scholarly journals A satellite-based investigation into the algae bloom variability in large water supply urban reservoirs during COVID-19 lockdown

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Enner Alcantara ◽  
Keyla Coimbra ◽  
Igor Ogashawara ◽  
Thanan Rodrigues ◽  
Jose Mantovani ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Water Supply ◽  
Water Use ◽  
Sao Paulo ◽  
Metropolitan Region ◽  
Treated Wastewater ◽  
Landsat 8 ◽  
São Paulo ◽  
Environmental Consequences ◽  
First Case ◽  
The Impact

Abstract Here we report the first case study of the significant algae blooming in large reservoirs in relation to the COVID-19 lockdown in Sao Paulo, Brazil. Chlorophyll-a (Chl-a) and phycocyanin (PC) concentrations were analyzed in the Guarapiranga and Billings reservoirs, which supply daily water use for over 20 million people and receives treated wastewater. We employed field-calibrated Sentinel 2 MSI and Landsat 8 OLI images to map the spatial patterns of Chl-aand PC over the two period: before (April, August and October 2019) and more than a month after the lockdown in Sao Paulo due to the rapid spread of the COVID-19 in Brazil (April 2020). We found a significant increase in algae blooming (both Chl-a and PC) in both reservoirs in April 2020, compared to the same month of 2019. We show that the episodic algae blooming is strongly related to the increased inflows of the residential wastewater from the surrounding watersheds, because the household water use has increased ~3.2% in April 2020, while the runoff into the reservoirs driven by the rainfall was much lower in 2020 compared to the previous year for the same month. In the case of Guarapiranga Reservoir, PC increased nearly 500% in April 2020 compared to April 2019. Given the importance of Billings and Guarapiranga reservoirs for the water supply of the Metropolitan Region of Sao Paulo (MRSP), the abrupt occurrence of cyanobacteria blooms related to the state’s lockdown should be considered a major concern for public and environmental health of the region. Although several environmental consequences have been reported due to the COVID-19 worldwide, this study is the first to report the impact of COVID-19 on the trophic state in the tropical reservoirs.

scholarly journals Governing complexity and environmental justice: lessons from the water crisis in Metropolitan São Paulo (2013-2015)

2020 ◽  
Vol 53 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pedro Henrique Campello Torres ◽  
Pedro Luiz Côrtes ◽  
Pedro Roberto Jacobi
Keyword(s):  
Water Governance ◽  
Sao Paulo ◽  
Metropolitan Region ◽  
Water Crisis ◽  
São Paulo ◽  
Social Actors ◽  
The Government ◽  
Governance Processes ◽  
The Impact

The paper presents a discussion on the water crisis that occurred between 2013 and 2015 in the Metropolitan Region of São Paulo, the lack of integrated natural resources planning, and the reaction of social actors affected by the crisis. The region was affected by an extreme hydrological and climatological event, which was combined with the unsustainable management of water resources. The paper addresses, initially, the dynamics of water governance in the region, and the main aspects related to water availability and climate dependence that caused the water crisis. Then, we present an analysis of the process that led to the water crisis and its main developments, which is based on the follow-up of the different moments of the crisis and dialogues with its relevant stakeholders. The results indicate the relevance of emphasizing issues on matters such as the lack of transparency and highlight the role of societal initiatives. We conclude the paper with a proposition to discuss governance processes that can contribute to the development of more effective initiatives in order to reduce the impact of this visible change in water regimes, strengthen transparent management, and promote a more democratic interaction between social actors and the government.

scholarly journals Water crisis in São Paulo evaluated under the disaster's point of view

2016 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
pp. 21-42 ◽  
Author(s):  
Érico Soriano ◽  
Luciana de Resende Londe ◽  
Leandro Torres Di Gregorio ◽  
Marcos Pellegrini Coutinho ◽  
Leonardo Bacellar Lima Santos
Keyword(s):  
Risk Management ◽  
Water Supply ◽  
Disaster Risk ◽  
Sao Paulo ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Metropolitan Region ◽  
Water Crisis ◽  
São Paulo ◽  
Management Processes ◽  
Response And Recovery

Abstract Brazil's Southeast region has been facing water supply challenges, especially concerning the metropolitan region of São Paulo, since 2014. We adressed the water crisis from the disaster's point of view, considering that one of the guiding features to characterize a disaster is the amount of affected people and the losses associated. In the situation under review, there are people directly affected, because of intermittent house water supply, and indirectly affected by the increase of prices for goods, since their production and manufacturing depend on the availability of water. We presented each of the stages of a disaster risk management: prevention, mitigation, preparedness, response and recovery. The risk of water scarcity in São Paulo is only one aspect of the discussion involving the effectiveness of management processes and the need for investments in the area, especially in reducing wasteful distribution.

scholarly journals Spatial analysis of the COVID-19 distribution pattern in São Paulo State, Brazil

2020 ◽  
Vol 25 (9) ◽  
pp. 3377-3384
Author(s):  
Franciel Eduardo Rex ◽  
Cléber Augusto de Souza Borges ◽  
Pâmela Suélen Käfer
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Analysis ◽  
Spatial Pattern ◽  
Kernel Density ◽  
Sao Paulo ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Metropolitan Region ◽  
São Paulo ◽  
Paulo State ◽  
First Case ◽  
São Paulo State

Abstract At the end of 2019, the outbreak of COVID-19 was reported in Wuhan, China. The outbreak spread quickly to several countries, becoming a public health emergency of international interest. Without a vaccine or antiviral drugs, control measures are necessary to understand the evolution of cases. Here, we report through spatial analysis the spatial pattern of the COVID-19 outbreak. The study site was the State of São Paulo, Brazil, where the first case of the disease was confirmed. We applied the Kernel Density to generate surfaces that indicate where there is higher density of cases and, consequently, greater risk of confirming new cases. The spatial pattern of COVID-19 pandemic could be observed in São Paulo State, in which its metropolitan region standed out with the greatest cases, being classified as a hotspot. In addition, the main highways and airports that connect the capital to the cities with the highest population density were classified as medium density areas by the Kernel Density method.It indicates a gradual expansion from the capital to the interior. Therefore, spatial analyses are fundamental to understand the spread of the virus and its association with other spatial data can be essential to guide control measures.

scholarly journals Heat Wave and Elderly Mortality: Historical Analysis and Future Projection for Metropolitan Region of São Paulo, Brazil

Atmosphere ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (9) ◽  
pp. 933
Author(s):  
Fernanda Rodrigues Diniz ◽  
Fábio Luiz Teixeira Gonçalves ◽  
Scott Sheridan
Keyword(s):  
Heat Wave ◽  
Heat Waves ◽  
Historical Analysis ◽  
Sao Paulo ◽  
Metropolitan Region ◽  
Temperature Threshold ◽  
Climate Change Scenarios ◽  
São Paulo ◽  
The Future ◽  
The Impact

The Metropolitan Region of Sao Paulo (MRSP) is one of the main regions of Brazil that in recent years has shown an increase in the number of days with heat waves, mainly affecting the health of the most sensitive populations, such as the elderly. In this study, we identified the heat waves in the MRSP using three different definitions regarding the maximum daily temperature threshold. To analyze the impact of heat waves on elderly mortality, we used distributed lag nonlinear models (dlnm) and we quantified the heat wave-related excess mortality of elderly people from 1985 to 2005 and made projections for the near future (2030 to 2050) and the distant future (2079–2099) under the climate change scenarios RCP4.5 and RCP8.5 (RCP: Representative Concentration Paths). An important aspect of this research is that for the projections we take into account two assumptions: non-adaptation and adaptation to the future climate. Our projections show that the heat wave-related excess of elderly mortality will increase in the future, being highest when we consider no adaptation, mainly from cardiovascular diseases in women (up to 587 deaths per 100,000 inhabitants per year). This study can be used for public policies to implement preventive and adaptive measures in the MRSP.

scholarly journals Das cooperativas autofinanciadas às construtoras e incorporadoras de capital aberto: a ampliação do mercado habitacional

2010 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 53
Author(s):  
Carolina Maria Pozzi de Castro ◽  
Lúcia Zanin Shimbo
Keyword(s):  
Real Estate ◽  
Social Space ◽  
Sao Paulo ◽  
Government Support ◽  
Metropolitan Region ◽  
São Paulo ◽  
Production Structure ◽  
Construction Companies ◽  
Middle Strata ◽  
The Impact

Este artigo analisa as principais alterações e permanências que ocorreram na produção habitacional voltada para os estratos médio e médio-baixo da população, promovida pelas cooperativas autofinanciadas da década de 1990 e pelas empresas construtoras e incorporadoras de capital aberto dos anos 2000 na Região Metropolitana de São Paulo (RMSP). Em especial, enfatizamos algumas questões relacionadas ao padrão de lançamentos residenciais, à estrutura produtiva e de financiamento e ao impacto dessa produção no conjunto da dinâmica imobiliária metropolitana. Partimos do argumento de que a formação de um padrão econômico, inicialmente proposto pelas cooperativas autofinanciadas e, posteriormente, potencializado pelas empresas financeirizadas com forte apoio estatal, tornou-se fundamental para a consolidação de um mercado habitacional e para a elevação da atividade imobiliária em períodos recentes. Palavras-chave: habitação; mercado habitacional; política habitacional; cooperativas; autofinanciamento; empresas construtoras; capital financeiro. Abstract: This paper analyzes the main changes and continuities that have occurred in housing production towards the middle strata of the population, promoted by the self-financing cooperatives of the 1990s and by the construction companies and developers that have opened their capital in the 2000s, in the Metropolitan Region of São Paulo. In particular, we emphasize some questions related to the pattern of residential launches, the production structure and financing and the impact of this production on the dynamic of real estate throughout the metropolitan area. We argue that the making of an economic standard, originally proposed by cooperatives, was later potentiated by the financialized companies with strong government support. This process became crucial to the consolidation of the housing market and to the rising of real estate dynamics in recent periods. Keywords: planning; socio-spatial dialectics; modernity; social space.

scholarly journals Quantification and Analysis of Impervious Surface Area in the Metropolitan Region of São Paulo, Brazil

2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (8) ◽  
pp. 944 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fernando Kawakubo ◽  
Rúbia Morato ◽  
Marcos Martins ◽  
Guilherme Mataveli ◽  
Pablo Nepomuceno ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Surface Area ◽  
Vegetation Index ◽  
Impervious Surface ◽  
Sao Paulo ◽  
Metropolitan Region ◽  
Integrated Analysis ◽  
Landsat 8 ◽  
São Paulo ◽  
Impervious Surface Area ◽  
Pixel Scale

The growing intensity of impervious surface area (ISA) is one of the most striking effects of urban growth. The expansion of ISA gives rise to a set of changes on the physical environment, impacting the quality of life of the human population as well as the dynamics of fauna and flora. Hence, due to its importance, the present study aimed to examine the ISA distribution in the Metropolitan Region of São Paulo (MRSP), Brazil, using satellite imagery from the Landsat-8 Operational Land Imager (OLI) instrument. In contrast to other investigations that primarily focus on the accuracy of the estimate, the proposal of this study is—besides generating a robust estimate—to perform an integrated analysis of the impervious-surface distribution at pixel scale with the variability present in different territorial units, namely municipalities, sub-prefecture and districts. The importance of this study is that it strengthens the use of information related to impervious cover in the territorial planning, providing elements for a better understanding and connection with other spatial attributes. Reducing the dimensionality of the dataset (visible, near-infrared and short-wave infrared bands) by Karhune–Loeve analysis, the first three principal components (PCs) contained more than 99% of the information present in the original bands. Projecting PC1, PC2 and PC3 onto a series of two-dimensional (2D) scatterplots, four endmembers—Low Albedo (Dark), High Albedo (Substrate), Green Vegetation (GV) and Non-Photosynthetic Vegetation (NPV)—were visually selected to produce the unmixing estimates. The selected endmembers fitted the model well, as the propagated error was consistently low (root-mean-square error = 0.005) and the fraction estimates at pixel scale were found to be in accordance with the physical structures of the landscape. The impervious surface fraction (ISF) was calculated by adding the Dark and Substrate fraction imagery. Reconciling the ISF with reference samples revealed the estimates to be reliable (R2 = 0.97), regardless of an underestimation error (~8% on average) having been found, mostly over areas with higher imperviousness rates. Intra-pixel variability was combined with the territorial units of analysis through a modification of the Lorenz curve, which permitted a straightforward comparison of ISF values at different reference scales. Good adherence was observed when the original 30-m ISF was compared to a resampled 300-m ISF, but with some differences, suggesting a systematic behavior with the degradation of pixel resolution tending to underestimate lower fractions and overestimate higher ones; furthermore, discrepancies were bridged with the increase of scale analysis. The analysis of the IFS model also revealed that, in the context of the MRSP, gross domestic product (GDP) has little potential for explaining the distribution of impervious areas on the municipality scale. Finally, the ISF model was found to be more sensitive in describing impervious surface response than other well-known indices, such as Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) and Normalized Difference Built-up Index (NDBI).

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