scholarly journals Characteristics of Horizontal Precipitation in Semi-Humid Forestland in Northern China

Water ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (5) ◽  
pp. 975
Author(s):  
Jianbo Jia ◽  
Wende Yan ◽  
Xiaoyong Chen ◽  
Wenna Liu
Keyword(s):  
Growing Season ◽  
Northern China ◽  
Formation Mechanisms ◽  
Ecological Significance ◽  
Forest Land ◽  
Mountainous Areas ◽  
Humid Climate ◽  
Climate Region ◽  
Typical Day ◽  
The One

Little information is available on horizontal precipitation in forest land in semi-humid climate regions. In this study, the quantity and duration of horizontal precipitation were investigated using the high precision weighing lysimeter system in the mountainous areas of northern China during the experiment year 2011 and 2012. The purpose of this study was to better understand the formation mechanisms of horizontal precipitation in the semi-humid climate region. The results showed that hourly values of horizontal precipitation distributed between 0 and 0.1 mm, and that the one-night values distributed between 0.2 and 0.4 mm. The number of days with horizontal precipitation accounted for about 45% of the whole year. The average monthly amount of horizontal precipitation was 4.5 mm in the non-growing season, while it was a mere 1.6 mm in the growing season. The total amount of horizontal precipitation in the year was about 33 mm. Horizontal precipitation represented about 4.61% and 4.23% of the annual precipitation in 2011 and 2012. During the non-growing season, water vapor absorbed by the soil was greater than canopy and soil condensation, not only in terms of frequency, but also in the cumulated quantity. On a typical day, the canopy and soil condensation was 0.07 mm, accounting for 31.81% of total quantity of horizontal precipitation (0.22 mm). Air temperature, soil temperature and wind speed were negatively correlated with the quantity and duration of horizontal precipitation. This research could provide information for a better understanding of the ecological significance of horizontal precipitation in the semi-humid climate region in northern China.

Schweizer Wald als Geldanlage: Win-win-Strategie für Waldwirtschaft und Pensionskassen? (Essay) | Swiss forest as an investment opportunity: a win-win situation for both the forestry sector and pension funds? (Essay)

2011 ◽  
Vol 162 (2) ◽  
pp. 27-31
Author(s):  
Daniel Häuptli
Keyword(s):  
Value Chain ◽  
Pension Fund ◽  
Pension Funds ◽  
Literature Analysis ◽  
Forest Land ◽  
Investment Opportunity ◽  
Existing Problems ◽  
Monetary Value ◽  
Forestry Sector ◽  
The One

Could there be a win-win situation for both pension funds and the Swiss forestry sector? On the one hand, developments in the forestry sector suggest that the Swiss forest presents a new lucrative investment opportunity. If this is so, then pension funds could be particularly interested, as the low correlation between Swiss forest and other classes of investment, and the long investment periods involved are ideal for pension fund portfolios. On the other hand, large investments made by pension funds could mean that existing problems in Swiss forestry, in connection with its fragmented nature, could be more rapidly solved, and the potential for rationalization in the wood value chain could be fully realized. This would in turn make investments in the forest even more profitable. This hypothesis was investigated through a comprehensive literature analysis, yield calculations for private forestry enterprises of over 50 ha made by the Swiss Federal Office for Statistics 2004–2008, and an interview with the investments director of a large Swiss pension fund. Despite the optimistic assumption that the greater efficiency gained by the investment of pension funds into the forestry sector could lead to costs lower by 50% and a 20% increase in profits, the hypothesis must be rejected, because a calculated annual return of only 0.82% is too low for pension funds. The conclusion is that the price for forest land is high, and forest owners are not only interested in the monetary value of holding forest. Other immaterial values influence prices. It is suggested that a greater emphasis on socioscientific studies concerning the link between the price of forest land and the motivation to buy and sell forest could lead to some important findings.

Sulfur Vulcanization of Simple Model Olefins, Part V: Double Bond Isomerization during Accelerated Sulfur Vulcanization as Studied by Model Olefins

1997 ◽  
Vol 70 (1) ◽  
pp. 106-119 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. Versloot ◽  
J. G. Haasnoot ◽  
P. J. Nieuwenhuizen ◽  
J. Reedijk ◽  
M. van Duin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Double Bond ◽  
Isomerization Reaction ◽  
Radical Mechanism ◽  
Formation Mechanisms ◽  
Molecular Models ◽  
Tetramethylthiuram Disulfide ◽  
Alkyl Substitution ◽  
Sulfur Vulcanization ◽  
The One ◽  
Vulcanization Process

Abstract The sulfur vulcanization of unsaturated rubber has been studied with the use of various olefins as simple, low-molecular models. By treatment of these olefins with a mixture of zinc oxide, sulfur, and tetramethylthiuram disulfide (TMTD) at 140 °C, a mixture of dialkenyl sulfides is obtained mimicking crosslinked rubber. Isomerization of the double bond may take place during this reaction, depending on the olefin used. The position of the double bond is on the one hand determined by crosslink formation mechanisms, and on the other hand by isomerization, which takes place at higher temperatures. The position of the equilibrium between isomeric alkenyl sulfides is determined by the increased stability of the sulfide which in itself results from an increased degree of alkyl substitution at the unsaturation. Due to the isomerization reaction, at higher temperatures no mechanism for crosslink formation can be discerned. At room temperature, however, a radical mechanism appears to be predominant during the vulcanization process.

scholarly journals Chryzypa twierdzenie o naturalnej wieloznaczności wyrazów

2020 ◽  
Vol 15 (2) ◽  
pp. 91-102
Author(s):  
Mikołaj Domaradzki
Keyword(s):  
Concept Formation ◽  
The Other ◽  
Formation Mechanisms ◽  
Present Account ◽  
The One

The purpose of this paper is to analyze Chrysippus’ claim about natural ambiguity of words. The present account assumes that the concept formation mechanisms that were outlined by the Stoics throw some light on the notorious contradiction between the claim about natural relationship between words and things, on the one hand, and the claim about natural ambiguity of words, on the other. We know neither the context of Chrysippus’ postulate nor the examples with which he illustrated it. Thus the following analyses are obviously speculative.However, the interpretations of myths and poetry that were put forward by Chrysippus sit very well with his conviction that ambiguity and figurativeness are  common and natural in language.

scholarly journals Assessing the Effects of Spatial Resolution on Regional Climate Model Simulated Summer Temperature and Precipitation in China: A Case Study

2016 ◽  
Vol 2016 ◽  
pp. 1-12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xin-Min Zeng ◽  
Ming Wang ◽  
Yujian Zhang ◽  
Yang Wang ◽  
Yiqun Zheng
Keyword(s):  
Regional Climate Model ◽  
South China ◽  
Climate Model ◽  
Regional Climate ◽  
Surface Air Temperature ◽  
Northern China ◽  
Horizontal Resolution ◽  
Vertical Resolution ◽  
Humid Climate ◽  
Entire Area

The regional climate model, RegCM3, is used to simulate the 2004 summer surface air temperature (SAT) and precipitation at different horizontal (i.e., 30, 60, and 90 km) and vertical resolutions (i.e., 14, 18, and 23 layers). Results showed that increasing resolution evidently changes simulated SATs with regional characteristics. For example, simulated SATs are apparently better produced when horizontal resolution increases from 60 to 30 km under the 23 layers. Meanwhile, the SATs over the entire area are more sensitive to vertical resolution than horizontal resolution. The subareas present higher sensitivities than the total area, with larger horizontal resolution effects than those of vertical resolution. For precipitation, increasing resolution shows higher impact compared to SAT, with higher sensitivity induced by vertical resolution than by horizontal resolution, especially in rainy South China. The best SAT/precipitation can be produced only when the horizontal and vertical resolutions are reasonably configured. This indicates that different resolutions lead to different atmospheric thermodynamic states. Because of the dry climate and low soil heat capacity in Northern China, resolution changes easily modify surface energy fluxes, hence the SAT; due to the rainy and humid climate in South China, resolution changes likely strongly influence grid-scale structure of clouds and therefore precipitation.

scholarly journals Interior shadings for office indoor visual comfort in humid climate region

2018 ◽  
Vol 126 ◽  
pp. 012046 ◽  
Author(s):  
Asri Dinapradipta ◽  
Erwin Sudarma ◽  
Ima Defiana ◽  
Collinthia Erwindi
Keyword(s):  
Visual Comfort ◽  
Humid Climate ◽  
Climate Region

scholarly journals A Simple and Efficient Method for the Partial Synthesis of Pure (3R,3’S)-Astaxanthin from (3R,3’R,6’R)-Lutein and Lutein Esters via (3R,3’S)-Zeaxanthin and Theoretical Study of Their Formation Mechanisms

Molecules ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 24 (7) ◽  
pp. 1386 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eloy Rodríguez-deLeón ◽  
J. Jiménez-Halla ◽  
José Báez ◽  
M. Bah
Keyword(s):  
Health Risks ◽  
Density Functional ◽  
Human Consumption ◽  
Formation Mechanisms ◽  
Chemical Transformations ◽  
Partial Synthesis ◽  
One Pot ◽  
Commercial Source ◽  
The One ◽  
First Time

Carotenoids are natural compounds that have important roles in promoting and maintaining human health. Synthetic astaxanthin is a highly requested product by the aquaculture industry, but natural astaxanthin is not. Various strategies have been developed to synthesize this carotenoid. Nonetheless, these approaches have not only provided limited global yields, but its main commercial source also carries several health risks for humans. In this contribution, the one-pot base-catalyzed reaction of (3R,3’R,6’R)-lutein (1) esters has resulted in a successful isomerization process to easily obtain up to 95% meso-zeaxanthin (2), which in turn is oxidized to (3R,3’S)-astaxanthin (3) with a global yield of 68%. The same oxidation performed with UV irradiation (365 nm) for 5 min provided the highest global yield (76%). These chemical transformations have also been achieved with a significant reduction of the health risks associated with its potential human consumption. Furthermore, this is the first time only one of the configurational isomers has been obtained semisynthetically. The poorly understood formation mechanisms of these two compounds were also investigated using Density-Functional Theory (DFT) calculations. These theoretical studies revealed that the isomerization involves a base-catalyzed deprotonation at C-6’, followed by C-4’ protonation, while the oxidation occurs via free radical mechanisms.

Village Elections and Redistribution of Political Power and Collective Property

2009 ◽  
Vol 197 ◽  
pp. 126-144 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yusheng Yao
Keyword(s):  
Political Participation ◽  
Political Power ◽  
Salient Feature ◽  
Northern China ◽  
The Other ◽  
Village Elections ◽  
Collective Property ◽  
Political Office ◽  
The One ◽  
The Village

AbstractThis study of competitive elections in a northern China village identifies two contradictions: one between villagers and village officials, the other between village elite and those seeking power. The one between villagers and the old leadership in the village focuses on the latter's corruption and bad governance, which had led to serious erosion and unfair distribution of the collective property. The one between villagers and the new leadership lies in the latter's failure to address the problems left by the old leadership. Both led to popular discontent and fuelled political participation. The contradiction between elite members focuses on competing for political office, which has resulted in the formation of factions and factionalism in both election and post-election politics and has become a salient feature of the village politics. The investigation of this village with governing problems found that free elections have brought about a radical redistribution of political power, but little satisfaction to villagers because their deep-seated desire for a fair redistribution of the collective property remains unfulfilled.

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