THE RELATIONSHIP OF VIRAL INFECTIONS TO SUBSEQUENT ASTHMA

1981 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 67-78
Author(s):  
CARL B. SHERTER ◽  
CHARLES A. POLNITSKY
Keyword(s):  
Viral Infections ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship

scholarly journals Epitope-Dependent Avidity Thresholds for Cytotoxic T-Lymphocyte Clearance of Virus-Infected Cells

2007 ◽  
Vol 81 (10) ◽  
pp. 4973-4980 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael S. Bennett ◽  
Hwee L. Ng ◽  
Mirabelle Dagarag ◽  
Ayub Ali ◽  
Otto O. Yang
Keyword(s):  
Infected Cell ◽  
Viral Infections ◽  
Cytotoxic T Lymphocyte ◽  
Cell Killing ◽  
Target Cells ◽  
Functional Avidity ◽  
Viral Epitope ◽  
Infected Cells ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship

ABSTRACT Cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) are crucial for immune control of viral infections. “Functional avidity,” defined by the sensitizing dose of exogenously added epitope yielding half-maximal CTL triggering against uninfected target cells (SD50), has been utilized extensively as a measure of antiviral efficiency. However, CTLs recognize infected cells via endogenously produced epitopes, and the relationship of SD50 to antiviral activity has never been directly revealed. We elucidate this relationship by comparing CTL killing of cells infected with panels of epitope-variant viruses to the corresponding SD50 for the variant epitopes. This reveals a steeply sigmoid relationship between avidity and infected cell killing, with avidity thresholds (defined as the SD50 required for CTL to achieve 50% efficiency of infected cell killing [KE50]), below which infected cell killing rapidly drops to none and above which killing efficiency rapidly plateaus. Three CTL clones recognizing the same viral epitope show the same KE50 despite differential recognition of individual epitope variants, while CTLs recognizing another epitope show a 10-fold-higher KE50, demonstrating epitope dependence of KE50. Finally, the ability of CTLs to suppress viral replication depends on the same threshold KE50. Thus, defining KE50 values is required to interpret the significance of functional avidity measurements and predict CTL efficacy against virus-infected cells in pathogenesis and vaccine studies.

scholarly journals The Relationship of the Mechanisms of the Pathogenesis of Multiple Sclerosis and the Expression of Endogenous Retroviruses

Biology ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (12) ◽  
pp. 464
Author(s):  
Vera R. Lezhnyova ◽  
Ekaterina V. Martynova ◽  
Timur I. Khaiboullin ◽  
Richard A. Urbanowicz ◽  
Svetlana F. Khaiboullina ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Multiple Sclerosis ◽  
Viral Infections ◽  
Endogenous Retroviruses ◽  
Epigenetic Mechanisms ◽  
Humoral Factors ◽  
Human Endogenous Retroviruses ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship

Two human endogenous retroviruses of the HERV-W family can act as cofactors triggering multiple sclerosis (MS): MS-associated retrovirus (MSRV) and ERVWE1. Endogenous retroviral elements are believed to have integrated in our ancestors’ DNA millions of years ago. Their involvement in the pathogenesis of various diseases, including neurodegenerative pathologies, has been demonstrated. Numerous studies have shown a correlation between the deterioration of patients’ health and increased expression of endogenous retroviruses. The exact causes and mechanisms of endogenous retroviruses activation remains unknown, which hampers development of therapeutics. In this review, we will summarize the main characteristics of human endogenous W retroviruses and describe the putative mechanisms of activation, including epigenetic mechanisms, humoral factors as well as the role of the exogenous viral infections.

scholarly journals On the Relationship of Viral Particles and Extracellular Vesicles: Implications for Viral Vector Technology

Viruses ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (7) ◽  
pp. 1238
Author(s):  
Christoph Metzner ◽  
Marianne Zaruba
Keyword(s):  
Extracellular Vesicles ◽  
Biomedical Applications ◽  
Viral Vectors ◽  
Viral Infections ◽  
Viral Vector ◽  
Extracellular Vesicle ◽  
Viral Particles ◽  
Gene Therapy Vectors ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship

Gene therapy vectors derived from different viral species have become a fixture in biomedicine, both for direct therapeutic intervention and as tools to facilitate cell-based therapies, such as chimeric antigen receptor-based immunotherapies. On the contrary, extracellular vesicles have only recently gained a massive increase in interest and, concomitantly, knowledge in the field has drastically risen. Viral infections and extracellular vesicle biology overlap in many ways, both with pro- and antiviral outcomes. In this review, we take a closer look at these interactions for the most prominent groups of viral vectors (Adenoviral, Adeno-associated and Retro/Lentiviral vectors) and the possible implications of these overlaps for viral vector technology and its biomedical applications.

scholarly journals Unraveling the Relationship of Asthma and COVID-19

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (12) ◽  
pp. 1374
Author(s):  
Agamemnon Bakakos ◽  
Petros Bakakos ◽  
Nikoletta Rovina
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Viral Infections ◽  
Asthma Severity ◽  
Current Evidence ◽  
Asthma Exacerbations ◽  
Inflammatory Phenotypes ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The Relationship

Viral infections are one of the main causes of asthma exacerbations. During the COVID-19 era, concerns regarding the relationship of SARS-CoV2 with asthma have been raised. The concerns are both for COVID severity and asthma exacerbations. Many studies on COVID-19 epidemiology and comorbidities have assessed whether asthma represents a risk factor for SARS-CoV2 infection and/or more severe course of the disease. This review covers the current evidence on the prevalence of asthma in COVID-19 and its association with susceptibility to and severity of SARS-CoV2 infection. It will examine the possible role of underlying asthma severity in COVID-19 related outcomes as well as the molecular mechanisms involved in the co-existence of these entities. The possible role of asthma inflammatory phenotypes will also be evaluated. Finally, the impact of asthma comorbidities and the implications of asthma medication on COVID-19 will be addressed.

scholarly journals THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN FAMILY SUPPORT AND DEPRESSION LEVEL AMONG HIV/AIDS PATIENTS IN PROF.DR. SOEKANDAR GENERAL HOSPITAL MOJOKERTO

2019 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 19-23
Author(s):  
Indra Yulianti ◽  
Veryudha Eka Prameswari ◽  
Tria Wahyuningrum ◽  
M.Haris Hadi Sururi
Keyword(s):  
Family Support ◽  
Viral Infections ◽  
Sampling Technique ◽  
Stress Reactions ◽  
Aids Patients ◽  
The Family ◽  
Research Criteria ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Hiv Aids

Problems that arise in people with HIV / AIDS not only from viral infections there are also social impacts experienced such as a lack of support from the family. The phenomenon that occurs in the community that shy families sometimes even ostracize people with HIV / AIDS so that when treatment is rarely delivered, isolating in the family such as placing in a separate room makes ODHA increasingly experiencing psychological disorders such as prolonged stress reactions, namely depression. The purpose of this study was to determine the relationship of family support with the level of depression in patients with HIV / AIDS in VCT poly RSUD Prof.Dr. Soekandar Mojokerto. The research design used is correlation analysis. The population in this study were all HIV / AIDS sufferers in the VCT Police Hospital, Prof. Dr. Soekandar, Mojokerto Regency, which consists of 51 patients. The Sampling technique uses consecutive sampling with a number of samples that meet the research criteria of 50 people. The instrument used is a questionnaire. After the data is collected, data processing is done in editing, coding, scoring, tabulation by using the frequency distribution and followed by cross tabulation (Crosstab). The results of the study were tested by the Spearman rho test. Obtained by the results of p (0,000) and α (0,05), so that p (0,000) <α (0,05) which means that H0 is rejected and H1 is accepted which means there is a relationship between family support and depression in HIV / AIDS patients in Poly VCT Rsud Prof. Dr. Soekandar Mojokerto. Family support is needed by patients with HIV / AIDS to reduce depression by providing support, providing facilitation, and assisting patients when at home or when going to the hospital.

On the Interplay of Extracellular Vesicles and Viral Infections

2020 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 14-27
Author(s):  
Christoph Metzner ◽  
Marianne Zaruba
Keyword(s):  
Extracellular Vesicles ◽  
Lipid Membrane ◽  
Viral Infections ◽  
Membrane Vesicles ◽  
Enveloped Virus ◽  
Viral Particles ◽  
Potential Applications ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship

A broad definition of extracellular vesicles – lipid membrane enclosed vesicles of a given size range, produced by cells into the surrounding media and unable to replicate independently – does not only apply to exosomes or microvesicles produced by eukaryotic cells, outer membrane or outer-inner membrane vesicles produced by gram-negative bacteria and membrane vesicles produced by gram-positive bacteria (and archaea), but also extends to enveloped virus particles. They share biophysical and biochemical characteristics as well as functional properties, making it a challenge to distinguish between types of vesicles. In this review, we will briefly introduce different extracellular vesicles before concentrating on the relationship of viral particles to extracellular vesicles, taking practical issues into consideration as well as molecular interactions and the subsequent effects on infectivity and pathogenesis. Finally, we will briefly discuss potential applications of the relationship between extracellular vesicles and viral particles.

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