scholarly journals Assessment of the Risk of Foot and Mouth Disease among Beef Cattle at Slaughter from East African Production Systems

Viruses ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (12) ◽  
pp. 2407
Author(s):  
Julie Adamchick ◽  
Karl M. Rich ◽  
Andres M. Perez
Keyword(s):  
Beef Cattle ◽  
Production Systems ◽  
Foot And Mouth Disease ◽  
Mouth Disease ◽  
East African ◽  
African Countries ◽  
African Cattle ◽  
Foot And Mouth ◽  
Cattle Systems ◽  
The Cost

Endemic foot and mouth disease (FMD) in East African cattle systems is one factor that limits access to export markets. The probability of FMD transmission associated with export from such systems have never been quantified and there is a need for data and analyses to guide strategies for livestock exports from regions where FMD remains endemic. The probability of infection among animals at slaughter is an important contributor to the risk of FMD transmission associated with the final beef product. In this study, we built a stochastic model to estimate the probability that beef cattle reach slaughter while infected with FMD virus for four production systems in two East African countries (Kenya and Uganda). Input values were derived from the primary literature and expert opinion. We found that the risk that FMD-infected animals reach slaughter under current conditions is high in both countries (median annual probability ranging from 0.05 among cattle from Kenyan feedlots to 0.62 from Ugandan semi-intensive systems). Cattle originating from feedlot and ranching systems in Kenya had the lowest overall probabilities of the eight systems evaluated. The final probabilities among cattle from all systems were sensitive to the likelihood of acquiring new infections en route to slaughter and especially the probability and extent of commingling with other cattle. These results give insight into factors that could be leveraged by potential interventions to lower the probability of FMD among beef cattle at slaughter. Such interventions should be evaluated considering the cost, logistics, and tradeoffs of each, ultimately guiding resource investment that is grounded in the values and capacity of each country.

scholarly journals Impact of truck contamination and information sharing on foot-and-mouth disease spreading in beef cattle production systems

PLoS ONE ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 15 (10) ◽  
pp. e0240819
Author(s):  
Qihui Yang ◽  
Don M. Gruenbacher ◽  
Jessica L. Heier Stamm ◽  
David E. Amrine ◽  
Gary L. Brase ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Beef Cattle ◽  
Information Sharing ◽  
Production Systems ◽  
Foot And Mouth Disease ◽  
Mouth Disease ◽  
Cattle Production ◽  
Foot And Mouth ◽  
Beef Cattle Production ◽  
Disease Spreading

scholarly journals Towards resilient beef cattle production systems: Impact of truck contamination and information sharing on foot-and-mouth disease spreading

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Qihui Yang ◽  
Don M. Gruenbacher ◽  
Jessica L. Heier Stamm ◽  
David E. Amrine ◽  
Gary L. Brase ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Beef Cattle ◽  
Information Sharing ◽  
Production Systems ◽  
Foot And Mouth Disease ◽  
Mouth Disease ◽  
Cattle Production ◽  
Indirect Contact ◽  
Trace Back ◽  
Foot And Mouth ◽  
Beef Cattle Production

AbstractAs cattle movement data in the United States are scarce due to the absence of mandatory traceability programs, previous epidemic models for U.S. cattle production systems heavily rely on contact rates estimated based on expert opinions and survey data. These models are often based on static networks and ignore the sequence of movement, possibly overestimating the epidemic sizes. In this research, we adapt and employ an agent-based model that simulates beef cattle production and transportation in southwest Kansas to analyze the between-premises transmission of a highly contagious disease, the foot-and-mouth disease. First, we assess the impact of truck contamination on the disease transmission with the truck agent following an independent clean-infected-clean cycle. Second, we add an information-sharing functionality such that producers/packers can trace back and forward their trade records to inform their trade partners during outbreaks. Scenario analysis results show that including indirect contact routes between premises via truck movements can significantly increase the amplitude of disease spread, compared with equivalent scenarios that only consider animal movement. Mitigation strategies informed by information sharing can dramatically improve the system resilience against epidemics, highlighting the benefit of promoting information sharing in the cattle industry. In addition, we identify salient characteristics that must be considered when designing an information-sharing strategy, including the number of days to trace back and forward in the trade records and the role of different cattle supply chain stakeholders. Sensitivity analysis results show that epidemic sizes are sensitive to variations in parameters of fomite survival time and indirect contact transmission probability and future studies can focus on a more accurate estimation of these parameters.

Mitigation Strategies for Foot and Mouth Disease

2013 ◽  
pp. 176-203
Author(s):  
Sohini Roy Chowdhury ◽  
Caterina Scoglio ◽  
William H. Hsu
Keyword(s):  
Predictive Models ◽  
Spatial Information ◽  
Ethical Issues ◽  
Foot And Mouth Disease ◽  
Simulation Models ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Mouth Disease ◽  
Mitigation Strategies ◽  
Foot And Mouth ◽  
The Cost

Prediction of epidemics such as Foot and Mouth Disease (FMD) is a global necessity in addressing economic, political and ethical issues faced by the affected countries. In the absence of precise and accurate spatial information regarding disease dynamics, learning- based predictive models can be used to mimic latent spatial parameters so as to predict the spread of epidemics in time. This paper analyzes temporal predictions from four such learning-based models, namely: neural network, autoregressive, Bayesian network, and Monte-Carlo simulation models. The prediction qualities of these models have been validated using FMD incidence reports in Turkey. Additionally, the authors perform simulations of mitigation strategies based on the predictive models to curb the impact of the epidemic. This paper also analyzes the cost-effectiveness of these mitigation strategies to conclude that vaccinations and movement ban strategies are more cost-effective than premise culls before the onset of an epidemic outbreak; however, in the event of existing epidemic outbreaks, premise culling is more effective at controlling FMD.

Risk factors for foot and mouth disease outbreaks in grazing beef cattle herds

2015 ◽  
Vol 120 (2) ◽  
pp. 236-240 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. Elnekave ◽  
L. Zamir ◽  
F. Hamd ◽  
B. Even Tov ◽  
E. Klement
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Beef Cattle ◽  
Disease Outbreaks ◽  
Foot And Mouth Disease ◽  
Mouth Disease ◽  
Foot And Mouth ◽  
Cattle Herds

Analysis of foot and mouth disease in dairy animals: an assessment of cost and loss from sample farmers

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. K. Sinha ◽  
N. N. Thombare ◽  
B. Mondal ◽  
M. S. Meena ◽  
Pankaj Kumar
Keyword(s):  
Foot And Mouth Disease ◽  
Mouth Disease ◽  
Cost Component ◽  
Crossbred Cows ◽  
Interview Methods ◽  
Foot And Mouth ◽  
Dairy Animals ◽  
Major Loss ◽  
Loss Component ◽  
The Cost

Response from 60-farm owners was analyzed to assess the economic impacts of foot and mouth disease. Data were recorded through personal interview methods during 2006-07 from small farmers across the villages of Pune region. The loss in terms of reduced revenues and cost as extra resources used for treatment were quantified and aggregated. The estimated production loss to the tune of Rs. 3184.00 in crossbreeds cows and Rs. 3062.50 in buffaloes, whose share was 74.31 and 81.69 per cent, respectively. The major loss component was reduction in milk yield, accounted Rs. 894.60 and Rs.510.00, represents 20.88 and 13.60 per cent of the total loss in crossbred cows and buffaloes, respectively. The cost of treatment was worked out to be Rs. 1313.80 in crossbred cows and Rs. 645.63 in buffaloes. The cost of medicine alone had constituted around 50 percent of total cost component, reflecting a tune of Rs. 675.60 in crossbred and Rs. 281.25 in buffaloes. The expenses were worked out to be Rs. 5598.80 in crossbred and Rs. 4394.38 in buffaloes per animal, which shows the expenses due to the disease, was comparatively higher in the crossbred cows. Movement of animals was ascertained to be the reason for spread of this disease in 80 per cent farm perception.

scholarly journals A Five-Year Retrospective Study of Foot-and-Mouth Disease Outbreaks in Southern Africa, 2014 to 2018

2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 ◽  
pp. 1-11
Author(s):  
Elliot Mpolokang Fana ◽  
Sununguko Wata Mpoloka ◽  
Melvin Leteane ◽  
LaToya Seoke ◽  
Kelebogile Masoba ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Retrospective Study ◽  
Southern Africa ◽  
Disease Outbreaks ◽  
Foot And Mouth Disease ◽  
Mouth Disease ◽  
Epithelial Tissue ◽  
African Countries ◽  
Tissue Samples ◽  
Fmdv Serotypes ◽  
Foot And Mouth

Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) virus (FMDv), like other ribonucleic acid (RNA) genome viruses, has a tendency to mutate rapidly. As such, available vaccines may not confer enough cross-protection against incursion of new lineages and sublineages. This paper is a retrospective study to determine the topotypes/lineages that caused previous FMD outbreaks in 6 southern African countries and the efficacy of the current vaccines to protect cattle against them. A total of 453 bovine epithelial tissue samples from 33 FMD outbreaks that occurred in these countries from 2014 to 2018 were investigated for the presence of FMDv. The genetic diversity of the identified Southern African Type (SAT)-FMD viruses was determined by comparing sequences from outbreaks and historical prototype sequences. Of the 453 samples investigated, 176 were positive for four FMDv serotypes. Out of the 176 FMD positive cases there were 105 SAT2 samples, 32 SAT1 samples, 21 SAT3 samples, and 18 serotype O samples. Phylogenetic analysis grouped the SATs VP1 gene sequences into previously observed topotypes in southern Africa. SAT1 viruses were from topotypes I and III, SAT2 viruses belonged to topotypes I, II, III, and IV, and SAT3 viruses were of topotypes I and II. Vaccine matching studies on the field FMDv isolates produced r1-values greater than or equal to 0.3 for the three SAT serotypes. This suggests that there is no significant antigenic difference between current SAT FMD vaccine strains and the circulating SAT serotypes. Therefore, the vaccines are still fit-purpose for the control FMD in the region. The study did not identify incursion of any new lineages/topotypes of FMD into the sampled southern African countries.

scholarly journals Four Simple Biomimetic Mineralization Methods to Improve the Thermostability and Immunogenicity of Virus-like Particles as a Vaccine against Foot-and-Mouth Disease

Vaccines ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (8) ◽  
pp. 891
Author(s):  
Mengnan Guo ◽  
Jiajun Li ◽  
Zhidong Teng ◽  
Mei Ren ◽  
Hu Dong ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Animal Experiments ◽  
Foot And Mouth Disease ◽  
Mouth Disease ◽  
High Rate ◽  
Cold Chain ◽  
Biomimetic Mineralization ◽  
Virus Like Particles ◽  
Mouth Disease Virus ◽  
Foot And Mouth ◽  
The Cost

The need for a cold chain system during storage and transport substantially increases the cost of vaccines. Virus-like particles (VLPs) are among the best countermeasures against foot and mouth disease virus (FMDV). However, VLPs are composed of pure proteins, and thus, are susceptible to heat. To address this problem, four simple biomimetic mineralization methods with the use of calcium phosphate were developed to improve heat tolerance via biomineralization. The results showed that biomineralization can significantly improve the heat resistance of VLPs. The biomineralized VLPs can be stored at low as 25 °C for eight days, and 37 °C for four days. Animal experiments showed that biomineralization had no effect on the immunogenicity of VLPs or the expression of specific antibodies (Abs) and neutralizing Abs. Even after heat treatment at 37 °C for four days, the biomineralized VLPs remained immunogenic and produced highly specific and neutralizing Abs with a high rate of protection. These results suggest that these biomineralization approaches can promote the thermal stability of VLPs against and significantly reduce dependence on cold storage and delivery systems.

scholarly journals Occurrence of Foot-and-Mouth Disease Virus Serotypes in Uganda and Tanzania (2003 to 2015): A Review and Implications for Prospective Regional Disease Control

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (6) ◽  
pp. 119
Author(s):  
Susan D. Kerfua ◽  
Moses T. Dhikusooka ◽  
Alice L. Mulondo ◽  
James Bugeza ◽  
Fredrick Kabi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Disease Control ◽  
Foot And Mouth Disease ◽  
Mouth Disease ◽  
Serotype Distribution ◽  
East African ◽  
Fmdv Serotypes ◽  
Mouth Disease Virus ◽  
Foot And Mouth ◽  
Regional Disease ◽  
Sat 1

Endemic foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) presents a global economic challenge to the livestock industry. The progressive control pathway for FMD (PCP-FMD) specifies successive steps through which a country/region can reduce FMD virus circulation and impact. These steps are reliant on understanding and obtaining knowledge on FMD epidemiology, to inform development of appropriate disease interventions like vaccination and quarantine programs. Currently, Uganda and Tanzania are in the early stages of the PCP-FMD. This review was undertaken to determine FMDV serotype distribution in Uganda and Tanzania between 2003 and 2015. The paper also presents the vaccine strains used in both countries for the same period viz avis the circulating topotypes. The review highlights four (O, A, SAT 1 and SAT 2) and five (O, A, SAT 1, SAT 2 and SAT 3) serotypes that occurred in Uganda and Tanzania respectively in the thirteen year period. Observations revealed that reported circulating serotypes O and A in the two countries belonged to similar topotypes, East African 2 (EA-2) and AFRICA respectively. The SAT 1 viruses in Tanzania belonged to topotype I and differed from the Ugandan SAT 1s that belonged to topotype IV. Similarly, the SAT 2s in both countries belonged to different topotypes: IV in Tanzania and I in Uganda. This review additionally, underscores the spatial distribution of FMDV serotypes in Uganda and Tanzania and highlights regions in both countries that had high serotype diversity. The paper recommends definitive disease diagnoses, molecular serotype characterisation and matched vaccination deployment for improved disease control.

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