Topographical Analysis of the 2013 Typhoon Haiyan Storm Surge Flooding by Combining the JMA Storm Surge Model and the FLO-2D Flood Inundation Model

The floods associated with the effects of an incoming tropical cyclone have an immense effect in the Philippines, especially with respect to agriculture, industry, livelihood, and public safety. Knowledge of how such storm surge flooding can affect the community is therefore of great importance. In this study, the mechanisms behind Typhoon Haiyan’s anomalous storm surge flooding in 2013, which resulted in more than 6300 casualties and 2.86 billion USD worth of damage in the Philippines, were investigated. The Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA) storm surge model and the FLO-2D flood model were used to simulate Typhoon Haiyan’s storm surge height and the extent of inundation, respectively. The storm surge input data were obtained from JMA typhoon data, and the digital terrain models used were gathered from the airborne interferometric synthetic aperture radar data. The model’s accuracy was also validated using field validation data of the extent of the observed storm surge in affected coastal areas. Topographical analysis of the inundated regions showed the effects of coastal shape, elevation, and position relative to the typhoon’s approach angle on storm surge flow depth and velocity. Storm surge maximum velocity appears to increase as the fluid flows to an increasingly elevated area. Observing fluid velocity in a coastal area with uniform storm surge discharge from all directions also showed that flow velocity tends to increase at the center. Greater flood depths were experienced in areas with lower coastal elevation and not directly located at the coast, compared to higher elevation coastal areas. Greater extents of storm surge flooding are expected in coastal areas that have a concave shape, as fluid is more likely to be dispersed when hitting a convex coast. Extents are likewise observed to be greater in coastal regions that are located perpendicular to the direction of the typhoon. The research also validated the option of using a combination of typhoon and flood models to simulate the inundation flooding caused by extreme weather events.

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Developing an early warning system for storm surge inundation in the Philippines

Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences Discussions ◽

10.5194/nhessd-2-6241-2014 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 2 (10) ◽

pp. 6241-6270

Author(s):

J. Tablazon ◽

C. V. Caro ◽

A. M. F. Lagmay ◽

J. B. L. Briones ◽

L. Dasallas ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Storm Surge ◽

Frequency Distribution ◽

Early Warning ◽

Early Warning System ◽

Warning System ◽

Storm Surges ◽

The Philippines ◽

Coastal Areas ◽

Japan Meteorological Agency ◽

Series Data

Abstract. A storm surge is the sudden rise of sea water generated by an approaching storm, over and above the astronomical tides. This event imposes a major threat in the Philippine coastal areas, as manifested by Typhoon Haiyan on 8 November 2013 where more than 6000 people lost their lives. It has become evident that the need to develop an early warning system for storm surges is of utmost importance. To provide forecasts of the possible storm surge heights of an approaching typhoon, the Nationwide Operational Assessment of Hazards under the Department of Science and Technology (DOST-Project NOAH) simulated historical tropical cyclones that entered the Philippine Area of Responsibility. Bathymetric data, storm track, central atmospheric pressure, and maximum wind speed were used as parameters for the Japan Meteorological Agency Storm Surge Model. The researchers calculated the frequency distribution of maximum storm surge heights of all typhoons under a specific Public Storm Warning Signal (PSWS) that passed through a particular coastal area. This determines the storm surge height corresponding to a given probability of occurrence. The storm surge heights from the model were added to the maximum astronomical tide data from WXTide software. The team then created maps of probable area inundation and flood levels of storm surges along coastal areas for a specific PSWS using the results of the frequency distribution. These maps were developed from the time series data of the storm tide at 10 min intervals of all observation points in the Philippines. This information will be beneficial in developing early warnings systems, static maps, disaster mitigation and preparedness plans, vulnerability assessments, risk-sensitive land use plans, shoreline defense efforts, and coastal protection measures. Moreover, these will support the local government units' mandate to raise public awareness, disseminate information about storm surge hazards, and implement appropriate counter-measures for a given PSWS.

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Statistical Analysis of Building Damage from the 2013 Super Typhoon Haiyan and its Storm Surge in the Philippines

Journal of Disaster Research ◽

10.20965/jdr.2020.p0822 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 15 (7) ◽

pp. 822-832

Author(s):

Tanaporn Chaivutitorn ◽

Thawalrat Tanasakcharoen ◽

Natt Leelawat ◽

Jing Tang ◽

Carl Vincent C. Caro ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Storm Surge ◽

Multinomial Logistic Regression ◽

The Philippines ◽

Building Damage ◽

Japan Meteorological Agency ◽

Super Typhoon ◽

Inundation Depth ◽

Typhoon Track ◽

Inundation Map ◽

Collapsed Buildings

In November 2013, Super Typhoon Haiyan (Yolanda) hit the Philippines. It caused heavy loss of lives and extensive damages to buildings and infrastructure. When collapsed buildings are focused on, it is interesting to find that these buildings did not collapse for the same reasons after the landfall of the typhoon and storm surge. The objective of this study is to develop a statistical model for building damage due to Super Typhoon Haiyan and its storm surge. The data were collected in collaboration with Tanauan Municipality, the Philippines. The data for the inundation map were obtained by field surveys conducted on-site to determine the cause of the damages inferred from satellite data. The maximum wind speed was derived from the Holland parametric hurricane model based on the Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA) typhoon track data and the inundation depth of storm surge was calculated using the MIKE model. Multinomial logistic regression was used to develop a model to identify the significant factors influencing the damage to buildings. The result of this work is expected to be used to prepare urban plans for preventing damage from future storms.

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Flood risk influenced by the compound effect of storm surge and rainfall under climate change for low-lying coastal areas

The Science of The Total Environment ◽

10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.144439 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 764 ◽

pp. 144439

Author(s):

Shih-Chun Hsiao ◽

Wen-Son Chiang ◽

Jiun-Huei Jang ◽

Han-Lun Wu ◽

Wei-Shiun Lu ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Climate Change ◽

Storm Surge ◽

Flood Risk ◽

Coastal Areas ◽

Compound Effect

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Characteristics of Size Change of Tropical Cyclones Traversing the Philippines

Monthly Weather Review ◽

10.1175/mwr-d-18-0004.1 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 146 (9) ◽

pp. 2891-2911 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Shu-Jeng Lin ◽

Kun-Hsuan Chou

Keyword(s):

Angular Momentum ◽

Relative Humidity ◽

Tropical Cyclones ◽

Momentum Flux ◽

Vertical Wind Shear ◽

The Philippines ◽

Sea Surface ◽

Japan Meteorological Agency ◽

The South ◽

Size Change

Abstract This study investigates the size changes of tropical cyclones (TCs) traversing the Philippines based on a 37-yr statistical analysis. TC size is defined by the radius of 30-kt (≈15.4 m s−1) wind speed (R30) from the best track data of the Japan Meteorological Agency. A total of 71 TCs passed the Philippines during 1979–2015. The numbers of size increase (SI; 36) and size decrease (SD; 34) cases are very similar; however, the last 15 years have seen more SI cases (17) than SD cases (11). SI and SD cases mostly occur along northerly and southerly paths, respectively, after TCs pass the Philippines. Before landfall, SI cases have small initial sizes and weak intensities, but SD cases have larger initial sizes and stronger intensities. After landfall, most SI cases are intensifying storms, and most SD cases are nonintensifying storms. Composite analyses of vertical wind shear, absolute angular momentum flux, relative humidity, and sea surface temperature between SI and SD cases are compared. All of these values are larger in SI cases than in SD cases. Furthermore, the interdecadal difference in the ratio of the numbers of SI to SD cases reveals an unusually high number of SI cases during 2001–15. The synoptic patterns between 1979–2000 and 2001–15 are analyzed. The high SI ratio in the latter period is related to strong southwesterly wind in the south of the South China Sea that raised relative humidity, warmed the sea surface, and increased import of angular momentum flux.

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Extreme Climate Events, Household Decision-Making and Transitions in the Immediate Aftermath of Hurricane Sandy

Miscellanea Geographica ◽

10.1515/mgrsd-2017-0029 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 21 (4) ◽

pp. 139-150 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

William Solecki ◽

Robin Leichenko ◽

David Eisenhauer

Keyword(s):

New York ◽

Storm Surge ◽

Large Scale ◽

Hurricane Sandy ◽

Metropolitan Region ◽

Scale Transformation ◽

Household Decision ◽

Surge Flooding ◽

Term Response

AbstractIt is five years since Hurricane Sandy heavily damaged the New York- New Jersey Metropolitan region, and the fuller character of the long-term response can be better understood. The long-term response to Hurricane Sandy and the flooding risks it illustrated are set in myriad of individual and collective decisions taken during the time following the event. While the physical vulnerability of this region to storm surge flooding and climate change risks including sea level rise has been well-documented within the scholarly literature, Sandy’s impact placed decision-makingpost extreme events into the forefront of public and private discussions about the appropriate response. Some of the most fundamental choices were made by individual homeowners who houses were damaged and in some cases made uninhabitable following the storm. These individuals were forced to make decisions regarding where they would live and whether Sandy’s impact would result in their moving. In the disaster recovery and rebuilding context, these early household struggles about whether to leave or stay are often lost in the wider and longer narrative of recovery. To examine this early phase, this paper presents results of a research study that documented the ephemeral evidence of the initial phase of recovery in coastal communities that were heavily impacted by Hurricane Sandy’s storm surge and flooding. Hurricane Sandy and the immediate response to the storm created conditions for a potential large-scale transformation with respect to settlement of the coastal zone. In the paper, we examine and analyze survey and interview results of sixty-one residents and two dozen local stakeholders and practitioners to understand the stresses and transitions experienced by flooded households and the implications for the longer term resiliency of the communities in which they are located.

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