scholarly journals Prevention of Congenital Cytomegalovirus Infection with Vaccines: State of the Art

Vaccines ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (5) ◽  
pp. 523
Author(s):  
Susanna Esposito ◽  
Giulia Chiopris ◽  
Giulia Messina ◽  
Tiziana D’Alvano ◽  
Serafina Perrone ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune System ◽  
State Of The Art ◽  
Congenital Infection ◽  
Signs And Symptoms ◽  
Progressive Increase ◽  
Congenital Cytomegalovirus Infection ◽  
Ongoing Research ◽  
Congenital Cytomegalovirus ◽  
Neurologic Sequelae ◽  
Hearing Loss In Childhood

Cytomegalovirus (CMV) is the most common cause of congenital infection and non-genetic sensorineural hearing loss in childhood. Up to 2% of neonates, with the highest percentages found in developing countries, are congenitally infected with CMV. At birth, most of these infants are asymptomatic. However, approximately 10% have signs and symptoms of the disease, and 40–60% of symptomatic neonates will later develop permanent neurologic sequelae. To reduce congenital CMV (cCMV) infection, a vaccine able to prevent primary infection is essential. In this narrative review, actual ongoing research about the development of a CMV vaccine is discussed. The progressive increase in knowledge on the ways in which the host’s immune system and CMV relate has made it possible to clarify that the development of a vaccine that is certainly capable of reducing the risk of cCMV infection, and preventing both primary and nonprimary infections is extremely difficult. Many of the ways in which the virus evades the immune system and causes cCMV infection are not yet fully understood, especially in cases of nonprimary infection. Moreover, the schedule that should be recommended and that subjects must be vaccinated to obtain the greatest effect have not been precisely defined. Further studies are needed before the problem of cCMV infection and its related challenges can be totally solved.

scholarly journals Congenital Cytomegalovirus Infection: Transmission, Diagnosis and Treatment.

2021 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Muhammad Romail Manan ◽  
Hamna Manan
Keyword(s):  
Cytomegalovirus Infection ◽  
Congenital Infection ◽  
Congenital Cytomegalovirus Infection ◽  
Congenital Cytomegalovirus ◽  
Asymptomatic Patients ◽  
Child Bearing ◽  
Neurologic Sequelae ◽  
Linear Dsdna ◽  
Cmv Disease ◽  
Congenital Cmv

Introduction: Cytomegalovirus (CMV) is a linear, dsDNA virus that is regarded as the prototype of the Betaherpesvirinae subfamily of viruses. It has an established endemic status in certain locations around the globe, and is also reported to be the most prevalently occurring congenital infection in humans. Furthermore, Cytomegalovirus is notorious for being a persistent lifelong pathogen that poses a threat of reactivation as well. Discussion: Congenital cytomegalovirus infection causes numerous ophthalmologic, and neurologic sequelae, and is also known for being the principal reason behind sensorineural hearing loss of non-genetic etiology in neonates. These symptoms, if present, may give rise to a premonition of congenital Cytomegalovirus disease, and so, a diagnosis can be established  through serology, radiology, and  PCR of salivary, urinary, or dried blood spot samples. Timely administration of ganciclovir or valganciclovir has proven to be effective in managing symptomatic cases of congenital CMV. Conclusion: A well-timed delivery of pharmacological and non-pharmacological interventions is necessary to achieve healthy developmental outcomes for the neonate. Moreover, there is still  a need to study the role of antiviral therapy in silent cases since asymptomatic patients are at a risk of developing long-term clinical sequelae as well. Relevance: An estimated 60-90% of women of child-bearing age get infected with Cytomegalovirus, and Congenital CMV disease is reported in 0.2-2.4% of all live births. Therefore, in order to develop effective screening and management protocols, it is vital to educate healthcare professionals regarding the various aspects of this congenital infection.

scholarly journals Is low birth weight a risk indicator for congenital cytomegalovirus infection?

2009 ◽  
Vol 4 (01) ◽  
pp. 044-047 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zakyieh Al-Hareth ◽  
Fawza Monem ◽  
Nagwa Abdel Megiud
Keyword(s):  
Birth Weight ◽  
Low Birth Weight ◽  
Cord Blood ◽  
Umbilical Cord ◽  
Umbilical Cord Blood ◽  
Head Circumference ◽  
Cytomegalovirus Infection ◽  
Congenital Infection ◽  
Congenital Cytomegalovirus Infection ◽  
Congenital Cytomegalovirus

Background: Congenital cytomegalovirus infection is currently the leading cause of congenital infection in 0.2-2.2% of live births worldwide leading to variable serious sequalae. The aim of the study was to determine if low birth weight is an indicator of CMV congenital infection evidenced by detecting CMV-DNA in umbilical cord blood at the time of delivery. Methodology: CMV-IgG and IgM antibodies and CMV-DNAemia were assessed in umbilical cord blood of two hundreds newborns, one hundred of whom had birth weight ≤ 2700 gram and/or head circumference ≤ 32 cm. Results: CMV-IgM was not detected, while CMV-IgG was positive in 80-90% of the two hundreds tested newborns. CMV-DNA was detected in four out of the 200 newborns. One of them was over the adopted weight limit (> 2700 gram). Conclusions: CMV-IgM and IgG antibodies assessment was not a potential discriminative test to identify congenitally infected newborns. In addition, low birth weight and small head circumference at birth failed to predict congenital CMV infection. CMV-DNA detection in umbilical cord blood at the time of delivery using real-time PCR of all newborns is recommended as decisive, rapid and non-invasive test.

scholarly journals High Seroprevalence of CMV Among Women of Childbearing Age Implicates High Burden of Congenital Cytomegalovirus Infection in Poland

2016 ◽  
Vol 65 (4) ◽  
pp. 425-432 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joanna Siennicka ◽  
Milena Dunal-Szczepaniak ◽  
Agnieszka Trzcińska ◽  
Paulina Godzik ◽  
Magdalena Rosińska
Keyword(s):  
Secondary Infection ◽  
Demographic Data ◽  
Congenital Infection ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
High Seroprevalence ◽  
Childbearing Age ◽  
Congenital Cytomegalovirus Infection ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Congenital Cytomegalovirus ◽  
Age Dependent

Cytomegaloviruses are common worldwide, with variable frequency of infections. The infection in pregnancy may lead to pregnancy loss or serious sequelae for the child. To understand the risk posed by CMV in Poland we conducted cross-sectional study on women aged 15–49 basing on existing serum bank. Age dependent CMV incidence, the rates of congenital infection and sequelae were modelled from sero-prevalence, literature and demographic data. The overall anti-CMV IgG prevalence was 81.9% increasing from 74.3% in < 30 years old to 94.3% in subjects 45+ years old. The lowest incidence was estimated at the age of 15 and the highest at the age 34 (3.8 and 8.95 respectively/100 women/year). The estimated rate of cCMV varies from 22.4 to 37.2 per 1000 live birth depending on the assumptions made. The proportion of cases due to secondary infection ranged from 34.8% to 49.9% accordingly.

Outcome for Fetus With Ascites and Cytomegalovirus Infection

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1988 ◽  
Vol 82 (1) ◽  
pp. 100-103
Author(s):  
Nancy D. Binder ◽  
John W. Buckmaster ◽  
Gerda I. Benda
Keyword(s):  
Cytomegalovirus Infection ◽  
Congenital Infection ◽  
Congenital Cytomegalovirus Infection ◽  
Term Outcome ◽  
Prospective Data ◽  
Long Term Outcome ◽  
Congenital Cytomegalovirus ◽  
Ultrasonographic Examination ◽  
Significant Disease

The prenatal and neonatal course of a fetus with cytomegalovirus infection and ascites found on ultrasonographic examination at 27 weeks' gestation is reported. The ascites resolved within 4 weeks and the neonate had evidence only of mild congenital cytomegalovirus infection at birth. The factors predictive of the long-term outcome for an infant with congenital cytomegalovirus infection are reviewed. In this case, the finding that signs of significant disease in the fetus do not necessarily correlate with signs of severe congenital infection in the neonate is reported. It is suggested that prospective data are needed to aid in prediction of the course of fetal cytomegalovirus infection.

scholarly journals Congenital cytomegalovirus: the invisible problem

2015 ◽  
Vol 36 (4) ◽  
pp. 152
Author(s):  
Bill Rawlinson
Keyword(s):  
Cytomegalovirus Infection ◽  
Congenital Infection ◽  
Mental Disability ◽  
Congenital Cytomegalovirus Infection ◽  
Great Pleasure ◽  
Congenital Cytomegalovirus ◽  
Congenital Infections ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Serious Disease ◽  
Congenital Cmv

It is a great pleasure mixed with some sadness to write this editorial. The entire November issue is around the subject of congenital infection, with the focus on the most common, serious cause of congenital malformation in Australia – congenital cytomegalovirus. Infection with cytomegalovirus (CMV) causes serious disease in children globally, resulting in congenital infections present in ~2000 Australian newborns every year, of whom most are asymptomatic, with ~450 per annum (pa) affected by hearing loss, mental disability and other illnesses. Some of the key clinical features of congenital infection are outlined here in articles by Wendy van Zuylen, Klaus Hamprecht and Robert George, and the pathogenetic features in Lenore Pereira’s paper. Treatment and vaccination are moving ahead (as discussed in papers from some key Italian groups), although not fast enough for many of us – as parents of children with CMV discuss in two papers here. We also include papers on other causes of congenital infection that are much less common than congenital CMV in Australia. Although these are not related to congenital CMV clinically, with very different medical and epidemiological settings, it is important to put congenital CMV in context, as well as to draw attention to other important causes of congenital infection.

scholarly journals Congenital Cytomegalovirus Infection - Lessons from a Clinical Case

Folia Medica ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 62 (2) ◽  
pp. 403-407
Author(s):  
Zhivka Stoykova ◽  
Liliya Ivanova ◽  
Snejinka Cvetkova ◽  
Diana Yordanova
Keyword(s):  
Latent Infection ◽  
Clinical Manifestations ◽  
Specific Treatment ◽  
Congenital Infection ◽  
Rt Pcr ◽  
Cmv Infection ◽  
Congenital Cytomegalovirus Infection ◽  
Congenital Cytomegalovirus ◽  
Polymerase Chain ◽  
The Brain

Background: Cytomegalovirus (CMV) is a worldwide spread herpes virus that establishes a latent infection after the primary infection. It becomes a major problem in immunocompromised patients and in cases of primary or reactivated infection during pregnancy. CMV is the most common congenital infection and is the leading infectious cause of sensoneural deafness and cerebral mental retardation. Aim: &#1058;o raise the attention to the discordance in our knowledge of cCMV infection and the implementation of the knowledge in prac&shy;tice. Materials and methods: CMV-DNA was extracted from saliva and plasma samples according to the protocol of DNA-Sorb-A, Sacace, Biotechnologies, Italy. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was performed using a commercial kit based on the Taq-man principle: Quantitative RT-PCR for CMV-DNA detection (Sacace, Biotechnologies, Italy). The linear range of the CMV Real-TM Quant PCR test is 500-10000000 copies/ml, and the reported sensitivity is 400 copies/ml. Results: The infant was born with clinical manifestations involving development of hepatosplenomegaly, chorioretinitis, anemia, mi&shy;crocephaly and simultaneous dilatation of the brain ventricles. CMV infection was confirmed using modern PCR studies. Conclusions: This case highlights the need for specific virological/PCR tests to be performed for all children with the least suspected congenital infection, especially when there is an option of a specific treatment.

scholarly journals Congenital cytomegalovirus infection and the risk of hearing loss in childhood

Medicine ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 100 (36) ◽  
pp. e27057
Author(s):  
Pei-Hui Liu ◽  
Jin-Dou Hao ◽  
Wei-Yan Li ◽  
Jia Tian ◽  
Jie Zhao ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Hearing Loss ◽  
Cytomegalovirus Infection ◽  
Congenital Cytomegalovirus Infection ◽  
Congenital Cytomegalovirus ◽  
Hearing Loss In Childhood

scholarly journals Congenital cytomegalovirus infection: Clinical presentation, epidemiology, diagnosis and prevention

2014 ◽  
Vol 7 (4) ◽  
pp. 140-146 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wendy J van Zuylen ◽  
Stuart T Hamilton ◽  
Zin Naing ◽  
Beverly Hall ◽  
Antonia Shand ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cytomegalovirus Infection ◽  
Clinical Importance ◽  
Congenital Infection ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Congenital Cytomegalovirus Infection ◽  
Congenital Cytomegalovirus ◽  
Global Epidemiology ◽  
Hygiene Measures ◽  
Education Of Women ◽  
Serious Disease

Cytomegalovirus is the most common congenital infection causing serious disease in infants. It is the leading infectious cause of sensorineural hearing loss and neurodevelopmental disability in developed countries. Despite the clinical importance of congenital cytomegalovirus, surveys show there is limited awareness and knowledge in the medical and general community about congenital cytomegalovirus infection. This article reviews the clinical features, global epidemiology, transmission and risk factors for cytomegalovirus infections. It also highlights several major advances made in recent years in the diagnosis and prevention of cytomegalovirus infection during pregnancy. Although research is ongoing, no therapy is currently proven to prevent or treat maternal, fetal or neonatal cytomegalovirus infection. Education of women regarding hygiene measures can help prevent cytomegalovirus infection and are currently the best strategy to prevent congenital cytomegalovirus disease.

scholarly journals Congenital cytomegalovirus infection: occurrence in two socioeconomically distinct populations of a developing country

1985 ◽  
Vol 27 (2) ◽  
pp. 105-108 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cláudio S. Pannuti ◽  
Lucy S. Vilas-boas ◽  
Maria J. O. Angelo ◽  
Renato P. S. Carvalho ◽  
Conceição M. Segre
Keyword(s):  
Umbilical Cord ◽  
Virus Isolation ◽  
Congenital Infection ◽  
Socioeconomic Background ◽  
Cmv Infection ◽  
Congenital Cytomegalovirus Infection ◽  
Congenital Cytomegalovirus ◽  
Low Socioeconomic ◽  
Cord Serum ◽  
Population Prevalence

In São Paulo, Brazil, between November 1980 and July 1982, 1614 newborns of middle socioeconomic background and 1156 newborns of low socioeconomic background were examined for the occurrence of congenital cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection by isolation of virus from urine samples or detection of specific anti-CMV IgM in umbilical cord serum tested by immunofluorescence. In the low socioeconomic population prevalence of CMV complement-fixing antibodies in mothers was 84.4%(151/179) and the incidence of congenital infection assessed by virus isolation 0.98% (5/508), as compared with 0.46% (3/648) in the group of newborns tested by detection of specific anti-CMV IgM in umbilical cord-serum. In middle socioeconomic level population prevalence of CMV complement-fixing antibodies in mothers was 66.5% (284/427) and the incidence of CMV congenital infection was 0.39% (2/518) in the group of newborns screened by virus isolation and 0.18% (2/1096) in the group tested by detection of specific anti-CMV IgM. In the present study none of the 12 congenitally infected newborns presented clinical apparent disease at birth.

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