽  
Human Immune System ◽  
Adaptive Immune ◽  
Global Pandemic ◽  
Human Immune ◽  
Novel Coronavirus

In December 2019, an outbreak of a novel coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) in Wuhan, China resulted in the current COVID-19 global pandemic. The human immune system has not previously encountered this virus, raising the important question as to whether or not protective immunity is generated by infection. Growing evidence suggests that protective immunity can indeed be acquired post-infection—although a handful of reinfection cases have been reported. However, it is still unknown whether the immune response to SARS-CoV-2 leads to some degree of long-lasting protection against the disease or the infection. This review draws insights from previous knowledge regarding the nature and longevity of immunity to the related virus, SARS-CoV, to fill the gaps in our understanding of the immune response to SARS-CoV-2. Deciphering the immunological characteristics that give rise to protective immunity against SARS-CoV-2 is critical to guiding vaccine development and also predicting the course of the pandemic. Here we discuss the recent evidence that characterises the adaptive immune response against SARS-CoV-2 and its potential implications for the generation of memory responses and long-term protection.

scholarly journals Neutralizing Antibodies in COVID-19 Patients and Vaccine Recipients after Two Doses of BNT162b2

Viruses ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (7) ◽  
pp. 1364
Author(s):  
Julien Favresse ◽  
Constant Gillot ◽  
Laura Di Chiaro ◽  
Christine Eucher ◽  
Marc Elsen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Dose Regimen ◽  
Neutralizing Antibodies ◽  
Protective Immunity ◽  
Neutralization Test ◽  
Virus Neutralization Test ◽  
P Value ◽  
Slow Decay ◽  
Neutralizing Capacity ◽  
Time Point

The evaluation of the neutralizing capacity of anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibodies is important because they represent real protective immunity. In this study we aimed to measure and compare the neutralizing antibodies (NAbs) in COVID-19 patients and in vaccinated individuals. One-hundred and fifty long-term samples from 75 COVID-19 patients were analyzed with a surrogate virus neutralization test (sVNT) and compared to six different SARS-CoV-2 serology assays. The agreement between the sVNT and pseudovirus VNT (pVNT) results was found to be excellent (i.e., 97.2%). The NAb response was also assessed in 90 individuals who had received the complete dose regimen of BNT162b2. In COVID-19 patients, a stronger response was observed in moderate–severe versus mild patients (p-value = 0.0006). A slow decay in NAbs was noted in samples for up to 300 days after diagnosis, especially in moderate–severe patients (r = −0.35, p-value = 0.03). In the vaccinated population, 83.3% of COVID-19-naive individuals had positive NAbs 14 days after the first dose and all were positive 7 days after the second dose, i.e., at day 28. In previously infected individuals, all were already positive for NAbs at day 14. At each time point, a stronger response was observed for previously infected individuals (p-value < 0.05). The NAb response remained stable for up to 56 days in all participants. Vaccinated participants had significantly higher NAb titers compared to COVID patients. In previously infected vaccine recipients, one dose might be sufficient to generate sufficient neutralizing antibodies.

Secular stagnation in the modern world

2018 ◽  
pp. 125-141 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. M. Drobyshevsky ◽  
P. V. Trunin ◽  
A. V. Bozhechkova
Keyword(s):  
Public Debt ◽  
Capital Accumulation ◽  
Technological Development ◽  
Japanese Economy ◽  
Modern World ◽  
Key Factors ◽  
Destruction Process ◽  
Secular Stagnation ◽  
The Impact

The paper studies the factors of secular stagnation. Key factors of long-term slowdown in economic growth include the slowdown of technological development, aging population, human capital accumulation limits, high public debt, creative destruction process violation etc. The authors analyze key theoretical aspects of long-term stagnation and study the impact of these factors on Japanies economy. The authors conclude that most of the factors have significant influence on the Japanese economy for recent decades, but they cannot explain all dynamics. For Russia, on the contrary, we do not see any grounds for considering the decline in the economy since 2013 as an episode of secular stagnation.

Update on the Boundaries of the Curly Birch Range

2020 ◽  
pp. 9-21
Author(s):  
L.V. Vetchinnikova ◽  
◽  
A.F. Titov ◽  
◽  
Keyword(s):  
Population Size ◽  
Natural Populations ◽  
Forest Tree ◽  
Published Data ◽  
Population Approach ◽  
Key Factors ◽  
History Of ◽  
Individual Trees ◽  
Karelian Birch

The article reports on the application of the best known principles for mapping natural populations of curly (Karelian) birch Betula pendula Roth var. carelica (Mercklin) Hämet-Ahti – one of the most appealing representatives of the forest tree flora. Relying on the synthesis and analysis of the published data amassed over nearly 100 years and the data from own full-scale studies done in the past few decades almost throughout the area where curly birch has grown naturally, it is concluded that its range outlined in the middle of the 20th century and since then hardly revised is outdated. The key factors and reasons necessitating its revision are specified. Herewith it is suggested that the range is delineated using the population approach, and the key element will be the critical population size below which the population is no longer viable in the long term. This approach implies that the boundaries of the taxon range depend on the boundaries of local populations (rather than the locations of individual trees or small clumps of trees), the size of which should not be lower than the critical value, which is supposed to be around 100–500 trees for curly birch. A schematic map of the curly birch range delineated using this approach is provided. We specially address the problem of determining the minimum population size to secure genetic diversity maintenance. The advantages of the population approach to delineating the distribution range of curly birch with regard to its biological features are highlighted. The authors argue that it enables a more accurate delineation of the range; shows the natural evolutionary history of the taxon (although it is not yet officially recognized as a species) and its range; can be relatively easily updated (e.g. depending on the scope of reintroduction); should be taken into account when working on the strategy of conservation and other actions designed to maintain and regenerate this unique representative of the forest tree flora.

Problems of the modern society and ethnic separatism in North-Eastern India (NER)

2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
pp. 315-328
Author(s):  
Sergey Aleksandrovich Mikhailov
Keyword(s):  
Modern Society ◽  
New Delhi ◽  
Eastern India ◽  
Key Factors ◽  
Indian Government ◽  
Systematic Analysis ◽  
Resource Search ◽  
North Eastern ◽  
North Eastern India

This article deals with the issue of North-Eastern India, its current social and economic problems in the context of long-term demonstrations of the ethnic separatism. The main aim of the research implies systematic analysis and identification of key factors and reasons perpetuating separatism in NER as well as resource search which determines Indian strategy in solving this problem. The first part of the article is devoted to separatism peculiarities in the region which remains withdrawn and underexplored in many respects. Apart from this, the author provides a quite detailed analysis of negative mentality of the certain part of NER population which justifiably reproaches New Delhi for “discrimination” and inability to solve many problems of the region. Then the author paid the detailed attention to these problems of NER modern society (ethnic, demographic, economic, transport, social etc.) as well as measures undertaken by the Indian government for its settlement.

scholarly journals Immune Responses Elicited by Live Attenuated Influenza Vaccines as Correlates of Universal Protection against Influenza Viruses

Vaccines ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (4) ◽  
pp. 353
Author(s):  
Yo Han Jang ◽  
Baik L. Seong
Keyword(s):  
Immune Responses ◽  
Neutralizing Antibodies ◽  
Influenza Virus Infection ◽  
Influenza Viruses ◽  
Influenza Vaccines ◽  
Immune Correlates ◽  
Protection Efficacy ◽  
Public Health Challenge ◽  
Efficient Protection ◽  
Universal Influenza Vaccine

Influenza virus infection remains a major public health challenge, causing significant morbidity and mortality by annual epidemics and intermittent pandemics. Although current seasonal influenza vaccines provide efficient protection, antigenic changes of the viruses often significantly compromise the protection efficacy of vaccines, rendering most populations vulnerable to the viral infection. Considerable efforts have been made to develop a universal influenza vaccine (UIV) able to confer long-lasting and broad protection. Recent studies have characterized multiple immune correlates required for providing broad protection against influenza viruses, including neutralizing antibodies, non-neutralizing antibodies, antibody effector functions, T cell responses, and mucosal immunity. To induce broadly protective immune responses by vaccination, various strategies using live attenuated influenza vaccines (LAIVs) and novel vaccine platforms are under investigation. Despite superior cross-protection ability, very little attention has been paid to LAIVs for the development of UIV. This review focuses on immune responses induced by LAIVs, with special emphasis placed on the breadth and the potency of individual immune correlates. The promising prospect of LAIVs to serve as an attractive and reliable vaccine platforms for a UIV is also discussed. Several important issues that should be addressed with respect to the use of LAIVs as UIV are also reviewed.

Comprehensive View on Recent Developments in Hydrogen Evolution Using MoS2 on Si Photocathode: from Electronic to Electrochemical Aspects

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anirudha Jena ◽  
Chih-Jung Chen ◽  
Ho Chang ◽  
Shu-Fen Hu ◽  
Ru-Shi Liu
Keyword(s):  
Hydrogen Evolution ◽  
Water Electrolysis ◽  
Clean Energy ◽  
Alternative Route ◽  
Comprehensive View ◽  
Recent Developments ◽  
Technological Developments

The generation of clean energy is necessary for future technological developments. The utilization of solar illumination to produce H2 from water electrolysis is an alternative route to address the issue....

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