scholarly journals Screening of Porcine Innate Immune Adaptor Signaling Revealed Several Anti-PRRSV Signaling Pathways

Vaccines ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (10) ◽  
pp. 1176
Author(s):  
Yulin Xu ◽  
Mengxue Ye ◽  
Youwen Zhang ◽  
Shaohua Sun ◽  
Jia Luo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Innate Immunity ◽  
Signaling Pathways ◽  
Reverse Genetics ◽  
Innate Immune ◽  
N Gene ◽  
Respiratory Syndrome Virus ◽  
Complete Understanding ◽  
Innate Immune Signaling ◽  
Sirna Knockdown ◽  
Recognition Receptor

Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) causes PRRS and is known to effectively suppress host innate immunity. The current strategies for controlling PRRSV are limited and complete understanding of anti-PRRSV innate immunity is needed. Here, we utilized nine porcine innate immune signaling adaptors which represent all currently known innate immune receptor signaling pathways for screening of anti-PRRSV activity. The analysis of PRRSV N gene transcription and protein expression both suggested that the multiple ectopic adaptors exhibited varying degrees of anti-PRRSV activities, with TRIF and MAVS most effective. To better quantify the PRRSV replication, the GFP signal of PRRSV from reverse genetics were measured by flow cytometry and similarly varying anti-PRRSV activities by different signaling adaptors were observed. Based on the screening data, and considering the importance of viral nucleic acid in innate immune response, endogenous TRIF, MAVS and STING were selected for further examination of anti-PRRSV activity. Agonist stimulation assay showed that MAVS and STING signaling possessed significant anti-PRRSV activities, whereas siRNA knockdown assay showed that TRIF, MAVS and STING are all involved in anti-PRRSV activity, with TLR3-TRIF displaying discrepancy in anti-PRRSV infection. Nevertheless, our work suggests that multiple pattern recognition receptor (PRR) signaling pathways are involved in anti-PRRSV innate immunity, which may have implications for the development of future antiviral strategies.

scholarly journals Essential role of HCMV deubiquitinase in promoting oncogenesis by targeting anti-viral innate immune signaling pathways

2017 ◽  
Vol 8 (10) ◽  
pp. e3078-e3078 ◽  
Author(s):  
Puja Kumari ◽  
Irene Saha ◽  
Athira Narayanan ◽  
Sathish Narayanan ◽  
Akinori Takaoka ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Signaling Pathways ◽  
Essential Role ◽  
Innate Immune ◽  
Immune Signaling ◽  
Innate Immune Signaling

scholarly journals Toll-like receptor-mediated innate immunity against herpesviridae infection: a current perspective on viral infection signaling pathways

2020 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Wenjin Zheng ◽  
Qing Xu ◽  
Yiyuan Zhang ◽  
Xiaofei E ◽  
Wei Gao ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Innate Immunity ◽  
Immune System ◽  
Signaling Pathways ◽  
Critical Role ◽  
Innate Immune ◽  
Host Cells ◽  
Main Body ◽  
Current Perspective ◽  
Viral Components

Abstract Background In the past decades, researchers have demonstrated the critical role of Toll-like receptors (TLRs) in the innate immune system. They recognize viral components and trigger immune signal cascades to subsequently promote the activation of the immune system. Main body Herpesviridae family members trigger TLRs to elicit cytokines in the process of infection to activate antiviral innate immune responses in host cells. This review aims to clarify the role of TLRs in the innate immunity defense against herpesviridae, and systematically describes the processes of TLR actions and herpesviridae recognition as well as the signal transduction pathways involved. Conclusions Future studies of the interactions between TLRs and herpesviridae infections, especially the subsequent signaling pathways, will not only contribute to the planning of effective antiviral therapies but also provide new molecular targets for the development of antiviral drugs.

scholarly journals How to rewire the host cell: A home improvement guide for intracellular bacteria

2017 ◽  
Vol 216 (12) ◽  
pp. 3931-3948 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elias Cornejo ◽  
Philipp Schlaermann ◽  
Shaeri Mukherjee
Keyword(s):  
Host Cell ◽  
Signaling Pathways ◽  
Membrane Trafficking ◽  
Defense Mechanisms ◽  
Bacterial Pathogens ◽  
Innate Immune ◽  
Intracellular Bacteria ◽  
Immune Signaling ◽  
Innate Immune Signaling ◽  
The Unfolded Protein Response

Intracellular bacterial pathogens have developed versatile strategies to generate niches inside the eukaryotic cells that allow them to survive and proliferate. Making a home inside the host offers many advantages; however, intracellular bacteria must also overcome many challenges, such as disarming innate immune signaling and accessing host nutrient supplies. Gaining entry into the cell and avoiding degradation is only the beginning of a successful intracellular lifestyle. To establish these replicative niches, intracellular pathogens secrete various virulence proteins, called effectors, to manipulate host cell signaling pathways and subvert host defense mechanisms. Many effectors mimic host enzymes, whereas others perform entirely novel enzymatic functions. A large volume of work has been done to understand how intracellular bacteria manipulate membrane trafficking pathways. In this review, we focus on how intracellular bacterial pathogens target innate immune signaling, the unfolded protein response, autophagy, and cellular metabolism and exploit these pathways to their advantage. We also discuss how bacterial pathogens can alter host gene expression by directly modifying histones or hijacking the ubiquitination machinery to take control of several host signaling pathways.

scholarly journals Post-translational Control of Innate Immune Signaling Pathways by Herpesviruses

2019 ◽  
Vol 10 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jessica Carriere ◽  
Youliang Rao ◽  
Qizhi Liu ◽  
Xiaoxi Lin ◽  
Jun Zhao ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Signaling Pathways ◽  
Translational Control ◽  
Innate Immune ◽  
Immune Signaling ◽  
Innate Immune Signaling

scholarly journals Gp130-Dependent Release of Acute Phase Proteins Is Linked to the Activation of Innate Immune Signaling Pathways

PLoS ONE ◽  
2011 ◽  
Vol 6 (5) ◽  
pp. e19427 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maren Luchtefeld ◽  
Christoph Preuss ◽  
Frank Rühle ◽  
Eskindir P. Bogalle ◽  
Anika Sietmann ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Signaling Pathways ◽  
Acute Phase ◽  
Acute Phase Proteins ◽  
Innate Immune ◽  
Immune Signaling ◽  
Innate Immune Signaling

scholarly journals Regulation of antiviral innate immune signaling and viral evasion following viral genome sensing

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kiramage Chathuranga ◽  
Asela Weerawardhana ◽  
Niranjan Dodantenna ◽  
Jong-Soo Lee
Keyword(s):  
Viral Infection ◽  
Innate Immune ◽  
Host Immune System ◽  
Immune Signaling ◽  
Antiviral Responses ◽  
Current State ◽  
Innate Immune Signaling ◽  
Genes Encoding ◽  
Host Antiviral Response ◽  
Recognition Receptor

AbstractA harmonized balance between positive and negative regulation of pattern recognition receptor (PRR)-initiated immune responses is required to achieve the most favorable outcome for the host. This balance is crucial because it must not only ensure activation of the first line of defense against viral infection but also prevent inappropriate immune activation, which results in autoimmune diseases. Recent studies have shown how signal transduction pathways initiated by PRRs are positively and negatively regulated by diverse modulators to maintain host immune homeostasis. However, viruses have developed strategies to subvert the host antiviral response and establish infection. Viruses have evolved numerous genes encoding immunomodulatory proteins that antagonize the host immune system. This review focuses on the current state of knowledge regarding key host factors that regulate innate immune signaling molecules upon viral infection and discusses evidence showing how specific viral proteins counteract antiviral responses via immunomodulatory strategies.

scholarly journals Mitochondrial DNA: A Key Regulator of Anti-Microbial Innate Immunity

Genes ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 86 ◽  
Author(s):  
Saima Kausar ◽  
Liqun Yang ◽  
Muhammad Nadeem Abbas ◽  
Xin Hu ◽  
Yongju Zhao ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Innate Immunity ◽  
Mitochondrial Dna ◽  
Signaling Pathways ◽  
Inflammatory Diseases ◽  
Cpg Islands ◽  
Innate Immune ◽  
Cellular Damage ◽  
Immune Signaling ◽  
Molecular Pattern ◽  
Characteristic Features

During the last few years, mitochondrial DNA has attained much attention as a modulator of immune responses. Due to common evolutionary origin, mitochondrial DNA shares various characteristic features with DNA of bacteria, as it consists of a remarkable number of unmethylated DNA as 2′-deoxyribose cytidine-phosphate-guanosine (CpG) islands. Due to this particular feature, mitochondrial DNA seems to be recognized as a pathogen-associated molecular pattern by the innate immune system. Under the normal physiological situation, mitochondrial DNA is enclosed in the double membrane structure of mitochondria. However, upon pathological conditions, it is usually released into the cytoplasm. Growing evidence suggests that this cytosolic mitochondrial DNA induces various innate immune signaling pathways involving NLRP3, toll-like receptor 9, and stimulator of interferon genes (STING) signaling, which participate in triggering downstream cascade and stimulating to produce effector molecules. Mitochondrial DNA is responsible for inflammatory diseases after stress and cellular damage. In addition, it is also involved in the anti-viral and anti-bacterial innate immunity. Thus, instead of entire mitochondrial importance in cellular metabolism and energy production, mitochondrial DNA seems to be essential in triggering innate anti-microbial immunity. Here, we describe existing knowledge on the involvement of mitochondrial DNA in the anti-microbial immunity by modulating the various immune signaling pathways.

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