scholarly journals Effect of Frequency of Multi-Source Water Supply on Regional Guarantee Rate of Water Use

Water ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (7) ◽  
pp. 1356 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shanghong Zhang ◽  
Jiasheng Yang ◽  
Zan Xu ◽  
Cheng Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Water Supply ◽  
Water Use ◽  
Main Body ◽  
Source Water ◽  
Water Supplies ◽  
Allocation Model ◽  
External Water ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Guarantee Rate ◽  
Regional Water

Multi-source, combined water supply models play an increasingly important role in solving regional water supply problems. At present, in the area of regional water supply, models are mainly used to study the problem of overall water guarantee rate, and do not take into account the impact of the uncertainty of multi-source water supplies on water supply risk. There is also a lack of research on how changes in multi-source water supplies affect sub-region and sub-user water guarantee rates. To address this knowledge gap, the encounter probability of different frequencies and a refined water resources allocation model of multi-source supplies were used. Using Tianjin as an example, this paper studies the quantitative relationship between the uncertainty of multi-source water inflows and the regional guarantee rate of water use. The objectives of the study are to analyze the changing trend of the water shortage rate and the main body of water supply in each region, and to quantitatively describe the influence of the variation of multi-source water supply on the main body of water supply for users. The results show that under the same requirement of guarantee rate for water use, as the number of water diversion sources increase, the probability of water supply meeting the water use rate increases significantly, and the risk to water supplies decreases. At the same time, suburban areas have a low dependence on external water supplies, while the change in the quantity of external water sources has a great impact on the water supply of the Zhongxinchengqu and Binhaixiqnu areas. The distribution and main body of water supply will change for different water users. Therefore, it is important to ensure a stable supply of external water for maintaining the guarantee rate of regional water use.

Analysis of the Impact of Water-Supply Outages Due to Multiple Factors Caused by the 2011 Tohoku Earthquake

2012 ◽  
Vol 7 (6) ◽  
pp. 701-710 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yasuko Kuwata ◽  
◽  
Tasuku Okamoto
Keyword(s):  
Water Supply ◽  
Electric Power ◽  
Tohoku Earthquake ◽  
Water Supplies ◽  
The 2011 Tohoku Earthquake ◽  
Multiple Factors ◽  
Restoration Time ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Regional Water

The Tohoku earthquake, which occurred on March 11, 2011, caused water-supply outages to 2.2 million households in 187 cities and towns. This earthquake impacted on natural and social events, adversely affecting the water-supply system. For instance, there were long-term disruptions of regional water supplies, long-term electric power outages, extensive liquefaction damage, and damage caused by the tsunami. These multiple factors made the damage pattern complex, and water-supply restoration was delayed even though seismic ground motion was moderate. This study attempts to elucidate the factors that caused water-supply restoration to be delayed following the earthquake and to measure the earthquake impact on water-supply outages in terms of restoration time and the households affected by the water-supply outage. As a result, the long restoration time for the water supply following the Tohoku earthquake could be explained by a combination of factors, including restoration time for electric power and regional water supplies and pipeline repair in liquefaction areas, in addition to time for pipeline repair following past earthquakes. Pipeline repair required twice the time compared to past earthquakes.

scholarly journals Multi-Water Source Joint Scheduling Model Using a Refined Water Supply Network: Case Study of Tianjin

Water ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (11) ◽  
pp. 1580 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shanghong Zhang ◽  
Jiasheng Yang ◽  
Zhongyu Wan ◽  
Yujun Yi
Keyword(s):  
Resource Allocation ◽  
Water Supply ◽  
Water Resource ◽  
Water Distribution ◽  
Distribution Area ◽  
Source Water ◽  
Supply Source ◽  
Water Resource Allocation ◽  
Regional Water

Water shortage problems are increasing in many water-deficient areas. Most of the current research on multi-source combined water supplies depends on an overall generalization of regional water supply systems, which are seldom broken down into the detail required to address specific research objectives. This paper proposes the concept of a water treatment and distribution station (water station), and generalizes the water supply system into three modules: water supply source, water station, and water user. Based on a topological diagram of the water network (supply source–station–user), a refined water resource allocation model was established. The model results can display, in detail, the water supply source, water supply quantity, water distribution engineering, and other information of all users in each water distribution area. This makes it possible to carry out a detailed analysis of the supply and demand of users, and to provide suggestions and theoretical guidance for regional water distribution implementation. Tianjin’s water resource allocation was selected as a case study, and a water resource allocation scheme for a multi-source, combined water supply, was simulated and discussed.

Effects of the use of drainage-/ infiltration systems in the Pleistocene uplands of the Netherlands

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Janine A. de Wit ◽  
Ruud P. Bartholomeus ◽  
Gé A.P.H. van den Eertwegh ◽  
Marjolein H.J. van Huijgevoort
Keyword(s):  
Waste Water ◽  
The Netherlands ◽  
Boundary Conditions ◽  
Water Supply ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Crop Yields ◽  
Scale Model ◽  
Groundwater System ◽  
External Water ◽  
The Impact

<p>The Netherlands is a low-lying, flood prone country, located in a delta. Most Dutch agricultural fields are drained to quickly get rid of excess water to increase crop production. Additionally, the freshwater demand of different sectors (agriculture, industry, drinking water) increases, causing an increased pressure on the groundwater system. The combination of fast drainage and increased use of groundwater for human activities led to declining groundwater tables in the Dutch Pleistocene uplands. Given the changing climate resulting in prolonged dry periods, solutions for water retention are needed to decrease the pressure on the groundwater system to guarantee the future water supply for different sectors.</p><p>One of the solutions could be to modify the current drainage systems to drainage-infiltration (DI)-systems with a dual purpose. First, the DI-system stores water during (heavy) rainfall in the soil, but if the risk of flooding increases, the DI-system discharges water. Second, (external) water is actively pumped into the drainage network to raise groundwater tables (subirrigation). Through efficient use of the available external water source (treated waste water, industrial waste water, surface water or groundwater) the pressure on the groundwater system reduces.</p><p>We focus on the data and model results of several field experiments using subirrigation conducted in the Dutch Pleistocene uplands (± 2017-2020). The effects of subirrigation on the groundwater table and soil moisture conditions will be shown, including water supply rate and hydrological boundary conditions. We also provide both the set-up and results of field scale model simulations (SWAP; Soil-Water-Atmosphere-Plant model) to i) quantify the impact of subirrigation on all components of the (regional) water balance (including transpiration, drainage and groundwater recharge), ii) quantify crop yields, and iii) optimize the configuration and management of subirrigation systems for different soil types, hydrological boundary conditions, and climate scenarios.  </p>

scholarly journals A satellite-based investigation into the algae bloom variability in large water supply urban reservoirs during COVID-19 lockdown

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Enner Alcantara ◽  
Keyla Coimbra ◽  
Igor Ogashawara ◽  
Thanan Rodrigues ◽  
Jose Mantovani ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Water Supply ◽  
Water Use ◽  
Sao Paulo ◽  
Metropolitan Region ◽  
Treated Wastewater ◽  
Landsat 8 ◽  
São Paulo ◽  
Environmental Consequences ◽  
First Case ◽  
The Impact

Abstract Here we report the first case study of the significant algae blooming in large reservoirs in relation to the COVID-19 lockdown in Sao Paulo, Brazil. Chlorophyll-a (Chl-a) and phycocyanin (PC) concentrations were analyzed in the Guarapiranga and Billings reservoirs, which supply daily water use for over 20 million people and receives treated wastewater. We employed field-calibrated Sentinel 2 MSI and Landsat 8 OLI images to map the spatial patterns of Chl-aand PC over the two period: before (April, August and October 2019) and more than a month after the lockdown in Sao Paulo due to the rapid spread of the COVID-19 in Brazil (April 2020). We found a significant increase in algae blooming (both Chl-a and PC) in both reservoirs in April 2020, compared to the same month of 2019. We show that the episodic algae blooming is strongly related to the increased inflows of the residential wastewater from the surrounding watersheds, because the household water use has increased ~3.2% in April 2020, while the runoff into the reservoirs driven by the rainfall was much lower in 2020 compared to the previous year for the same month. In the case of Guarapiranga Reservoir, PC increased nearly 500% in April 2020 compared to April 2019. Given the importance of Billings and Guarapiranga reservoirs for the water supply of the Metropolitan Region of Sao Paulo (MRSP), the abrupt occurrence of cyanobacteria blooms related to the state’s lockdown should be considered a major concern for public and environmental health of the region. Although several environmental consequences have been reported due to the COVID-19 worldwide, this study is the first to report the impact of COVID-19 on the trophic state in the tropical reservoirs.

Climate change vs. human impact. A look into Austrian groundwater

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Johannes Christoph Haas ◽  
Steffen Birk
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Surface Water ◽  
Water Supply ◽  
Human Impact ◽  
Water Use ◽  
Special Role ◽  
European Alps ◽  
Groundwater Levels ◽  
Human Use ◽  
The Impact

<p>Climate change is mostly associated with the term of “global warming” and thus conjures images of a hotter and dryer future. Indeed, the Alpine region already has seen much higher warming compared to the average of the northern hemisphere [1]. However, because of the impact of other climate variables (e.g. precipitation) and vegetation responses, warming does not necessarily have to mean higher evapotranspiration and dryer conditions [2]. This matter is further complicated as groundwater is closely interlinked with surface water. While surface water is of course related to precipitation, it is also one of the major pathways for humans to have a large and direct impact on the water cycle, e.g. by the construction of run-of-river powerplants. A further direct human impact is the abstraction of groundwater. For this factor, it is generally understood that water use increased with economic activity until the rise of environmentalism in the 1980s and more efficient water use stopped this trend and turned it into a decrease in many industrialized countries.</p><p> </p><p>Assessing impacts of climate change on groundwater resources therefore is a challenging task. In order to assess these, as well as direct human impacts on groundwater, we analyzed a large dataset (1017 groundwater level-, 426 stream stage- and 646 precipitation time series) covering Austria from earlier than 1930 until 2015, with the majority of the data from the 1970s on.</p><p> </p><p>It is shown that groundwater shows a strong falling trend, followed by a rise, fitting the human water use, whereas precipitation shows a more moderate trend. River stages show a completely deviating behavior before the 1980s but also follow the rising trend afterwards [3]. While this does not yet prove a causal link, it does highlight the possibility that human use could affect groundwater levels more than the climate, especially since Austria almost exclusively uses groundwater for human use and the wells in the dataset are all located in the populated lowlands.</p><p> </p><p>Going beyond [3], we take a closer look at the history and future of the human factor, namely water abstraction for public water supply and the effects of humans on rivers. We show that Austria has a very particular form of water supply, mainly due to the special role of the capital, Vienna, whose history could see a repeat in the near future. Under a changing climate, there is also a possibility for further changes in Austria’s rivers. In addition to effects of such changes on groundwater levels, we try to address potential impacts on the chemical quality and ecological status of groundwater.</p><p> </p><p>References:</p><p>[1] Gobiet et al., 2014, 21<sup>st</sup> century climate change in the European alps-a review. Sci. Total. Environ. 493, 1138 – 1151.</p><p>[2] Pangle et al., 2014, Rainfall seasonality and an ecohydrological feedback offset the potential impact of climate warming on evapotranspiration and groundwater recharge, Water Resour. Res., 50, 1308–1321</p><p>[3] Haas & Birk, 2019, Trends in Austrian groundwater – climate or human impact? J. Hydrol.: Reg. Stud. 22, 100597</p>

scholarly journals Modeling the Partitioning of Turbulent Fluxes at Urban Sites with Varying Vegetation Cover

2016 ◽  
Vol 17 (10) ◽  
pp. 2537-2553 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. J. Best ◽  
C. S. B. Grimmond
Keyword(s):  
Heat Flux ◽  
Latent Heat ◽  
Water Use ◽  
Vegetation Cover ◽  
Bowen Ratio ◽  
Anthropogenic Heat ◽  
Vegetation Fraction ◽  
Anthropogenic Heat Flux ◽  
External Water ◽  
The Impact

Abstract Inclusion of vegetation is critical for urban land surface models (ULSM) to represent reasonably the turbulent sensible and latent heat flux densities in an urban environment. Here the Joint UK Land Environment Simulator (JULES), a ULSM, is used to simulate the Bowen ratio at a number of urban and rural sites with vegetation cover varying between 1% and 98%. The results show that JULES is able to represent the observed Bowen ratios, but only when the additional anthropogenic water supplied into the urban ecosystem is considered. The impact of the external water use (e.g., through irrigation or street cleaning) on the surface energy flux partitioning can be as substantial as that of the anthropogenic heat flux on the sensible and latent heat fluxes. The Bowen ratio varies from 1 to 2 when the plan area vegetation fraction is between 30% and 70%. However, when the vegetation fraction is less than 20%, the Bowen ratios increase substantially (2–10) and have greater sensitivity to assumptions about external water use. As there are few long-term observational sites with vegetation cover less than 30%, there is a clear need for more measurement studies in such environments.

scholarly journals Evaluating integrated water management strategies to inform hydrological drought mitigation

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (10) ◽  
pp. 3113-3139
Author(s):  
Doris E. Wendt ◽  
John P. Bloomfield ◽  
Anne F. Van Loon ◽  
Margaret Garcia ◽  
Benedikt Heudorfer ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Surface Water ◽  
Water Resources ◽  
Water Supply ◽  
Water Use ◽  
Water Demand ◽  
Management Strategies ◽  
Drought Management ◽  
Groundwater Storage ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Hydrological Droughts

Abstract. Managing water–human systems during water shortages or droughts is key to avoid the overexploitation of water resources and, in particular, groundwater. Groundwater is a crucial water resource during droughts as it sustains both environmental and anthropogenic water demand. Drought management is often guided by drought policies, to avoid crisis management, and actively introduced management strategies. However, the impact of drought management strategies on hydrological droughts is rarely assessed. In this study, we present a newly developed socio-hydrological model, simulating the relation between water availability and managed water use over 3 decades. Thereby, we aim to assess the impact of drought policies on both baseflow and groundwater droughts. We tested this model in an idealised virtual catchment based on climate data, water resource management practices and drought policies in England. The model includes surface water storage (reservoir), groundwater storage for a range of hydrogeological conditions and optional imported surface water or groundwater. These modelled water sources can all be used to satisfy anthropogenic and environmental water demand. We tested the following four aspects of drought management strategies: (1) increased water supply, (2) restricted water demand, (3) conjunctive water use and (4) maintained environmental flow requirements by restricting groundwater abstractions. These four strategies were evaluated in separate and combined scenarios. Results show mitigated droughts for both baseflow and groundwater droughts in scenarios applying conjunctive use, particularly in systems with small groundwater storage. In systems with large groundwater storage, maintaining environmental flows reduces hydrological droughts most. Scenarios increasing water supply or restricting water demand have an opposing effect on hydrological droughts, although these scenarios are in balance when combined at the same time. Most combined scenarios reduce the severity and occurrence of hydrological droughts, given an incremental dependency on imported water that satisfies up to a third of the total anthropogenic water demand. The necessity for importing water shows the considerable pressure on water resources, and the delicate balance of water–human systems during droughts calls for short-term and long-term sustainability targets within drought policies.

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