scholarly journals On the Relationship of Viral Particles and Extracellular Vesicles: Implications for Viral Vector Technology

Viruses ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (7) ◽  
pp. 1238
Author(s):  
Christoph Metzner ◽  
Marianne Zaruba
Keyword(s):  
Extracellular Vesicles ◽  
Biomedical Applications ◽  
Viral Vectors ◽  
Viral Infections ◽  
Viral Vector ◽  
Extracellular Vesicle ◽  
Viral Particles ◽  
Gene Therapy Vectors ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship

Gene therapy vectors derived from different viral species have become a fixture in biomedicine, both for direct therapeutic intervention and as tools to facilitate cell-based therapies, such as chimeric antigen receptor-based immunotherapies. On the contrary, extracellular vesicles have only recently gained a massive increase in interest and, concomitantly, knowledge in the field has drastically risen. Viral infections and extracellular vesicle biology overlap in many ways, both with pro- and antiviral outcomes. In this review, we take a closer look at these interactions for the most prominent groups of viral vectors (Adenoviral, Adeno-associated and Retro/Lentiviral vectors) and the possible implications of these overlaps for viral vector technology and its biomedical applications.

On the Interplay of Extracellular Vesicles and Viral Infections

2020 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 14-27
Author(s):  
Christoph Metzner ◽  
Marianne Zaruba
Keyword(s):  
Extracellular Vesicles ◽  
Lipid Membrane ◽  
Viral Infections ◽  
Membrane Vesicles ◽  
Enveloped Virus ◽  
Viral Particles ◽  
Potential Applications ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship

A broad definition of extracellular vesicles – lipid membrane enclosed vesicles of a given size range, produced by cells into the surrounding media and unable to replicate independently – does not only apply to exosomes or microvesicles produced by eukaryotic cells, outer membrane or outer-inner membrane vesicles produced by gram-negative bacteria and membrane vesicles produced by gram-positive bacteria (and archaea), but also extends to enveloped virus particles. They share biophysical and biochemical characteristics as well as functional properties, making it a challenge to distinguish between types of vesicles. In this review, we will briefly introduce different extracellular vesicles before concentrating on the relationship of viral particles to extracellular vesicles, taking practical issues into consideration as well as molecular interactions and the subsequent effects on infectivity and pathogenesis. Finally, we will briefly discuss potential applications of the relationship between extracellular vesicles and viral particles.

scholarly journals Application of Viral Vectors for Vaccine Development with a Special Emphasis on COVID-19

Viruses ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (11) ◽  
pp. 1324
Author(s):  
Kenneth Lundstrom
Keyword(s):  
Neutralizing Antibodies ◽  
Viral Vectors ◽  
Vaccine Development ◽  
Viral Vector ◽  
Recombinant Protein Expression ◽  
Surface Proteins ◽  
Viral Particles ◽  
Preclinical Animal Models ◽  
Viral Surface ◽  
Lethal Doses

Viral vectors can generate high levels of recombinant protein expression providing the basis for modern vaccine development. A large number of different viral vector expression systems have been utilized for targeting viral surface proteins and tumor-associated antigens. Immunization studies in preclinical animal models have evaluated the elicited humoral and cellular responses and the possible protection against challenges with lethal doses of infectious pathogens or tumor cells. Several vaccine candidates for both infectious diseases and various cancers have been subjected to a number of clinical trials. Human immunization trials have confirmed safe application of viral vectors, generation of neutralizing antibodies and protection against challenges with lethal doses. A special emphasis is placed on COVID-19 vaccines based on viral vectors. Likewise, the flexibility and advantages of applying viral particles, RNA replicons and DNA replicon vectors of self-replicating RNA viruses for vaccine development are presented.

THE RELATIONSHIP OF VIRAL INFECTIONS TO SUBSEQUENT ASTHMA

1981 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 67-78
Author(s):  
CARL B. SHERTER ◽  
CHARLES A. POLNITSKY
Keyword(s):  
Viral Infections ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship

scholarly journals Epitope-Dependent Avidity Thresholds for Cytotoxic T-Lymphocyte Clearance of Virus-Infected Cells

2007 ◽  
Vol 81 (10) ◽  
pp. 4973-4980 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael S. Bennett ◽  
Hwee L. Ng ◽  
Mirabelle Dagarag ◽  
Ayub Ali ◽  
Otto O. Yang
Keyword(s):  
Infected Cell ◽  
Viral Infections ◽  
Cytotoxic T Lymphocyte ◽  
Cell Killing ◽  
Target Cells ◽  
Functional Avidity ◽  
Viral Epitope ◽  
Infected Cells ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship

ABSTRACT Cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) are crucial for immune control of viral infections. “Functional avidity,” defined by the sensitizing dose of exogenously added epitope yielding half-maximal CTL triggering against uninfected target cells (SD50), has been utilized extensively as a measure of antiviral efficiency. However, CTLs recognize infected cells via endogenously produced epitopes, and the relationship of SD50 to antiviral activity has never been directly revealed. We elucidate this relationship by comparing CTL killing of cells infected with panels of epitope-variant viruses to the corresponding SD50 for the variant epitopes. This reveals a steeply sigmoid relationship between avidity and infected cell killing, with avidity thresholds (defined as the SD50 required for CTL to achieve 50% efficiency of infected cell killing [KE50]), below which infected cell killing rapidly drops to none and above which killing efficiency rapidly plateaus. Three CTL clones recognizing the same viral epitope show the same KE50 despite differential recognition of individual epitope variants, while CTLs recognizing another epitope show a 10-fold-higher KE50, demonstrating epitope dependence of KE50. Finally, the ability of CTLs to suppress viral replication depends on the same threshold KE50. Thus, defining KE50 values is required to interpret the significance of functional avidity measurements and predict CTL efficacy against virus-infected cells in pathogenesis and vaccine studies.

scholarly journals The Relationship of the Mechanisms of the Pathogenesis of Multiple Sclerosis and the Expression of Endogenous Retroviruses

Biology ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (12) ◽  
pp. 464
Author(s):  
Vera R. Lezhnyova ◽  
Ekaterina V. Martynova ◽  
Timur I. Khaiboullin ◽  
Richard A. Urbanowicz ◽  
Svetlana F. Khaiboullina ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Multiple Sclerosis ◽  
Viral Infections ◽  
Endogenous Retroviruses ◽  
Epigenetic Mechanisms ◽  
Humoral Factors ◽  
Human Endogenous Retroviruses ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship

Two human endogenous retroviruses of the HERV-W family can act as cofactors triggering multiple sclerosis (MS): MS-associated retrovirus (MSRV) and ERVWE1. Endogenous retroviral elements are believed to have integrated in our ancestors’ DNA millions of years ago. Their involvement in the pathogenesis of various diseases, including neurodegenerative pathologies, has been demonstrated. Numerous studies have shown a correlation between the deterioration of patients’ health and increased expression of endogenous retroviruses. The exact causes and mechanisms of endogenous retroviruses activation remains unknown, which hampers development of therapeutics. In this review, we will summarize the main characteristics of human endogenous W retroviruses and describe the putative mechanisms of activation, including epigenetic mechanisms, humoral factors as well as the role of the exogenous viral infections.

scholarly journals Unraveling the Relationship of Asthma and COVID-19

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (12) ◽  
pp. 1374
Author(s):  
Agamemnon Bakakos ◽  
Petros Bakakos ◽  
Nikoletta Rovina
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Viral Infections ◽  
Asthma Severity ◽  
Current Evidence ◽  
Asthma Exacerbations ◽  
Inflammatory Phenotypes ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The Relationship

Viral infections are one of the main causes of asthma exacerbations. During the COVID-19 era, concerns regarding the relationship of SARS-CoV2 with asthma have been raised. The concerns are both for COVID severity and asthma exacerbations. Many studies on COVID-19 epidemiology and comorbidities have assessed whether asthma represents a risk factor for SARS-CoV2 infection and/or more severe course of the disease. This review covers the current evidence on the prevalence of asthma in COVID-19 and its association with susceptibility to and severity of SARS-CoV2 infection. It will examine the possible role of underlying asthma severity in COVID-19 related outcomes as well as the molecular mechanisms involved in the co-existence of these entities. The possible role of asthma inflammatory phenotypes will also be evaluated. Finally, the impact of asthma comorbidities and the implications of asthma medication on COVID-19 will be addressed.

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