scholarly journals Analysis of the Structure of Water Demand with the Example of Selected Buildings

Water ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (8) ◽  
pp. 1635
Author(s):  
Urszula Kepa ◽  
Longina Stepniak ◽  
Ewa Stanczyk-Mazanek ◽  
Krystian Chudzik
Keyword(s):  
Water Demand ◽  
European Economic Community ◽  
Measuring Instruments ◽  
Technical Literature ◽  
Structure Of Water ◽  
Utility Companies ◽  
Practical Tool ◽  
Water Meters ◽  
The Town ◽  
Average Consumption

The basis for the designing of water supply devices is knowledge of the distribution of water demand. The only practical tool that utility companies can use to measure water consumption is water meters. The literature part of the article compares the guidelines for the devices contained in the following directives: EEC (European Economic Community—withdrawn) and Measuring Instruments Directive—MID (applicable at present). The methodology of selecting water meters in accordance with previous and current regulations was also presented. The main purpose of this work was to determine the structure of water demand for selected building objects. Differences between real and literature values of water flows and water demand were determined. It was found that the average consumption in the analyzed buildings was higher then the consumption in Polish Regulation and in the town of Dabrowa Gornicza. The highest level of demand was in the buildings, which were equipped with automatic watering systems. The maximum momentary volumetric flows are also shown. Based on the obtained data, the accuracy of the water meters selection was checked. The calculated daily and hourly peak factors were compared with the values from the literature. The analysis was performed based on current legal acts, technical literature and data obtained from Dabrowskie Wodociagi Sp. z o.o. in Dabrowa Gornicza, Poland.

scholarly journals Analysis of the Structure of Water Demand with the Example of Selected Buildings

Proceedings ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
pp. 47
Author(s):  
Kepa ◽  
Stepniak ◽  
Stanczyk-Mazanek ◽  
Chudzik
Keyword(s):  
Water Supply ◽  
Water Flow ◽  
Water Demand ◽  
Technical Literature ◽  
Structure Of Water ◽  
Water Meters

The basis for the desing of water supply devices is knowledge of the distribution of water demand. The purpose of this work was to determine the structure of water demand for selected building objects. Differences between real and literature values of water flow and water demand were determined. On the basis of the analysis, water meters were selected and peak factors were determined. The analysis was performed based on current legal acts, technical literature, and data obtained from Dabrowskie Wodociagi Sp. z o.o. in Dabrowa Gornicza, Poland.

Sectorisation of looped water networks with electromagnetic water meters

2014 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 150-157
Author(s):  
Koral Wojciech
Keyword(s):  
Water Balance ◽  
Water Networks ◽  
Water Network ◽  
Automatic Meter Reading ◽  
Dead End ◽  
Water Meters ◽  
The Town

This paper describes the sectorisation of a water network, as operated by the water and sewage utility (PWiK Gliwice, Poland) with electromagnetic water-meters (battery powered). This solution allows supply of District Metered Areas (DMA) by a few points without ‘dead-end’ pipework and shows that the main problems of the Utility are small, hidden leaks. Additionally the paper describes a water balance for the town of Pyskowice (part of the Gliwice water network) where all water meters are read by radio (automatic meter reading – AMR).

scholarly journals Wireless Middleware Solutions for Smart Water Metering

Sensors ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 19 (8) ◽  
pp. 1853 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stefano Alvisi ◽  
Francesco Casellato ◽  
Marco Franchini ◽  
Marco Govoni ◽  
Chiara Luciani ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Data Collection ◽  
Field Testing ◽  
Water Utility ◽  
Smart Water ◽  
Computing Paradigm ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Utility Companies ◽  
Lock In ◽  
Water Meters ◽  
Water Metering

While smart metering applications have initially focused on energy and gas utility markets, water consumption has recently become the subject of increasing attention. Unfortunately, despite the large number of solutions available on the market, the lack of an open and widely accepted communication standard means that vendors typically propose proprietary data collection solutions whose adoption causes non-trivial problems to water utility companies in term of costs, vendor lock-in, and lack of control on the data collection infrastructure. There is the need for open and interoperable smart water metering solutions, capable of collecting data from the wide range of water meters on the market. This paper reports our experience in the development and field testing of a highly interoperable smart water metering solution, which we designed in collaboration with several water utility companies and which we deployed in Gorino Ferrarese, Italy, in collaboration with CADF (Consorzio Acque Delta Ferrarese), the water utility serving the city. At the core of our solution is SWaMM (Smart Water Metering Middleware), an interoperable wireless IoT middleware based on the Edge computing paradigm, which proved extremely effective in interfacing with several types of smart water meters operating with different protocols.

scholarly journals Water-Demand Growth Modelling in Puerto Ayora’s Water Distribution Network Using EPANET

2019 ◽  
pp. 71-81
Author(s):  
María Reyes ◽  
Nemanja Trifunović ◽  
Saroj Sharma ◽  
Maria Kennedy
Keyword(s):  
Water Supply ◽  
Water Demand ◽  
Water Distribution ◽  
Water Distribution Network ◽  
Planning Horizon ◽  
Growth Modelling ◽  
Hydraulic Characteristics ◽  
Demand Growth ◽  
Moderate Growth ◽  
The Town

This paper elaborates the hydraulic characteristics of the water supply network of the town of Puerto Ayora. First, it intends to replicate the household individual storage by simulating nodal tanks with the use of the EPANET software. Later, it uses the Pressure-Driven Approach (PDA) to develop a methodology that estimates the overflow of storage facilities, one of the main sources of wastage in Puerto Ayora. Finally, it uses the Demand-Driven Approach (DDA), with the aim of assessing the network in the future, under four population growth scenarios. With the chosen moderate growth scenario, two options are suggested in order to tackle the water supply issues at the end of the planning horizon.

Assessment of hydrogeochemical processes and geogenic mercury pollution in coastal karstic aquifers in semi-arid environments

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christos Pouliaris ◽  
Alexandra Spyropoulou ◽  
Ioannis Sarris ◽  
Chrysi Laspidou ◽  
Andreas Kallioras
Keyword(s):  
Water Supply ◽  
Water Demand ◽  
Tap Water ◽  
Chloride Concentration ◽  
Distribution Networks ◽  
Mercury Contamination ◽  
Arid Environments ◽  
Aquifer Salinization ◽  
Pumping Rates ◽  
The Town

<p>Water resources management in coastal where the freshwater availability is limited has often led to rising concerns about the capability of local resources to cover the increased water needs. This condition is especially amplified in areas whereextra stress is added to the water sources from overexploitation and/or quality degradation.</p><p>The present study is located in the island of Skiathos, which is one of the Greek islands that are most popular to tourists. Throughout the long touristic period the population of the island is steeply increased resulting to an increase in water demand compared to the remaining months.The island is dealing with serious water supply issues since groundwaterquality is deteriorated due to aquifer salinization and Hg contamination, making the tap water not safe for drinking and other household uses for more than a decade.</p><p>Mercury concentration in water for domestic usage is monitored systematically, with values up to 6 μg/L (maximum permitted European limit for total mercury in the drinking water is 1 μg/L).The local water utility company, in order to cover the increased water demand, intensifies the pumping from the main well resulting to sea intrusion in the aquifer. Mercury is present in the rocks of Skiathos with the form of the mineral cinnabar (HgS) and although it is practically insoluble, the increase of chloride concentration due to aquifer salinization, shifts the reaction equilibrium towards mercury solubilization by complexation with chloride. Thus, mercury is released from the rocks to the groundwater entering later on the water supply network.</p><p>In order to face the twofold problem of groundwater salinization and mercury contamination the present study aims at defining a threshold for thevolume that is abstracted from the aquifer on a daily basis. The investigation involves the development of a groundwater flow model covering an area of approximately 13.3 km<sup>2</sup> that is exploited for supplying the town of Skiathos with tap water. Information about the general hydrogeological conceptual model is derived from previous investigations in the area. The groundwater model achieves an optimizationof the groundwater pumping rates that prevent seawater from entering the aquifer and deteriorating the groundwater quality. Results show that a reduction of 27.2 % in the pumping rates, in combination with the already planned upgrade in the distribution networks, would prevent seawater from entering the aquifer and affecting groundwater reserves, while, at the same time, the need for tap water in the town of Skiathos is met.</p>

scholarly journals Differential Learning for Outliers: A Case Study of Water Demand Prediction

2018 ◽  
Vol 8 (11) ◽  
pp. 2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Setu Shah ◽  
Zina Ben Miled ◽  
Rebecca Schaefer ◽  
Steve Berube
Keyword(s):  
Water Demand ◽  
Water Distribution ◽  
Network Models ◽  
Recurrent Network ◽  
Machine Learning Techniques ◽  
Water Utility ◽  
Differential Model ◽  
Differential Learning ◽  
Water Demands ◽  
Utility Companies

Predicting water demands is becoming increasingly critical because of the scarcity of this natural resource. In fact, the subject was the focus of numerous studies by a large number of researchers around the world. Several models have been proposed that are able to predict water demands using both statistical and machine learning techniques. These models have successfully identified features that can impact water demand trends for rural and metropolitan areas. However, while the above models, including recurrent network models proposed by the authors are able to predict normal water demands, most have difficulty estimating potential deviations from the norms. Outliers in water demand can be due to various reasons including high temperatures and voluntary or mandatory consumption restrictions by the water utility companies. Estimating these deviations is necessary, especially for water utility companies with a small service footprint, in order to efficiently plan water distribution. This paper proposes a differential learning model that can help model both over-consumption and under-consumption. The proposed differential model builds on a previously proposed recurrent neural network model that was successfully used to predict water demand in central Indiana.

scholarly journals Environmental friendly irrigation of vegetables with high salt content water

2014 ◽  
pp. 115-119
Author(s):  
József Zsembeli ◽  
Lilla Szűcs
Keyword(s):  
Water Demand ◽  
Salt Content ◽  
Fruit Trees ◽  
High Salt ◽  
Secondary Salinization ◽  
Environmental Friendly ◽  
High Salt Content ◽  
The Town ◽  
Well Waters ◽  
Dissolved Salts

Horticultural activities have been characteristic in the hobby gardens located in the northern and western areas around the town of Karcag for more than 300 years. During the droughty summer periods, characteristic to the region, the water demand of vegetables and fruit trees are covered by irrigation, for that the water is gained from drilled wells. These well waters contain high amount of dissolved salts contributing to the secondary salinization of the soil. Taking these facts into consideration an irrigation experiment was set at the lysimeter station of Karcag Research Institute. Our goal was to mitigate the risk of secondary salinization generated by irrigation with waters of high salt content and to survey the application possibilities of soil preserving irrigation.

scholarly journals Modeling of water demand management in an arid area: case of Bechar city

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (5) ◽  
Author(s):  
Sara Seddiki ◽  
El Amine Cherif
Keyword(s):  
Water Demand ◽  
Demand Management ◽  
Annual Rainfall ◽  
Computer Tool ◽  
Algerian Sahara ◽  
Average Annual Rainfall ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The City ◽  
The Town ◽  
Water Evaluation And Planning

AbstractBechar city is located in arid climate of the Algerian Sahara, with an average annual rainfall of about 72 mm. There are two sources to ensure the water supply of the town of Bechar; the first comes from a watershed made up of eight non-renewable boreholes, and the second comes from the Djorf Torba dam, located about 45 km to the west. The pressure on water demand in the highland region depends on many factors, namely: demographic, social, climatic and economic. This study is based on the application of a water evaluation and planning computer tool on the city of Bechar. Which allows us to analyze the supply–demand balance in the water and assess the impact of different scenarios on the study area for manage the water resource and the projected water demand for the different sectors (drinking water, industrial water and agriculture) until 2060.

scholarly journals Implications of Water Tariff Structures on Water Demand in Santa Cruz Island (Galapagos Archipelago)

2021 ◽  
pp. 132-142
Author(s):  
Maria F. Reyes
Keyword(s):  
Water Supply ◽  
Water Demand ◽  
Local Population ◽  
Water Supply Systems ◽  
Santa Cruz ◽  
Galapagos Archipelago ◽  
Specific Category ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Tariff Structures ◽  
Water Meters

The island of Santa Cruz, located in the Galápagos Archipelago has experienced a significant increase in tourism with consequent growth of the local population over the past two decades. The rapid increase in the number of hotels and restaurants raised pressure on the water demand needed to satisfy the customers’ needs. The municipality of Santa Cruz has not been capable of coping with current expansion rates in order to provide good quality water services. Financial constraints, limited personnel, and tariff structures are the main reasons that restrict the capacity of the Department of Potable Water and Sanitation (DPWS) to manage the water supply system. There are two main settlements on the island are Puerto Ayora and its suburb, Bellavista, with a total population of approximately 14,500 and independent water supply systems. Puerto Ayora has a fixed-priced tariff per month, for categories established by the municipality. On the other hand, Bellavista has a metered system, with fixed consumer costs Yet, approximately 32% of water meters are faulty. Consequently, water demand in these two settlements varies significantly, which is likely influenced by the difference in tariff structures. This manuscript assesses the difference in tariffs between the two settlements. Furthermore, the impacts on revenues due to faulty meters (Bellavista) and fixed tariffs (Puerto Ayora) are quantified. In addition, several scenarios have been developed and analyzed in order to examine the benefits. Finally, the information regarding overdue bills and willingness to pay by the different categories of users has been examined. Results show that the revenues from water supply vary extensively between the two settlements. Due to the fixed tariffs in Puerto Ayora, the estimated cost per cubic meter of water varies depending on the specific category and estimated quantities of water used. In the case of Bellavista, water meters should be managed better and have regular maintenance. The high percentage of faulty meters gives an extra deficit to the municipality.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document