scholarly journals Water Footprint and Crop Water Usage of Oil Palm (Eleasis guineensis) in Central Kalimantan: Environmental Sustainability Indicators for Different Crop Age and Soil Conditions

Water ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 35 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lisma Safitri ◽  
Hermantoro Hermantoro ◽  
Sentot Purboseno ◽  
Valensi Kautsar ◽  
Satyanto Saptomo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Water Uptake ◽  
Oil Palm ◽  
Environmental Sustainability ◽  
Water Footprint ◽  
Root Zone ◽  
Root Water Uptake ◽  
Soil Types ◽  
Soil Conditions ◽  
Water Usage ◽  
Central Kalimantan

Various issues related to oil palm production, such as biodiversity, drought, water scarcity, and water and soil resource exploitation, have become major challenges for environmental sustainability. The water footprint method indicates that the quantity of water used by plants to produce one biomass product could become a parameter to assess the environmental sustainability for a plantation. The objective of this study is to calculate the water footprint of oil palm on a temporal scale based on root water uptake with a specific climate condition under different crop age and soil type conditions, as a means to assess environmental sustainability. The research was conducted in Pundu village, Central Kalimantan, Indonesia. The methodology adopted in carrying out this study consisted of monitoring soil moisture, rainfall, and the water table, and estimating reference evapotranspiration (ETo), root water uptake, and the oil palm water footprint. Based on the study, it was shown that the oil palm water usage in the observation area varies with different crop ages and soil types from 3.07–3.73 mm/day, with the highest contribution of oil palm water usage was in the first root zone which correlates to the root density distribution. The total water footprint values obtained were between 0.56 and 1.14 m3/kg for various plant ages and soil types. This study also found that the source of green water from rainfall on the upper oil palm root zone delivers the highest contribution to oil palm root water uptake than the blue water from groundwater on the bottom layer root zone.

scholarly journals Water Footprint and Crop Water Usage of Oil Palm (Eleasis Guenensis) Under Varying Crop Ages and Soil Type as an Indicator of Environmental Sustainability

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lisma Safitri ◽  
Hermantoro Hermantoro ◽  
Sentot Purboseno ◽  
Valensi Kautsar ◽  
Satyanto Krido Saptomo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Water Uptake ◽  
Oil Palm ◽  
Environmental Sustainability ◽  
Soil Type ◽  
Water Footprint ◽  
Root Zone ◽  
Average Rate ◽  
Root Water Uptake ◽  
Green Water ◽  
Soil Types

Various environmental challenges, related to oil palm commodity has became a major environmental challenge to oil palm production. The aim and objective of this study is to analyze the actual water footprint of oil palm based on root water uptake under varying crop age and soil type. The research was conducted in Pundu Village, Central Kalimantan. The methodology adopted in carrying out this study consists of various stages which includes observing soil moisture, rainfall, and water table, ETo, root water uptake and oil palm water footprint. The highest rate of water consumption was the 13 years oil palm on spodosol soil type with an average daily rate of 3.73 mm/day. The lowest evapotranspiration was represented by the 7th year oil palm on spodosol with an average rate of 3.07 mm/day. The total water footprint value obtained was between 0.56 – 1.14 m3/kg for a variety of plants with various age and soil types. It can be deduced that the water footprint value of oil palm vary for different crop age and soil types on temporal scale. The study also presented that the source of green water from the first root zone of oil palm deliver the highest contribution for oil palm root water uptake.

SOIL–VEGETATION–ATMOSPHERE INTERACTION BY A MULTIPHYSICS APPROACH

2010 ◽  
Vol 02 (03n04) ◽  
pp. 163-184 ◽  
Author(s):  
SAHAR HEMMATI ◽  
BEHROUZ GATMIRI ◽  
YU-JUN CUI ◽  
MARC VINCENT
Keyword(s):  
Water Content ◽  
Water Uptake ◽  
Root Zone ◽  
Vegetation Type ◽  
Soil Surface ◽  
Root Water Uptake ◽  
Soil Conditions ◽  
Tree Roots ◽  
Finite Element Program ◽  
Sink Term

Ground settlement can damage light buildings supported by shallow foundations through cracking. The prediction and modeling of tree roots effect on soil water content and consequently the soil settlements needs a comprehensive analysis of the interactions between tree roots, soil, and water. Root water uptake by trees depends on soil conditions, climatic parameters, and vegetation type. A two-dimensional root-water-uptake model is implemented in a fully coupled thermo-hydro-mechanic finite element program, θ-STOCK. Evapotranspiration from the soil surface covered by grasses is calculated using energy balance and water balance on the surface of soil. The tree roots are modeled as sink terms which are distributed vertically for homogeneous canopy such as forests, or laterally in the case of single tree or a row of trees. The distribution of sink term depends of geometry of root zone and type of canopy. Two case studies are used for verification of implemented model by comparing the modeling results with the measured water content reduction in the zones influenced by tree roots. The soil settlements due to these water content reductions are also calculated.

scholarly journals Simulation of palm oil root water uptake by using 2D numerical soil-water flow model.

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 31-40
Author(s):  
Lisma Safitri ◽  
Andiko Putro Suryotomo ◽  
Satyanto Krido Saptomo
Keyword(s):  
Water Content ◽  
Soil Water ◽  
Water Flow ◽  
Water Uptake ◽  
Palm Oil ◽  
Oil Palm ◽  
Root Zone ◽  
Root Water Uptake ◽  
Palm Tree ◽  
Soil Water Flow

The lack of water resource in these past decades encourages the implementation of the precision agriculture system towards the sustainability in palm oil plantation. Therefore, it requires a specific information about the palm oil performance regarding the water balance system that affect the water consumption through the plant root water uptake. However, the prediction of root water uptake distribution is still a challenge. Another method to investigate the soil water dynamics under the plant root system is through the numerical simulations that are widely use to assess the soil water flow of the plant. In alignment with the idea of promoting the sustainable palm oil plantation, the investigation of root water uptake and water content under oil palm tree is highly demanding. As an introduction, through this study, it is find of interest to simulate the root water uptake and water content pattern of oil palm tree using the 2D simulation soil-water flow.  The study was performed by applying the 2D simulation soil-water flow model to 17th year old oil palm tree located in Siak, Riau with the loam soil type. The climate data was used as primary data to predict the rate of evapotranspiration. The soil properties and root dimension and distribution of oil palm was taken by the literature study. The simulation over 30 days illustrated the root water uptake distribution, water content change, pressure head and flow velocity. The most intensive root water uptake occurred in the upper root zone of oil palm tree as an impact of the higher root density. The significant root water uptake in the upper root zone lead to the decreasing of water content and increasing of pressure head in the soil.  Consequently, there was a change of water flow direction from the wet area in the downward and sideward do dry root zone as the water supply to the oil palm tree.  

scholarly journals Modelling the Impact on Root Water Uptake and Solute Return Flow of Different Drip Irrigation Regimes with Brackish Water

Water ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 425 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fairouz Slama ◽  
Nessrine Zemni ◽  
Fethi Bouksila ◽  
Roberto De Mascellis ◽  
Rachida Bouhlila
Keyword(s):  
Water Content ◽  
Soil Water ◽  
Soil Water Content ◽  
Water Uptake ◽  
Brackish Water ◽  
Deficit Irrigation ◽  
Root Zone ◽  
Root Water Uptake ◽  
Return Flows ◽  
Semi Arid

Water scarcity and quality degradation represent real threats to economic, social, and environmental development of arid and semi-arid regions. Drip irrigation associated to Deficit Irrigation (DI) has been investigated as a water saving technique. Yet its environmental impacts on soil and groundwater need to be gone into in depth especially when using brackish irrigation water. Soil water content and salinity were monitored in a fully drip irrigated potato plot with brackish water (4.45 dSm−1) in semi-arid Tunisia. The HYDRUS-1D model was used to investigate the effects of different irrigation regimes (deficit irrigation (T1R, 70% ETc), full irrigation (T2R, 100% ETc), and farmer’s schedule (T3R, 237% ETc) on root water uptake, root zone salinity, and solute return flows to groundwater. The simulated values of soil water content (θ) and electrical conductivity of soil solution (ECsw) were in good agreement with the observation values, as indicated by mean RMSE values (≤0.008 m3·m−3, and ≤0.28 dSm−1 for soil water content and ECsw respectively). The results of the different simulation treatments showed that relative yield accounted for 54%, 70%, and 85.5% of the potential maximal value when both water and solute stress were considered for deficit, full. and farmer’s irrigation, respectively. Root zone salinity was the lowest and root water uptake was the same with and without solute stress for the treatment corresponding to the farmer’s irrigation schedule (273% ETc). Solute return flows reaching the groundwater were the highest for T3R after two subsequent rainfall seasons. Beyond the water efficiency of DI with brackish water, long term studies need to focus on its impact on soil and groundwater salinization risks under changing climate conditions.

scholarly journals Water and salt transport in daily irrigated root zone.

1987 ◽  
Vol 35 (3) ◽  
pp. 395-406
Author(s):  
C. Dirksen
Keyword(s):  
Soil Water ◽  
Water Uptake ◽  
Gamma Ray ◽  
Root Zone ◽  
Root Water Uptake ◽  
Salt Transport ◽  
Soil Water Retention ◽  
Transport Models ◽  
Leaching Fraction ◽  
Water Contents

With closed, high-frequency irrigation systems, the water supply can be tailored to the instant needs of plants. To be able to do this optimally, it is necessary to understand how plants interact with their environment. To study water uptake under a variety of non-uniform conditions in the root zone, lucerne was grown in laboratory soil columns with automated gamma ray attenuation, tensiometer and salinity sensor equipment to measure soil water contents, pressure potentials and osmotic potentials, respectively. The columns were irrigated with water of different salinity at various frequencies and leaching fractions. This paper presents results obtained in a column irrigated daily with water of conductivity 0.33 S/m (h0 = -13.2 m) at a target leaching fraction of 0.08. This includes the drying and wetting patterns under daily irrigations in deficit and excess of evapotranspiration, respectively. After 230 days the salination of the column had still not reached a steady state. Salinity increased rapidly with depth and root water uptake was shallow for the deep-rooting lucerne. Water and salt transport under daily irrigation cannot be described without taking hysteresis of soil water retention into account. The data presented are suitable for testing various water uptake models, once numerical water and salt transport models of the required complexity are operational. (Abstract retrieved from CAB Abstracts by CABI’s permission)

Root length density and water uptake in cereals and grain legumes: how well are they correlated

1987 ◽  
Vol 38 (3) ◽  
pp. 513 ◽  
Author(s):  
AP Hamblin ◽  
D Tennant
Keyword(s):  
Water Uptake ◽  
Root Length ◽  
Root Zone ◽  
Root Length Density ◽  
Genotypic Variation ◽  
Root Water Uptake ◽  
Grain Legumes ◽  
Rooting Depth ◽  
Rates Of Change ◽  
Axial Resistance

Total root length per unit ground area (La) is often considered to be directly related to the amount and rate of water uptake. Experiments were conducted to compare the water use of spring wheat, barley, lupin (L. angustifolius) and field pea on four differing soil types in drought-stressed conditions. The La values of cereals were consistently five to ten times as large as those of grain legumes, whereas the aboveground biomass was sim~iar and never greater than twice that of the grain legumes. Growing-season water loss (WL) from the soil profile was very similar for wheat and lupins, despite this big difference in root length. Soil evaporation may have been greater under lupins, but when crop water uptake was compared for the period when leaf area was greatest, rates of change in soil water content within the root zone were still similar and were not well correlated with La. Specific root water uptake (Ur) was consistently greater for lupin than wheat. Maximum rooting depth was better correlated with WL than was La in all cases. Higher Ur values in lupin and pea may be related to their large and abundant metaxylem vessels, which give much lower axial resistance than in cereals. These results provide strong evidence for genotypic variation in root morphology, density and root extension between dicotyledenous and monocotyledenous species. They also indicate that La is not necessarily the root morphological characteristic most responsible for efficiency of water uptake in drought-stressed environments.

scholarly journals Estimates of tree root water uptake from soil moisture profile dynamics

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Conrad Jackisch ◽  
Samuel Knoblauch ◽  
Theresa Blume ◽  
Erwin Zehe ◽  
Sibylle K. Hassler
Keyword(s):  
Time Series ◽  
Soil Moisture ◽  
Water Uptake ◽  
Sap Flow ◽  
Water Cycle ◽  
Xylem Sap ◽  
Root Water Uptake ◽  
Soil Conditions ◽  
Diurnal Changes ◽  
Moisture Profile

Abstract. Root water uptake (RWU) as one important process in the terrestrial water cycle can help to better understand the interactions in the soil water plant system. We conducted a field study monitoring soil moisture profiles in the rhizosphere of beech trees at two sites with different soil conditions. We infer RWU from step-shaped, diurnal changes in soil moisture. While this approach is a feasible, easily implemented method during wet and moderate conditions, limitations were identified during drier states and for more heterogeneous soil settings. A comparison with time series of xylem sap velocity reveals that RWU and sap flow are complementary measures of the transpiration process. The high correlation between the sap flow time series of the two sites, but lower correlation between the RWU time series, suggests that the trees adapt RWU to soil heterogeneity and site differences.

Simulation of soil water dynamics in structured heavy soils with respect to root water uptake

Biologia ◽  
2006 ◽  
Vol 61 (19) ◽  
Author(s):  
David Zumr ◽  
Michal Dohnal ◽  
Miroslav Hrnčíř ◽  
Milena Císlerová ◽  
Tomáš Vogel ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Water Uptake ◽  
Nitrogen Fertilization ◽  
Drip Irrigation ◽  
Soil Profile ◽  
Water Regime ◽  
Root Zone ◽  
Root Water Uptake ◽  
Water Dynamics ◽  
Preferential Pathways ◽  
The Impact

AbstractIn agricultural lands has the soil moisture uptake from the root system a significant effect on the water regime of the soil profile. In texturally heavy soils, where preferential pathways are present, infiltrated precipitation and irrigation water with diluted fertilizers quickly penetrate to a significant depth and often reach an under-root zone or even the ground-water level. Such a scenario is likely to happen during long summer periods without rain followed by heavy precipitation events, when a part of the water may flow through desiccated cracks.Since 2001 the effects of drip irrigation and nitrogen fertilization of potatoes (Solanum tuberosum L., cultivar Agria) have been monitored within the frame of a research project at the experimental site Valecov (Czech Republic). Based upon the measured data an attempt has been made to simulate the water regime of the soil profile at a selected experimental plot, considering the impact of preferential flow and root water uptake. The dual-permeability simulation model S_1D_Dual (VOGEL et al., 2000) was used for the simulation. The soil hydraulic parameters were inversely determined using Levenberg-Marquardt method. Measured and simulated pressure heads were utilized in the optimization criterion. The scaling approach was applied to simplify the description of the spatial variability of the soil profile.The results of simulations demonstrate that during particular rainfall events the water reaches significant depths of the soil profile via preferential pathways. The effect of the root zone is dominant during dry periods, when capillary water uptake from the layers below roots becomes important. This should be taken in account into the optimization of the drip irrigation and nitrogen fertilization schedule.

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